During the Atlantic slave trade, Latin America was the main destination of millions of African people transported from Africa to French, Portuguese, and Spanish colonies. Slavery's legacy is the presence of large Afro-Latino populations.
After the Gradual Emancipation of most black slaves, slavery continued along the Pacific coast of South America throughout the 19th century, as Peruvian slave traders kidnapped Polynesians, primarily from the Marquesas Islands and Easter Island and forced them to perform physical labor in mines and in the Guano industry of Peru and Chile.
Encomienda was a labor system in Spain and its empire. It rewarded conquerors with the labor of particular groups of subject people. It was first established in Spain during the Roman period, but used also following the Christian conquest of Muslim territories. It was applied on a much larger scale during the Spanish colonization of the Americas and the Philippines. Conquered peoples were considered vassals of the Spanish monarch. The Crown awarded an encomienda as a grant to a particular individual. In the conquest era of the sixteenth century, the grants were considered to be a monopoly on the labor of particular groups of Indians, held in perpetuity by the grant holder, called the encomendero, and his descendants.
With the ouster of Christopher Columbus, the Spanish crown sent a royal governor, Fray Nicolás de Ovando, who established the formal encomienda system. In many cases natives were forced to do hard labor and subjected to extreme punishment and death if they resisted. One conquistador, Bartolome de las Casas, was sent to the Caribbean in order to conquer the land in the name of the Spanish crown. He was rewarded an encomienda for the effort he gave in honor of the crown, but after years of seeing the poor treatment of indigenous people, he refused to allow such treatment to continue. Las Casas sailed back to Spain, asking King Ferdinand and his wife Isabella to ban indigenous slavery. In return, he suggested the use of African slaves for the hard labor of the new farm lands in the Caribbean. The Spanish by this time had already been using African slaves for some of their hard labor in Europe. Due to the persuasion of Las Casas, Queen Isabella of Castile forbade Indian slavery and deemed the indigenous to be "free vassals of the crown". Various versions of the Leyes de Indias or Laws of the Indies from 1512 onwards attempted to regulate the interactions between the settlers and natives. Both natives and Spaniards appealed to the Real Audiencias for relief under the encomienda system. This caused a greater divide between the Spanish and the lower classes of the indigenous people and the Africans, who maintained the most amount of hard labor. According to the new laws set in place by the Spanish crown, the indigenous people gained some status, albeit still lower than a Spanish citizen. This allowed the Spanish to maintain control over the indigenous people by allowing them to assume they would have some power coming from these new laws. These laws, however, only tricked the indigenous to agreeing to the encomienda system. They were allowed to live a more 'civilized' life among the Spanish, but were under the impression they would eventually gain the ability to own land for themselves, which was never the intention of the Spanish citizens.
The encomienda system brought many indigenous Taíno to work in the fields and mines in exchange for Spanish protection, education, and a seasonal salary. Under the pretense of searching for gold and other materials, many Spaniards took advantage of the regions now under control of the anaborios and Spanish encomenderos to exploit the native population by seizing their land and wealth. It would take some time before the Taíno revolted against their oppressors — both Indian and Spanish alike — and many military campaigns before Emperor Charles V eradicated the encomienda system as a form of slavery. Raphael Lemkin (coiner of the term genocide) considers Spain's abuses of the Native population of the Americas to constitute cultural and even outright genocide including the abuses of the Encomienda system. He described slavery as "cultural genocide par excellence" noting "it is the most effective and thorough method of destroying culture, of desocializing human beings." He considers colonist guilty due to failing to halt the abuses of the system despite royal orders. Recent research suggests that the spread of old-world disease appears to have been aggravated by the extreme climatic conditions of the time and by the poor living conditions and harsh treatment of the native people under the encomienda system of New Spain.
Decisions by the UN Security Council on matters of peace and security are binding on member states. True or False?
Answer:
True
Explanation:
Using examples how and why has English diffused into other languages? If you were a native speaker of a language besides English, how would you react to these additions of non-Native words? State your opinion and defend your position with sound reasoning.
Answer:
Here we go!
Explanation:
As the major kinds of technological and industrial development has taken place from the Great Britain. So, the typical name for the things they made were kept by English People which was further followed by the people of other countries. Similarly, another cause for diffusion of English language is the colonization done by the Great Britain. Due to it, the British went to various places and also broadened their culture and language to the places like India and other countries. I am a native speaker of Nepalese language and English is my third language. I have a kind of fluent English but also hearing of some new English words make me feel I have a far more to learn about it. I have knowledge about 7 language among which 3 are international and 4 are the local and ethnic languages spoken in my country. It is pretty hard to learn the language that is not properly spoken in the society and it takes a long time to be fluent and learn this language proper enough to deal with the foreigners. But, we can't properly speak neither in British nor American nor Australian accent.
How did Muslims create such an advanced society in Spain ?
Answer:
they dont have God
Explanation:
During the Great Depression, the name of the Bureau of Investigation was changed to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and agents invested considerable time and energy into pursuing some of the most notorious gangsters of the era. All of these exploits were thoroughly described on radio and in local newspapers. In a relatively short period of time, some of the bureau’s agents (as well as some ruthless criminals) rose to the level of folk heroes and celebrities. Write an essay that describes the advantages and disadvantages of publicizing the work of at least two agencies now operating under the direction of the Department of Homeland Security.
The correct answer to this open question is the following.
The two agencies will be the U.S. Secret Service and the U.S. Customs and Border Protection.
After the terrible terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, President George W. Bush ordered the creation of the Department of Homeland Security to increase the protection of the United States under the permanent threat of terrorist groups.
Some agencies that belonged to other departments were moved under this new agency. That was the case of the U.S. Secret Service and the U.S. Customs and Border Protection.
Due to its importance and reach, these two agencies are always in the news and are part of the US public opinion. The advantages of publicizing the work of these agencies are that American citizens are informed about the function and importance of what they do. The disadvantages of publicizing the work of these agencies are that they manage exclusive and secret information due to security reasons and when information ends up in the news, it could compromise officials, programs, and the security of the country.
The U.S. Secret Service has to protect top US Officials, including the President. Its job is top-secret for obvious reasons. But many times, newspapers or reporters find ways to filter some news that ends up on the morning news and then it's public. The same thing with U.S. Customs and Border Protection. This agency handles critical information about who enters or leaves the country. It is delicate and critical information that when it makes the news, compromises the security or operation of a program.
Why have African governments been unable to adequately address the rise of AIDS?
Answer:
African governments don't have the infastructure or resources to adaquently fight the AIDS epidemic.
Explanation:
In Texas, and throughout the country, World War II ended the ________.
a.
stock market crash
b.
Dust Bowl
c.
Great Depression
d.
construction of factories
Answer:
C
Explanation:
Reason: When the United States enters the Second World War, there was a draft. This saw lots of men either go to the pacific theatre or the European theatre. This left millions of jobs available for the people who weren’t drafted. This made the economy skyrocket. And if the United States never entered the Second World War, the supply’s being sent to the United Kingdom helped greatly.
Answer:
c
Explanation: yes
Which statement about Earth's layers is true? A. They all consist of liquid rock. B. They each vary in size and temperature. C. They are all under an equal amount of pressure. D. They will soon combine, forming a single, thick layer.
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Answer:
B
Explanation:
The do vary in size and temperature because as the layers go down to the core it gets harder and magma is more present
how can we solve the load shedding problem
Some plants close their leaves for protection when they are touched.
This is an example of which tropism?
hydrotropism
phototropism
gravitropism
thigmotropism
Answer:
thigmotropism
Explanation:
this is the bending of a plant or organism in response to a stimulus of touch
Answer:
the Answer is d. thigmotropism
Explanation:
i took the unit test on edg
1) Difference between primary and secondary data.
ASAP! Due of half an hour
Better you give it in points..
Answer:
P is for primary S is for secondary.
P= It is less accurate and might have to go through an examination.
S= Secondary data is more reliable and accurate as it has been pre-examined and published elsewhere.
P= This data is more relevant to the user’s requirements.
S= As this data is not collected first hand, it may not be as relevant to the researcher’s requirements.
HELP ASAP PLS
DOING THE TEST RN!!!!
Extra greenhouse gases raise the Earth's temperature resulting in (5 points) Select one:
a. changing rain and snow patterns
b. melting glaciers
c. rising sea levels
d. all of the above
Answer:
d
Explanation:
All three effects are a result of the raise in Earth's temperature, so choose option d.
An asset is property owned by a person or a group. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
Answer: T/true
Explanation:a useful or valuable thing or person.
similar: an item of property owned by a person or company, regarded as having value and available to meet debts, commitments, or legacies.
I need help with these questions and are due today pls help me out and I’m struggling and I’m trying my best and still need help
If Kiya uses his debit card to buy a television, then the money to pay the retailer will come from:
When Kiya uses his debit card to make a purchase such as a television, the money to pay the retailer comes from his M1 funds.
What are M1 funds?These are the most liquid forms of money such as checking accounts, savings accounts and actual cash.
The debit card is linked to checking and savings accounts so Kiya's purchase of the television will be paid for by M1 funds.
Find out more on M1 funds at https://brainly.com/question/14099953.
How did the first Americans get to North America?A) took a boatB) took a trainC) walkedD) swam
pls help
Answer: is b I hope this helps ;)
The initial growth of Pan-African sentiments was a reaction to what?
Answer:
The growth of Pan-African sentiments in the late nineteenth century can be seen as both a continuation of ethnic, or "pan-nationalist," thinking and a reaction to the limits of emancipation for former slaves in the diaspora and European colonial expansion in Africa.
Explanation:
Answer:
B
Explanation:
and but the chosses on there next time
HELP!!!! “[The services a monarch must provide for his people] consisted in the maintenance of the laws; a strict execution of justice; . . . and defending the state against its enemies. It is the duty of this magistrate to pay attention to agriculture; it should be his care that provisions for the nation should be in abundance, and that commerce and industry should be encouraged. He is a perpetual sentinel, who must watch the acts and the conduct of the enemies of the state . . . . If he be the first general, the first minister of the realm, it is not that he should remain the shadow of authority, but that he should fulfill the duties of such titles. He is only the first servant of the state.”
The Western Tradition, Eugene Weber, 1972
What is the best definition of the word sentinel from this passage?
a.
Guard
c.
King
b.
Judge
d.
Soldier
Sth Six Weeks
What are the three components of the cell theory?
1
Answer:
(1) All living things are made up of cells, (2) Cells are the smallest units (or most basic building blocks) of life, and (3) All cells come from preexisting cells through the process of cell division.
Explanation:
Answer:
Sample Response: The first component of the cell theory says that all living things are made of cells. The second component of the cell theory states that cells are the basic structure and function of living things. The last component of the cell theory says that cells come from other cells.
Susan can read 72 words in One-third of a minute. Which statement is correct?
Answer:
she can read 216 words per minute
Explanation:
IF YOU ANSWER I WILL GIVE YOU 30 POINTS ALONG WITH BRAINLIEST, A THANKS AND A 5 STAR RATING!! PLEASE HELP.
Question 1:The United States carried on an "island-hopping"campaign to
A: reach the Soviet union from the east
B: get close enough to mainlaind Japan to take over
C: sneak up on Hitler from the sea
D: cause fewer casualties than a land war would
Question 2: The Big Three powers created the League of Nations near the end of World War II.
True or False
Question 3: The "secret front" on the beaches at Normandy in France allowed the Allies to
A:attack Germany from west at the same time as from the east
B:fight Japan and Germany at the same time
C:win the war by attacking France from the west
D;ramp up the war against Italy as well as Germany
Answer:
Question 1: B.
Question 2: False
Question 3: ?
Explanation:
I am positive on #1 and 2, but question 3 I'm not sure.
Read the selection from the section "Key To Developing Literacy."
"It reveals the power of community that has struggled for decades to have all children receive a fair shot at bettering their circumstances and the necessity of our federal courts to stand up on behalf of those the political process ignores or disdains. Everyone who loves children should celebrate this thrilling victory."
Which two words would BEST replace "ignores" and "disdains" in the selection above WITHOUT changing the meaning?
A
neglects; scorns
B
overlooks; reveres
C
observes; regards
D
perceives; disparages
Answer:
A. Neglects, scorns
Explanation:
In the passage the best words that can be easily used to replace the words ignores and disdain, without changing the original meaning of the passage or sentence are neglects and scorns.
Why didn’t South Carolina allow food to be brought to fort Sumter
You are allowed to bring water and snacks
Which answer choice BEST describes Booker T. Washington's beliefs about how African Americans could overcome prejudice? A. They could publish newspapers for the African American community. B. They could demand a constitutional amendment to end segregation. C. They could buy only from businesses owned by African Americans. D. They could get an education to learn skills that would get them jobs.
Answer:
D
Explanation:
Booker T. Washington believed that in order for African-Americans to overcome prejudice, they would need to get an education and work in jobs that would allow them to earn money. That way, they could show society that they had the capacity to earn money, and have the same positions as white people did. This would cause them to be looked upon favorably in society.
Answer:
d
Explanation:
Sally is angry about a promotion decision. Though she is not sure that she was the best candidate, she feels that she never really got the chance to demonstrate her skills. Sally's dissatisfaction is consistent with research on:
Answer:
Procedural justice
Explanation:
Based on the situation being described it can be said that Sally's dissatisfaction is consistent with research on Procedural justice. This is an area of research in the field of psychology that deals with the idea of fairness in the processes that resolve disputes and allocate resources. Such as in this case since the company provided a promotion (company resource) to someone other than Sally which she took as being unjust.
How did President Andrew Johnson’s Reconstruction plan differ from President Abraham Lincoln’s?
Answer:
Johnsons' plan was very similar as it was not to punishing to the south, yet it was even less punishing than Lincoln's. Also, it did not protect the rights of African Americans.
Explanation: Brainliest please.
Molly did not hear about the opening for the Director of Public Relations position in her place of employment because she is not tapped into the informal communication network. Molly has experienced difficulty in access resulting from:
Answer:
relational barriers.
Explanation:
these are barriers that keeps an individual from developing healthy and functional relationships with your colleagues, family, and friends. it restrain one from getting to know the other person, organisation, state e.t.c and also lack of trustworthiness
The international Monetary fund was initially based on a “floating” exchange rate. True or false?
Answer:
TRUE
Explanation:
What makes countries interdependent?
a
Specialization and trade
b
Technology and education
c
Government and religion
d
Taxes on imports and exports
Answer:
A. Specialization and trade
Explanation:
I took the test.
Which branch of government does not deal with foreign policy?
Answer:
The United States Department of the Interior
Explanation:
Department of Interior handles America's Lands, Water, Wildlife and all of the energy resources, etc. Nothing regarding foreign issues.
Why did fewer people settle in Outer China than in Inner China?
A: The land was in smaller estates in Outer China.
b: The climate was more extreme in Outer China.
c : The roads were more dangerous in Inner China.
d : The invasions drove farmers away in Inner China.
Answer:
The answer is B. the climate was more extreme in outer china Hopefully this helps!
Answer is B, I remember this from freshman year