Slaves were brought into North and South America and forced into what?

During the Atlantic slave trade, Latin America was the main destination of millions of African people transported from Africa to French, Portuguese, and Spanish colonies. Slavery's legacy is the presence of large Afro-Latino populations.

After the Gradual Emancipation of most black slaves, slavery continued along the Pacific coast of South America throughout the 19th century, as Peruvian slave traders kidnapped Polynesians, primarily from the Marquesas Islands and Easter Island and forced them to perform physical labor in mines and in the Guano industry of Peru and Chile.

Encomienda was a labor system in Spain and its empire. It rewarded conquerors with the labor of particular groups of subject people. It was first established in Spain during the Roman period, but used also following the Christian conquest of Muslim territories. It was applied on a much larger scale during the Spanish colonization of the Americas and the Philippines. Conquered peoples were considered vassals of the Spanish monarch. The Crown awarded an encomienda as a grant to a particular individual. In the conquest era of the sixteenth century, the grants were considered to be a monopoly on the labor of particular groups of Indians, held in perpetuity by the grant holder, called the encomendero, and his descendants.

With the ouster of Christopher Columbus, the Spanish crown sent a royal governor, Fray Nicolás de Ovando, who established the formal encomienda system. In many cases natives were forced to do hard labor and subjected to extreme punishment and death if they resisted. One conquistador, Bartolome de las Casas, was sent to the Caribbean in order to conquer the land in the name of the Spanish crown. He was rewarded an encomienda for the effort he gave in honor of the crown, but after years of seeing the poor treatment of indigenous people, he refused to allow such treatment to continue. Las Casas sailed back to Spain, asking King Ferdinand and his wife Isabella to ban indigenous slavery. In return, he suggested the use of African slaves for the hard labor of the new farm lands in the Caribbean.  The Spanish by this time had already been using African slaves for some of their hard labor in Europe. Due to the persuasion of Las Casas, Queen Isabella of Castile forbade Indian slavery and deemed the indigenous to be "free vassals of the crown". Various versions of the Leyes de Indias or Laws of the Indies from 1512 onwards attempted to regulate the interactions between the settlers and natives. Both natives and Spaniards appealed to the Real Audiencias for relief under the encomienda system. This caused a greater divide between the Spanish and the lower classes of the indigenous people and the Africans, who maintained the most amount of hard labor. According to the new laws set in place by the Spanish crown, the indigenous people gained some status, albeit still lower than a Spanish citizen. This allowed the Spanish to maintain control over the indigenous people by allowing them to assume they would have some power coming from these new laws. These laws, however, only tricked the indigenous to agreeing to the encomienda system. They were allowed to live a more 'civilized' life among the Spanish, but were under the impression they would eventually gain the ability to own land for themselves, which was never the intention of the Spanish citizens.

The encomienda system brought many indigenous Taíno to work in the fields and mines in exchange for Spanish protection, education, and a seasonal salary. Under the pretense of searching for gold and other materials, many Spaniards took advantage of the regions now under control of the anaborios and Spanish encomenderos to exploit the native population by seizing their land and wealth. It would take some time before the Taíno revolted against their oppressors — both Indian and Spanish alike — and many military campaigns before Emperor Charles V eradicated the encomienda system as a form of slavery. Raphael Lemkin (coiner of the term genocide) considers Spain's abuses of the Native population of the Americas to constitute cultural and even outright genocide including the abuses of the Encomienda system. He described slavery as "cultural genocide par excellence" noting "it is the most effective and thorough method of destroying culture, of desocializing human beings." He considers colonist guilty due to failing to halt the abuses of the system despite royal orders. Recent research suggests that the spread of old-world disease appears to have been aggravated by the extreme climatic conditions of the time and by the poor living conditions and harsh treatment of the native people under the encomienda system of New Spain.

Why have African governments been unable to adequately address the rise of AIDS?

How did President Andrew Johnson’s Reconstruction plan differ from President Abraham Lincoln’s?

I need help with these questions and are due today pls help me out and I’m struggling and I’m trying my best and still need help

Which answer choice BEST describes Booker T. Washington's beliefs about how African Americans could overcome prejudice? A. They could publish newspapers for the African American community. B. They could demand a constitutional amendment to end segregation. C. They could buy only from businesses owned by African Americans. D. They could get an education to learn skills that would get them jobs.

In Texas, and throughout the country, World War II ended the ________.
a.
stock market crash
b.
Dust Bowl
c.
Great Depression
d.
construction of factories

Which branch of government does not deal with foreign policy?

Sally is angry about a promotion decision. Though she is not sure that she was the best candidate, she feels that she never really got the chance to demonstrate her skills. Sally's dissatisfaction is consistent with research on:

Some plants close their leaves for protection when they are touched.

This is an example of which tropism?

hydrotropism
phototropism
gravitropism
thigmotropism

An asset is property owned by a person or a group. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

Read the selection from the section "Key To Developing Literacy."


"It reveals the power of community that has struggled for decades to have all children receive a fair shot at bettering their circumstances and the necessity of our federal courts to stand up on behalf of those the political process ignores or disdains. Everyone who loves children should celebrate this thrilling victory."


Which two words would BEST replace "ignores" and "disdains" in the selection above WITHOUT changing the meaning?


A

neglects; scorns

B

overlooks; reveres

C

observes; regards

D

perceives; disparages

Molly did not hear about the opening for the Director of Public Relations position in her place of employment because she is not tapped into the informal communication network. Molly has experienced difficulty in access resulting from:

Which statement about Earth's layers is true? A. They all consist of liquid rock. B. They each vary in size and temperature. C. They are all under an equal amount of pressure. D. They will soon combine, forming a single, thick layer.

IF YOU ANSWER I WILL GIVE YOU 30 POINTS ALONG WITH BRAINLIEST, A THANKS AND A 5 STAR RATING!! PLEASE HELP.


Question 1:The United States carried on an "island-hopping"campaign to

A: reach the Soviet union from the east

B: get close enough to mainlaind Japan to take over

C: sneak up on Hitler from the sea

D: cause fewer casualties than a land war would

Question 2: The Big Three powers created the League of Nations near the end of World War II.

True or False

Question 3: The "secret front" on the beaches at Normandy in France allowed the Allies to

A:attack Germany from west at the same time as from the east

B:fight Japan and Germany at the same time

C:win the war by attacking France from the west

D;ramp up the war against Italy as well as Germany

Sth Six Weeks
What are the three components of the cell theory?
1

How did Muslims create such an advanced society in Spain ?

1) Difference between primary and secondary data.

ASAP! Due of half an hour

Better you give it in points..


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How did the first Americans get to North America?A) took a boatB) took a trainC) walkedD) swam
pls help

how can we solve the load shedding problem​

HELP ASAP PLS
DOING THE TEST RN!!!!
Extra greenhouse gases raise the Earth's temperature resulting in (5 points) Select one:
a. changing rain and snow patterns
b. melting glaciers
c. rising sea levels
d. all of the above

Using examples how and why has English diffused into other languages? If you were a native speaker of a language besides English, how would you react to these additions of non-Native words? State your opinion and defend your position with sound reasoning.

What makes countries interdependent?

a
Specialization and trade
b
Technology and education
c
Government and religion
d
Taxes on imports and exports

Why did fewer people settle in Outer China than in Inner China?
A: The land was in smaller estates in Outer China.
b: The climate was more extreme in Outer China.
c : The roads were more dangerous in Inner China.
d : The invasions drove farmers away in Inner China.

If Kiya uses his debit card to buy a television, then the money to pay the retailer will come from:

Susan can read 72 words in One-third of a minute. Which statement is correct?

Decisions by the UN Security Council on matters of peace and security are binding on member states. True or False?

HELP!!!! “[The services a monarch must provide for his people] consisted in the maintenance of the laws; a strict execution of justice; . . . and defending the state against its enemies. It is the duty of this magistrate to pay attention to agriculture; it should be his care that provisions for the nation should be in abundance, and that commerce and industry should be encouraged. He is a perpetual sentinel, who must watch the acts and the conduct of the enemies of the state . . . . If he be the first general, the first minister of the realm, it is not that he should remain the shadow of authority, but that he should fulfill the duties of such titles. He is only the first servant of the state.”

The Western Tradition, Eugene Weber, 1972

What is the best definition of the word sentinel from this passage?
a.
Guard
c.
King
b.
Judge
d.
Soldier

Why didn’t South Carolina allow food to be brought to fort Sumter

The initial growth of Pan-African sentiments was a reaction to what?​

During the Great Depression, the name of the Bureau of Investigation was changed to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and agents invested considerable time and energy into pursuing some of the most notorious gangsters of the era. All of these exploits were thoroughly described on radio and in local newspapers. In a relatively short period of time, some of the bureau’s agents (as well as some ruthless criminals) rose to the level of folk heroes and celebrities. Write an essay that describes the advantages and disadvantages of publicizing the work of at least two agencies now operating under the direction of the Department of Homeland Security.

The international Monetary fund was initially based on a “floating” exchange rate. True or false?