Answer:
$-2013.69
Explanation:
Present value is the sum of discounted cash flows
Present value can be calculated using a financial calculator
Cash flow in year 1 = 820
Cash flow in year 2 = -1470
Cash flow in year 3 = 0
Cash flow in year 4 = 940
Cash flow in year 5 = 0
Cash flow in year 6 = 0
Cash flow in year 7 = -3580
I = 7,12 %
PV = -2013
To find the PV using a financial calculator:
1. Input the cash flow values by pressing the CF button. After inputting the value, press enter and the arrow facing a downward direction.
2. after inputting all the cash flows, press the NPV button, input the value for I, press enter and the arrow facing a downward direction.
3. Press compute
University Car Wash built a deluxe car wash across the street from campus. The new machines cost $270,000 including installation. The company estimates that the equipment will have a residual value of $24,000. University Car Wash also estimates it will use the machine for six years or about 12,000 total hours. Actual use per year was as follows: Year Hours Used 1 3,100 2 1,100 3 1,200 4 2,800 5 2,600 6 1,200 2. Prepare a depreciation schedule for six years using the double-declining-balance method.
Answer:
Year Depreciation expenses
1 $90,000
2 $60,000
3 $40,000
4 $26,667
5 $17,778
6 $11,556
Explanation:
Note: See the attached excel file for the depreciation schedule for six years using the double-declining-balance method.
The double-declining-balance method is a depreciation approach in which the rate of depreciation for an asset is twice the rate of depreciation for the straight line method.
In the attached excel, the double-declining-balance depreciation rate is therefore calculated as follows:
Straight line depreciation rate = 1 / Number of expected useful years = 1 / 6 = 0.166666666666667 = 16.6666666666667%
Double-declining depreciation rate = Straight line depreciation rate * 2 = 16.6666666666667% *2 = 33.3333333333334%
Also note the following in the attached excel file:
Beginning depreciable amount in Year 1 = Cost of the new machine = $270,000
The depreciation expenses for Year 6 is calculated by deducting the residual value of $24,000 from Year 6 Beginning depreciable amount. That is:
Depreciation expenses for Year 6 = $35,556 - $24,000 = $11,556
The residual value of $24,000 therefore represents the book value at the end of Year 6.
From the attached excel file, we therefore have:
Year Depreciation expenses
1 $90,000
2 $60,000
3 $40,000
4 $26,667
5 $17,778
6 $11,556
Description Term or Phrase 1. An assessment of whether financial statements follow GAAP. 2. Amount a business earns in excess of all expenses and costs associated with its sales and revenues. 3. A group that sets accounting principles in the United States. 4. Accounting professionals who provide services to many clients. 5. Principles that determine whether an action is right or wrong.
Answer: See explanation
Explanation:
1. An assessment of whether financial statements follow GAAP. = Audit
2. Amount a business earns in excess of all expenses and costs associated with its sales and revenues. = Net income
3. A group that sets accounting principles in the United States. = Financial Accounting Standard Board (FASB)
4. Accounting professionals who provide services to many clients. = Public accountant
5. Principles that determine whether an action is right or wrong.= Ethics
An assessment of whether financial statements follow GAAP: This is known as an "audit" or "financial statement audit." It involves an examination of financial statements to ensure that they have been prepared in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), which are the standard accounting principles and guidelines used in the United States.
What are the responses to other questions?2. Amount a business earns in excess of all expenses and costs associated with its sales and revenues: This is referred to as "profit" or "net income." It represents the remaining funds after deducting all expenses, including operating costs, taxes, interest, and other relevant expenditures, from the total revenues generated by the business.
3. A group that sets accounting principles in the United States: This group is called the "Financial Accounting Standards Board" (FASB). FASB is an independent, private-sector organization responsible for establishing and improving accounting standards in the United States. Their goal is to ensure transparency and consistency in financial reporting.
4. Accounting professionals who provide services to many clients: These professionals are known as "public accountants" or "certified public accountants" (CPAs). They offer accounting and financial services to various clients, including individuals, businesses, nonprofit organizations, and government entities. CPAs are typically licensed and regulated by state boards of accountancy.
5. Principles that determine whether an action is right or wrong: These are referred to as "ethical principles" or "ethical standards." They provide guidance on what is considered morally right or wrong in the context of accounting and business practices. Ethical principles in accounting include integrity, objectivity, professional competence and due care, confidentiality, and professional behavior. They serve as a framework for accountants to maintain ethical conduct and make informed decisions.
learn more about GAAP: https://brainly.com/question/28345482
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Harris Fabrics computes its plantwide predetermined overhead rate annually on the basis of direct labor-hours. At the beginning of the year, it estimated that 32,000 direct labor-hours would be required for the period’s estimated level of production. The company also estimated $557,000 of fixed manufacturing overhead cost for the coming period and variable manufacturing overhead of $2.00 per direct labor-hour. Harris’s actual manufacturing overhead cost for the year was $679,453 and its actual total direct labor was 32,500 hours.
Required:
Compute the company’s plantwide predetermined overhead rate for the year.
Answer:
Predetermined manufacturing overhead rate= $19.41 per direct labor hour
Explanation:
To calculate the predetermined manufacturing overhead rate we need to use the following formula:
Predetermined manufacturing overhead rate= total estimated overhead costs for the period/ total amount of allocation base
Predetermined manufacturing overhead rate= (557,000 / 32,000) + 2
Predetermined manufacturing overhead rate= $19.41 per direct labor hour
Record the journal entry for Sales and for Cash Over and Short for each of the following separate situations.a. The cash registerâs record shows $420 of cash sales, but the count of cash in the register is $430.b. The cash registerâs record shows $980 of cash sales, but the count of cash in the register is $972.
Answer and Explanation:
The journal entry is shown below:
Cash $430
To Sales revenue $420
To Cash over and short $10
(Being cash is recorded)
Here cash is debited as it increased the assets and credited the sales as it also increased the revenue
Cash $972
Cash over and short $8
To Sales revenue $980
(being cash is recorded)
Here cash is debited as it increased the assets and credited the sales as it also increased the revenue
You have contracted to buy a house for $300,000, paying $50,000 as a down payment and taking a fully amortizing mortgage for the balance at a 5.5% annual interest rate for 30 years. What will your monthly payment (covering principal and interest) be if you make monthly installments over the next 30 years (round to the nearest dollar)
Answer:
The monthly payment (covering principal and interest) to be over the next 30 years is:
= $1,419.
Explanation:
a) Data and Calculations:
Home Price $300,000
Down Payment 16.666667 % ($50,000/$300,000 * 100)
Loan Term 30 years
Interest Rate 5.5%
Results:
Monthly Pay: $1,419.47
House Price $300,000.00
Down Payment $50,000.00
Loan Amount $250,000.00
Total of 360 Mortgage Payments $511,010.10
Total Interest $261,010.10
Asteria earned a $27,000 salary as an employee in 2020. How much should her employer have withheld from her paycheck for FICA taxes
Answer:
$2,070
Explanation:
Calculation to determine How much should her employer have withheld from her paycheck for FICA taxes
Social security tax 6.2%
Medicare tax which is 1.45%
Social security tax = $27,000 x 6.2%
Social security tax = $1,674
Medicare tax = $27,000 x 1.45%
Medicare tax =$391.5
FICA taxes Paycheck withheld= - $1,674 + $391.5
FICA taxes Paycheck withheld=$2,065.5
FICA taxes Paycheck withheld=$2,070 (Approximately)
Therefore How much should her employer have withheld from her paycheck for FICA taxes will be $2,070
XYZ Corporation produces and sells 10,000 units of Product X each month. The selling price is $40 per unit, and variable expenses are $32 per unit. A study has been made concerning whether Product X should be discontinued. The study shows that $70,000 of the $120,000 in monthly fixed expenses charged to Product X would not be avoidable even if the product was discontinued. If Product X is discontinued, the annual financial advantage (disadvantage) for the company of eliminating this product should be: Group of answer choices
Answer:
If the company discontinues Product X, income will decrease by $30,000.
Explanation:
Giving the following information:
Sales= 10,000*40= $400,000
Total variable expense= 32*10,000= 320,000
Avoidable fixed costs= $50,0000
To calculate the effect on the income of discontinuing Product X, we need to use the following formula:
Effect on income= avoidable fixed cost - total contribution margin
Effect on income= 50,000 - (400,000 - 320,000)
Effect on income= $30,000 decrease
If the company discontinues Product X, income will decrease by $30,000.
Llewelyn Company purchased 1,000 shares of its own $10 par value common stock when the market price of the stock was $36 per share. What journal entries would be used to record the purchase of treasury stock?
Answer: Increase the treasury stock account and decrease the cash account by $36,000.
Explanation:
The journal entries that would be used to record the purchase of treasury stock will be to increase the treasury stock account and decrease the cash account by $36,000.
Note that the $36000 was calculated as:
= 1,000 shares × $36 per share
= $36,000
Lil Uzi Vert or Gunna?
Answer:
Lil uzi
Explanation:
What is a plan implemented by a company promising value to its customers and converting customer payments into a profit called
Answer:
Business model
Explanation:
A business plan can be defined as a formally written document that comprises of the financial and operational objectives (plans) of a business firm.
Basically, a business plan is a roadmap or guide that outline the goals of a business, methods on how to achieve those goals, and the timeframe required to achieve those goals.
Similarly, a business model can be defined as a plan developed and implemented by a company while expressly promising value to its customers and converting the payments made by customers for goods or services into a profit.
What is the value of Company X stock if the dividend next year will be $3 and is expected to grow at a rate of 4% forever if your required return is 10.74%
Answer:
PV= $44.51
Explanation:
Giving the following information:
Dividen 1= $3
Discount rate= 10.74% = 0.1074
Growth rate= 4% = 0.04
To calculate the price of the stock today, we need to use the following formula:
PV= D1 / (i - g)
PV= 3 / (0.1074 - 0.04)
PV= 3 / 0.0674
PV= $44.51
On May 1, a two-year insurance policy was purchased for $12,000 with coverage to begin immediately. What is the amount of insurance expense that would appear on the company's income statement for the first year ended December 31
Answer:
$4,000
Explanation:
The accrual concept is of the opinion that expense should be recognized when incurred and not necessarily when the expense is paid for.
The insurance payment made was for two years, hence, at the end of the first year ended 31 December, which is the 8 months after the payment has been made, hence, 8-month insurance expense would be recognized in the first year.
May 1-December 31=8 months
insurance expense=two-year payment*8 months/2 years
insurance expense=$12,000*8/24
insurance expense for the first year=$4,000
Which of the following describes the tax advantage of a qualified retirement plan
Answer:
Qualified retirement plans give employers a tax break for the contributions they make for their employees. Those plans that allow employees to defer a portion of their salaries into the plan can also reduce employees' present income-tax liability by reducing taxable income.
Provides a way to accumulate substantial retirement income.
Those are some reasons, hope they helped!!
Explanation:
Situation 1: There is a Head of Human Resource (HR) in a recognized Multinational National Company (MNC). You are a marketing executive in that company. You have made a communication with the HR regarding an emergency short time leave in a Critical moment of the Company’s turnover.
In this case how you will communicate with him and convince him to provide you a short-term leave. The things to be aware of.
1. HR is a rudy person.
2. He isn't very familiar with you.
3. Company is now at a Critical Moment and there is a lot of turnovers.
4. HR is about the age of 45+
And also provide an alternative answer if the situation gets negative over you.
Ans.
Answer:
As a marketing executive of the company looking to beg an emergency leave from a HR person who is considered to be rudy, unfamiliar with me, 45+ age and also that the company is experiencing a lot of turnovers, the best way to approach the HR would be to:
1. Write an official letter to him making the intentions clear.
2. Politely ask him to consider your request even though you two are not very familiar with each other.
3. Stress the importance of the emergency and why you have to leave.
On June 10, Pais Company purchased $9,000 of merchandise from MacGyver Company, on account, terms 3/10, n/30. Pais pays the freight costs of $400 on June 11. Goods totaling $600 are returned to MacGyver for credit on June 12. On June 19, Pais Company pays McGiver Company in full, less the purchase discount. Both companies use a perpetual inventory system. Journalize perpetual inventory entries. Instructions a. Prepare separate entries for each transaction on the books of Pais Company. b. Prepare separate entries for each transaction for MacGyver Company. The merchandise purchased by Pais on June 10 cost MacGyver $5,000, and the goods returned cost McGiver $310.
Solution :
Pais Company
June 10 Inventory 9000
Accounts payable 9000
June 11 Inventory 400
Cash 400
No entry 0
June 12 Accounts payable 600
Inventory 600
June 19 Accounts payable 8400
Inventory 252 = 8400 x 3%
Cash 8148
McGiver Company
June 10 Accounts Receivable 9000
Sales revenue 9000
Cost of goods sold 5000
Inventory 5000
June 12 Sales return and allowances 600
Accounts receivable 600
Inventory 310
Cost of goods 310
June 19 Cash 8148
Sales discount 252 =8400 x 3%
Account receivable 8400
Redbud Company uses a certain part in its manufacturing process that it buys from an outside supplier for $44 per part plus another $6 for shipping and other purchasing-related costs. The company will need 10,000 of these parts in the next year and is considering making the part internally. After performing a capacity analysis, Redbud determined that it has sufficient unused capacity to manufacture the 10,000 parts but would need to hire a manager at an annual salary of $40,000 to oversee this production activity. Estimated production costs are determined to be:
Direct material $ 28
Direct labor 12
Variable overhead 6
Fixed overhead (includes manager at $4 per unit) 10
Total unit cost $ 56
A) Identify the relevant costs to make this part internally. (Select all that apply)
A) Historical cost
B) Direct labor
C) Direct material
D) Variable overhead
E) Fixed overhead
F) New manager's salary
B) Should Redbud produce the part or continue to buy it from the outside supplier? (Select the right answer)
A) Redbud should produce the part.
B) Redbud is indifferent about the decision.
C) Redbud should continue to buy it from the outside supplier.
C.What are the other factors that Redbud Company should consider in deciding to make the part internally? (Select all that apply.)
A) Total sales quantity.
B) The potential for improved control over the availability of the parts by having it when needed and the potential for improved quality of the parts.
C) Since Redbud Company is considering the use of currently available capacity, it should evaluate any relevant opportunity costs of using this capacity for more profitable activities.
Answer:
Redbud Company
A) Relevant costs:
B) Direct labor
C) Direct material
D) Variable overhead
F) New manager's salary
B) B) Redbud is indifferent about the decision.
C. Other factors to consider:
B) The potential for improved control over the availability of the parts by having it when needed and the potential for improved quality of the parts.
C) Since Redbud Company is considering the use of currently available capacity, it should evaluate any relevant opportunity costs of using this capacity for more profitable activities.
Explanation:
a) Data and Calculations:
Cost of buying parts from outside supplier = $50 per part
Units required in the next year = 10,000
Costs required to produce internally:
Supervisor's salaries $40,000
Direct material $ 28
Direct labor 12
Variable overhead 6
Fixed overhead (includes
manager at $4 per unit) 10
Total unit cost $ 56
Relevant costs:
Direct material $ 28
Direct labor 12
Variable overhead 6
Fixed overhead (includes
manager at $4 per unit) 4
Total unit cost $50
The manager of a crew that installs carpeting has tracked the crew’s output over the past several
weeks, obtaining these figures:
Week Crew Size Yards Installed
1 4 96
2 3 72
3 4 92
4 2 50
5 3 69
6 2 52
Compute the labor productivity for each of the weeks. On the basis of your calculations, what can
you conclude about crew size and productivity?
the company's revenue for the month totaled $950,000 from credit sales, and its cost of goods sold for the month is $540,000. Prepare summary journal entries dated October 31 to record its October production
Answer:
Date Account Title Debit Credit
Oct. 31 Accounts Receivable $950,000
Sales $950,000
Date Account Title Debit Credit
Oct. 31 Cost of goods sold $540,000
Finished goods inventory $540,000
A newscaster earns $26600 and wants to invest 10% of his/her monthly salary to save for retirement in 28 years. if he/she invests this money at 4.2% compounded monthly, how much money will he/she have at retirement?
a) How much will be saved each year?
b) What will be the monthly deposit?
c) What will be the amount in the account after 28 years?
Answer:
Results are below.
Explanation:
Giving the following information:
Annual salary= $26,600
Number of periods= 28*12= 336
Interest rate= 0.042/12= 0.0035
First, we need to calculate the annual savings:
Annual saving= 26,600*0.1= $2,660
Now, the monthly deposit:
Monthly deposit= 2,660/12= $221.67
Finally, the future value of the investment:
FV= {A*[(1+i)^n-1]}/i
A= monthly deposit
FV= {221.67*[(1.0035^336) - 1]} / 0.0035
FV= $141,535.3
Piedmont Company segments its business into two regions - North and South.
The company prepared the contribution format segmented income statement shown below:
Total Company North South
Sales $800,000 $600,000 $200,000
Variable expenses 560,000 480,000 80,000
Contribution margin 240,000 120,000 120,000
Traceable fixed expenses 122,000 61,000 61,000
Segment margin $118,000 $59,000 $59,000
Common fixed expenses 52,000
Net operating income $66,000
Required:
1. Compute the company-wide break-even point in dollar sales.
2. Compute the break-even point in dollar sales for the North region.
3. Compute the break-even point in dollar sales for the South region.
Answer:
1. Company-wide break-even point in dollar sales:
Break even point in dollar sales = (Traceable fixed expenses + Common fixed expenses) / Contribution margin %
Contribution margin % = Contribution margin / Sales revenue * 100%
= 240,000 / 800,000 * 100%
= 30%
Break even point in dollar sales :
= (122,000 + 52,000) / 30%
= $580,000
2. Break-even point in dollar sales for the North region.
Break even point in dollar sales = Traceable fixed costs / Contribution margin %
Contribution margin % = Contribution margin / Sales revenue * 100%
= 120,000 / 600,000 * 100%
= 20%
Break even point in dollar sales :
= 61,000 / 20%
= $305,000
3. Break-even point in dollar sales for the South region.
Break even point in dollar sales = Traceable fixed costs / Contribution margin %
Contribution margin % = Contribution margin / Sales revenue * 100%
= 120,000 / 200,000 * 100%
= 60%
Break even point in dollar sales :
= 61,000 / 60%
= $101,666.67
Bonita Industries constructed a building at a cost of $14400000. Weighted-average accumulated expenditures were $5620000, actual interest was $566000, and avoidable interest was $272000. If the salvage value is $1120000, and the useful life is 40 years, depreciation expense for the first full year using the straight-line method is
Answer:
$338,800
Explanation:
Cost of the building = $14400000
Average accumulated expenditures = $5620000
Actual interest = $566000
Avoidable interest = $272000
Salvage value = $1120000
Useful life = 40 years
Depreciation expense for the first full year:
= ((Cost of the building + Avoidable interest) - Salvage value) / Useful life
= (($14400000 + $272000) - $1120000) / 40
= ($14672000 - $1120000) / 40
= $13552000 / 40
= $338,800
When a company assigns the costs of direct materials, direct labor, and both variable and fixed manufacturing overhead to products that company is using
Answer: Absorption costing
Explanation:
Absorption costing believes that all costs that went into the production of a good or service should be absorbed by/ apportioned to those same goods and services regardless of if the costs are direct or indirect.
It works by first assigning the direct costs such as labor and material and then it apportions the indirect costs such as the variable and fixed manufacturing overhead costs. Absorption costing is the preferred costing method for presenting financial statements outside the company by both IFRS and U.S. GAAP.
What does a MRTS = mean? It means that if the input on the horizontal axis is increased by one unit, then the input on the vertical axis ▼ increases decreases by units and output will ▼ increase decrease not change .
Answer:
MRTS means that if the input on the horizontal axis is increased by one unit, then the input on the vertical axis decreases by units and output will not change.
Explanation:
The marginal rate of technical substitution (MRTS) can be described as the amount by which one input's quantity must be decreased when an additional unit of another input is used to keep output constant. MRST is also known as technical rate of substitution.
Therefore, MRTS means that if the input on the horizontal axis is increased by one unit, then the input on the vertical axis decreases by units and output will not change.
Which increases GDP the most: 1 pound of dried beans or one pound of New York strip steak?
Answer:
To determine which increases GDP the most, 1 pound of dried beans or one pound of New York strip steak, the value of each of these foods must be considered. Thus, knowing that in general meat has a much higher market value than beans (in supermarkets, 1 pound of beans costs about $ 2 or $ 3, while 1 pound of New York strip steak costs about $ 13), 1 pound of New York strip steak increases GDP the most.
MacKenzie Company sold $400 of merchandise to a customer who used a Regional Bank credit card. Regional Bank deducts a 2.0% service charge for sales on its credit cards and credits MacKenzie's account immediately when sales are made. The journal entry to record this sale transaction would be:
Answer:
Date Account Title Debit Credit
XX-XX-XXXX Cash $392
Credit card service charge $ 8
Sales $400
Working
Cash :
= 400 * (1 - 2% service charge)
= $392
Credit card service charge:
= 400 * 2%
= $8
Calculate the activity rate per grooming order. $fill in the blank 1 per grooming order 2. Calculate, in terms of grooming orders, the: a. Total activity availability fill in the blank 2 grooming orders b. Unused capacity fill in the blank 3 grooming orders 3. Calculate the dollar cost of: a. Total activity availability $fill in the blank 4 b. Unused capacity
Solution :
1. calculate the activity rate per grooming order
Activity rate Amount paid to agent
Number of grooming order
28,000
4,000
Therefore, the activity rate = 7 per grooming order
2. Calculating, in terms of grooming order, the :
a. Total activity availability
Number of grooming orders (A) = 4,000
Number of agents (B) 5
Total activity availability (A x B) 20,000
b). Total activity availability 20,000
Less: Orders actually processed (17,800)
Unused capacity 2,200
3. calculating the dollar cost of :
a). Amount paid to the agent (A 28,000
Number of agents (B) 5
Total activity availability in dollars (AxB) 140,000
b). Unused capacity (A) 2,200
Activity rate (B) 7
Unused capacity in dollars (AxB) 15,400
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), the accounting rule book. In the following scenario, please indicate which GAAP rule is being violated and why. Follow up with comments about why you think the rule exits and is important.
Scenario: XYZ Inc. was in the process of preparing its financial statements. XYZ is hoping to get approved for a loan from the First National Big Bank. XYZ's sole shareholder Slick, notices that the cash listed on the balance sheet is $4,000. Slick suggests that the balance sheet should include his personal current cash balance of $100,000. Slick convinces the company accountant to change cash on XYZ's balance sheet to $104,000. After all, he would gladly put his personal cash in if needed.
Answer: Business Entity Concept
Explanation:
The Business entity concept posits that the owners of a business and the business itself, are different entities. This means that transactions involving the two are not to be mixed up but are to be recorded separately.
The reason this concept exists is to ensure that a business is analyzed and treated on its on merit and not that of its owner because the owner might be successful and the business isn't. The reverse is also true.
XYZ Inc violates this concept here by mixing the accounts of the owner and the business in order to influence a loan decision. This goes against accounting concepts and gave the company an incorrect valuation.
Assume that you have been hired by a large international bank that is looking to develop a smartphone app to help college students with their finances, credit scores, and investments. The new product development process for the app is just beginning, and you are looking at ways that social media usage can be improved during each step of the process. Whatever new product type a firm plans to develop, it will likely follow a formal new-product development (NPD) process. Organizations increasingly use social media to evaluate potential new products. Social media are especially valuable for small businesses and nonprofit organizations, which typically have less money to spend on the NPD process. Match each social media marketing action with the appropriate step of the new-product development process.
Answer:
Determining that smartphone apps and social media aps are important parts of a bank's future plans to reach young consumers. ⇒ New Product Strategy.
Tweeting out the availability of a new smartphone app that helps young professionals manage their financial lives better. ⇒ Product launch.
Inviting younger "fans" of the bank's social media sites to have a free trial of the new smartphone app. ⇒ Test marketing.
Having a Faceb-ook discussion with consumers on what they would ideally like to have from a bank smartphone app. ⇒ Idea generation.
Creating a prototype of the smartphone app. ⇒ Product development.
Using Tw-itter to ask followers what they are willing to pay for smartphone apps. ⇒ Business analysis.
Developing a social media site that allows college students to review and provide feedback on new product ideas. ⇒ Idea screening.
Microhard has issued a bond with the following
Par
Time to maturity
Coupon rate
Semiannual payments
Suppose the black market shrinks because firms shift to the formal sector, but production remains the same. GDP
Answer: will increase but this will not affect living standards
Explanation:
GDP is sometimes called an incomplete measure because there are certain measures that it does not include such as the black market.
If firms in the black market shift to the formal sector, they will now be included in GDP which means that GDP will increase.
The living standards of people in the country will probably not change however because the firms involved were simply shifting sectors and are not said to be more or less prosperous as a result. Assuming they remained the same, nothing changes for living standards.
