3.74 moles of Na will be produced after the decomposition of Na₂O.
The decomposition reaction of Na2 is as follows:
2Na₂o → 4Na + o₂
Given, moles of Na₂o = 1.87
From stoichiometric coefficient 2 in Na₂o, after decomposition we get coefficient as 4 of Na. That means the yield of Na is double the reactant.
Hence, the moles of Na after decomposition= 2 x 1.87 = 3.74 moles
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Predict the products and balance the equation.
NaCl (aq) + KNO₂ (aq) →
Sodium chloride is produced and used in the production of polyester, paper, rubber, glass, chlorine, household bleach, soaps, detergents, and dyes.
Is salt the same as sodium chloride?Chemically speaking, salt is a combination of chloride and sodium. Actually, the element that is most harmful to your health is sodium. (Therefore, the chloride is what gives food its "salty" flavor.).
Why do doctors administer sodium chloride to patients?To replace salt and water that have been lost from your body as a result of specific conditions, sodium chloride 23.4% injection is employed (eg, hyponatremia or low salt syndrome). Additionally, it is added to IV fluids that contain carbohydrates and parenteral nutrition total (TPN).
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according to the building-up principle or aufbau principle, which subshell is typically filled next after the 6s subshell?
Aufbau's principle states that an electron in an atom is filled according to the energy of orbitals, orbital with minimum energy is first filled, and so on.
so the order of filling of electrons in orbitals are 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p 8s.
so, the 4f subshell is filled after the complete filling of electrons in 6s.
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ip the electron in a hydrogen atom with an energy of -0.544 ev is in a subshell with 18 states. part a what is the principal quantum number, n, for this atom?
The principle quantum number(n) for this atom is 5
The position in an atom's shells and the size of an electron orbital are described by the primary quantum number, which is the most significant. The quantum number connected to the angular momentum of an atomic electron is called the azimuthal quantum number.
The energy of the electron in a hydrogen atom [tex]E_{n} = -0.544eV[/tex]
For hydrogen, Z = 1
The principal quantum number for [tex]n[/tex] for this atom is calculated by for this atom is determined using Bohr's atomic model,
So that [tex]E_{n} = \frac{-13.6(Z)^{2}}{n^{2}}eVatom^{-1}[/tex]
Where [tex]n[/tex] is the principal quantum number, [tex]E[/tex] is the energy, and [tex]Z[/tex] is the atomic number The values are substituted,
=> [tex]-0.544eV = -\frac{13.6(1)^{2}}{n^{2}} eVatom^{-1}[/tex]
[tex]n^{2} = -\frac{13.6}{-0.544} \\n^{2} = 25\\n = 5[/tex]
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select true or false: more energy is required to break a bond with an order of 3/2 than is required to break a bond of order 2.
Answer: The answer is false
Explanation:
any area that has been treated with talcum powder or skin lotion must be rubbed with ________ to remove the residue and facilitate the adherence of the leads.
Any area that has been treated with talcum powder or skin lotion must be rubbed with alcohol to remove the residue and facilitate the adherence of the leads.
What is Alcohol?This is referred to as a substance which is derived from the fermentation of sugar under anaerobic conditions and it usually has an intoxicating effect.
However, it is also used for other purposes such as skin care and is usually applied after it has been treated with talcum powder or skin lotion so as to remove the residue and facilitate the adherence of the leads thereby making alcohol the correct choice in this scenario.
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If an atom, such as hydrogen, is able to form a covalent bond, describe what happens when the
electron shells of two atoms overlap?
The potential energy between the nuclei is minimized and the orbital shells overlap.
What is a covalent bond?We know that a covalent bond is the kind of bond that is formed when there is the combination of two atoms when there is the overlap of the orbitals of the two atoms. In the case of the hydrogen atoms, we can say that there is a bond as we notice that the two atomic orbitals have become overlapped on each other.
Let us note that when the two atoms are still far from each other, the potential energy between the atoms is high and as such the atoms of the element would tend to repel each other.
As the two atoms begin to approach each other, the repulsion between the nuclei of the elements is seen to become minimized and the bond is now seen to be formed as the atomic orbitals become overlapped.
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Please help with this:
Typically, hard water used in a lab class would have been prepared by adding 1 gram of
magnesium sulfate per liter of distilled water. Magnesium sulfate contains 20.2%
magnesium ions by mass. What is its hardness in grains per gallon (GPG)? (One GPG
equals 17.1 mg/L.)
One grain of calcium carbonate, or 64.8 milligrams, is dissolved in one US gallon of water to represent one grain per gallon (gpg), a measure of water hardness (3.785412 L).
What is Water Hardness Measurement Scales?Understanding your test findings necessitates familiarity with the many water hardness testing scales that are employed. The majority of results are provided as a number that indicates the amount of calcium carbonate or calcium carbonate equivalents present in a specific unit of water. Depending on the measurement method, this value may be given in grains per gallon (gpg), parts per million (ppm), or milligrammes per litre (mg/L).Per Gallon of Grains Measurement of water hardnessThe hardness scale, expressed in gpg of calcium carbonate, can be seen as follows, according to the Water Quality Association:Soft is defined as gpg less than 1.An intermediate level of difficulty is between 1 and 3.5 gpg.The category of fairly challenging ranges from 3.5 to 7 gpg.The hard range is between 7 and 10.5 gpg.It's regarded quite difficult to get above 10.5 gpg.To Learn more About grain per gallon refer to:
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the epicardial fat pad . a. can be mistaken for a pericardial effusion b. appears heteroechoic and moves with the heart c. is always visible in all cardiac views d. all of the above e. a and b onl
The epicardial fat pad . a. can be mistaken for a pericardial effusion b. appears heteroechoic and moves with the heart.
It is the posterior fat pad that is a sign that indicates a pathology when one looks at an x-ray. When a crescent fat is observed in the x-ray, it indicates there is an elbow joint effusion since normally the posterior fat cannot be seen from the x-ray.
In radiography, X-rays are used to view inner parts of the body for medical observation, analysis and to know the treatment procedure to adopt.
When a non visible posterior fat pad on a well-exposed, then it generally suggests a negative study for injury. This means that the features observed are unrelated to any type of injury. This eliminates option c.
Therefore, only option a and b are correct that the epicardial fat pad . a. can be mistaken for a pericardial effusion b. appears heteroechoic and moves with the heart.
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an atom with an imbalance of electrons to protons is a. a hadron. b. a baryon. c. an ion. d. an isotope. e. none of these
An ion is an atom with an unbalanced ratio of protons to electrons. Atoms or molecules having associated net charges greater than zero are referred to as "ions."
a charged molecule or atom is referred to as an ion. It charges up or down depending on whether one or more electrons are gained or lost. Because of this, it can have a positive or negative charge. Consequently, an ion becomes charged when there is an imbalance between the proportion of positively charged protons to negatively charged electrons. Ions can be categorised into one of two major types. Cations and anions are what they are.A superscript with a plus sign and the number before the plus sign is applied to the chemical formula to represent the symbol for a cation.Anions are represented similarly to cations by the charge number followed by a negative sign.Another subatomic particle with a positive electrical charge is the proton. They are present in the atom's nucleus.
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(50 points)
Diurnal temperature range is the difference between ________ and ________ temperature each _________.
high, low, hour
high, low, day
beginning, ending, hour
beginning, ending, day
Answer: Diurnal temperature range is the difference between __maximum______ and ____minimum____ temperature each ___1 day______.
Explanation:
(d) Caesium is another element in Group 1 of the Periodic Table.
(i) The table below lists some statements about the reaction of caesium with
cold water compared to the reaction of lithium with cold water.
Place ticks (✓) in the boxes to show the two correct statements.
the reaction with caesium is more vigorous
the reaction with caesium produces a different gas
the reaction with caesium produces an acidic solution
the reaction with caesium produces a different compound
the reaction of caesium is endothermic
Answer: The reaction with caesium is more vigourus.
The reaction with caesium produces different compund.
Explanation:
Cold water and cesium react to produce hydrogen gas and a mixture of cesium and hydroxide ions as byproducts.
when aqueous solutions of iron(iii) sulfate and potassium phosphate are combined, solid iron(iii) phosphate and a solution of potassium sulfate are formed. the net ionic equation for this reaction is:
The solubility laws that regulate ionic chemicals in an aqueous solution are the main focus of double replacement reactions. The insoluble iron(III) phosphate, FePO4, precipitates out of the solution when these two solutions are combined because the iron(III) cations and phosphate anions combine to make it.
FeBr3(aq)+K3PO4(aq)→FePO4(s)⏐↓+3KBr(aq)
Ionic equations are chemical formulas in which the electrolytes in aqueous solution are stated as dissociated ions, in contrast to molecular equations, which express compounds as molecules. The ionic species are typically followed by (aq) in the equation to denote that they are in an aqueous solution, and the substance in question is typically a salt that has been dissolved in water.
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How many liters (L) of water need to be added to prepare 1000mL of
0.3M NaCI from a 5M NaCI stock solution?
The amount, in liters, of water needed to be added to prepare 1000 mL of 0.3 M NaCl from a 5 M NaCl stock solution would be 0.94 L.
Dilution problemAccording to the dilution principle, the number of moles of solutes before dilution must be equal to the number of moles of solutes after dilution. This is mathematically expressed as:
[tex]m_1v_1[/tex] = [tex]m_2v_2[/tex]
Where [tex]m_1[/tex] and [tex]m_2[/tex] are molarities before and after dilution, and [tex]v_1[/tex] and [tex]v_2[/tex] are volumes before and after dilution.
In this case, [tex]m_1[/tex] = 5 M, [tex]m_2[/tex] = 0.3 M, [tex]v_2[/tex] = 1000 mL.
Let's find [tex]v_1[/tex]:
[tex]v_1[/tex] = [tex]m_2v_2[/tex] /[tex]m_1[/tex]
= 0.3x1000/5
= 60 mL
In other words, the volume of the stock solution to be taken is 60 mL. This volume has to be diluted by water to the 1000 mL mark. Thus, the amount of water to be added would be:
1000 - 60 = 940 mL
940 mL = 0.94 L
In summary, 0.94 L of water will be required to prepare the solution.
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A buffer solution is prepared that is 0.18 M NH3 and 0.27 M NH4Cl. What is the pH of this buffer? Kb for NH3 is 1.8 x 10-5
The correct answer is: 9.08
Can someone explain how to do this for me?
The pH of acid is between 0-7 on pH scale while for base pH range is from 7-14. Therefore, the pH of this buffer is 5.14. pH is a unitless quantity.
What is pH?pH is a measurement of amount of hydronium ion H₃O⁺ in a given sample. More the value of hydronium ion concentration, more will be the solution acidic.
On subtracting pH from 14, we get pOH which measures the concentration of hydroxide ion in a given solution. pH depend on the temperature. At room temperature pH scale is between 0 to 14. pH of neutral solution is 7.
0.18 M =NH₃
0.27 M= NH₄Cl.
Kb of NH₃ = 1.8 × 10⁻⁵
pKb = - log (kb)
= - log (1.8 × 10⁻⁵)
= 4.74
Using Henderson equation
pH = Pkb +ln [ NH₄Cl ]/ [NH₃]
= 4.74 + ln (0.27 /0.18)
= 5.14
Therefore, the pH of this buffer is 5.14.
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a brittle white crystalline solid has a melting point of 760 c and reacts when added to water. this substance is most likely what type of solid
A brittle white crystalline solid reacts with when added to water is Quartz. It is a metamorphic solid.
Quartz is the most abundant silica mineral. Pure Quartz is colorless and transparent. It occurs in most igneous and practically all metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. It is used as a component of numerous industrial materials. Silicon (Si) has the atomic number 14 and is closely related to carbon. It is a relatively inert metalloid. Silicon is often used for microchips, glass, cement, and pottery. Silica is the most abundant mineral found in the crust of the earth. One of the most common uses of silica quarts is the manufacturer of glass. Quartz is the second most abundant mineral in the Earth's crust. Its chemical name is SiO2.
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You are approached by a neighboring group of human survivors and they are wanting to know what you are shooting at the alien craft so you can see them at night. Choose the right explanation for this effect.
a Chemicals in the paint absorb light energy in a process called phosphorescence, radioactive elements keep the glow going.
b Key element is sulfur and the sulfur creates light after being heated in a process called sulfunescense
c Chlorine is the reason why the alien vessels glow.
d Calcium make the light when the craft comes into contact with water
Atoms of different element can not have same atomic number because only same type of atoms combine to form element. Atoms belonging to different element can have different atomic number. Therefore, the correct option is option A.
What is element?Element generally consist of atoms or we can atoms combine to form element. Atoms of an element is always same, means all the properties of all atoms of one type of element is same.
Two or more than two atoms with different physical or chemical properties can not combine together to form an element. Chemicals in the paint absorb light energy in a process called phosphorescence, radioactive elements keep the glow going.
Therefore, the correct option is option A.
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if we use a to represent the cations (in blue) and x to represent the anions (in green), what is the empirical formula of this ionic compound?
The empirical formula for the compound if A denotes the cations and X denotes the anions is AX₂
It is given that the cations are denoted by Blue color and the anions with green color. There are 8 atoms in the corners and 6 in the face center. Then,
No of atoms in a total of all corners = 8 x 1/8
No of atoms in the corners = 1
No of atoms in the faces = 6 x 1/2
No of atoms in the faces = 3
Then,
Total no of cations atoms = total number of atoms in the corners + the total number of atoms in the faces
Total number of cations (A) = 1 + 3
Total number of cations (A) = 4
The total number of anions in the cell is 8 from the figures as they aren't shared with another lattice arrangement. Therefore,
Number of anions (X) = 8
Then the empirical formula would be A₄X₈ which could be written in the simplified form of AX₂.
Thus, the empirical formula is AX₂ for the arrangement.
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what is the formal charge on phosphorus in a lewis structure for the phosphate ion that satisfies the octet rule?
The formal charge on phosphorus in a lewis structure for the phosphate ion that satisfies the octet rule is 0.
What is a Lewis structure?
All valence electrons are represented by Lewis structures, which are structural formulas for molecules and polyatomic ions. These structural formulas are commonly referred to as Lewis dot structures since valence electrons are frequently shown as dots.
Why is Lewis structure used?
Chemical bonds and atomic structures are examined and understood using Lewis structures. The type of bonds created between atoms using valence electrons or/and lone pairs, as well as the number of bonds an atom can or will form with other atoms, can all be determined using Lewis dot diagrams.
Lewis structure of phosphate (po43-) ion.Formal charge= no. of valence electrons - no. of non bonding valence electrons- [tex]\frac{total no. of bonded electrons }{2}[/tex]
Formal charge of P= 5-0-[tex]\frac{10}{2}[/tex] = 0
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when 2.16g of h2 reacts with excess o2 by the following equation, 258kj of heat are released. what is the change of enthalpy associated with the reaction of 1.00mol of hydrogen gas?
when 2.16g of h2 reacts with excess o2 by the following equation, 258kj of heat are released. the change of enthalpy associated with the reaction of 1.00mol of hydrogen gas is -241 KJ
Molar mass of H2 = 2.016 g/mol,mass(H2)= 2.16 g
use:number of mol of H2,n = mass of H2/molar mass of H2=(2.16 g)/(2.016 g/mol) = 1.071 mol
For 1.071 mol of H2, heat released = 258 KJ So,
for 1 mol, heat released = 258/1.071 KJ = 241 KJ
Since this is heat released, sign will be negative
Answer: -241 KJ. The amount of energy progressed or subsumed in a reaction at constant pressure is referred to as enthalpy change. It is represented by the symbol ΔH, read as "delta H". It should be noted that the term "enthalpy change" only pertains to reactions performed at constant pressure. As a result, if a reaction emits more electricity than it absorbs, the reaction is exothermic, and the enthalpy is negative. Consider this as a quantity of heat departing (or being deducted from) the reaction.
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Draw the Lewis structure for SF6 and then answer the following questions that follow.
-Do not include overall ion charges or formal charges in your drawing.
Questions:
1). What is the electron-pair geometry for S in SF6?
2). What is the shape (molecular geometry) of SF6?
SF6 molecular geometry will be octahedral because if we look at the structure sulphur hexafluoride has a central sulphur atom around which12 electrons or 6 electron pairs are present and there are no lone pairs.
What is SF6?Sulphur hexafluoride – also known as SF6 – is a ‘greenhouse gas’ that has long played a part in global warming, similar to that of carbon dioxide (CO2).CO2 has been a focal point of climate change for many years. Released from the burning of fossil fuels and other carbon-intensive practices, it creates a cover that traps heat from the sun in the earth’s atmosphere, warming the planet and the oceans. This is what’s known as the ‘greenhouse effect’.SF6 also has this effect, but is much more potent than CO2. Today, wider understanding of the potency of this gas – and the need to reach net zero carbon emissions by 2050 in order to tackle climate change – is causing a rethink of its use.To learn more about ‘greenhouse effect’ refer to:
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consider the following oxides: so2so2 , y2o3y2o3 , mgomgo , cl2ocl2o , and n2o5n2o5 . how many are expected to form acidic solutions in water?
Nonmetal oxides form acid solutions. SO2, Cl2O, and N2O5 are acid solutions.
A chemical that offers off hydrogen ions in water and paperwork salts through combining with positive metals. Acids have a sour flavor and turn positive dyes purple. a few acids made by using the body, such as gastric acid, can assist organs work the way they must. An example of an acid is hydrochloric acid.
An acidic solution has a high attention of hydrogen ions, H +start superscript, plus, stop superscript, greater than that of pure water. An acidic solution is a liquid combination that happens when hydrogen ions are launched while mixed with water. This definition is known as the Brønsted-Lowry theory: acids provide hydrogen protons, at the same time as bases "accept" hydrogen protons. some answers are more acidic than others.
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nickel has a face-centered cubic (fcc) structure and has a density of 8.90 g/cm3. what is its atomic radius?
The nickel has a face-centered cubic (fcc) structure and has a density of 8.90 g/cm3. its atomic radius is 1.36 × 10⁻⁸ cm.
given that :
density = 8.90 g/ cm³
the density is given as :
density = mass / volume
no. of atoms = 8 (1/8) + 6(1/2)
volume = (r × 8 (1/8))³
mass = 4 atoms × mol / 6.022 × 10²³ atoms × 58.68 g /mol
density = mass / volume
8.90 g/ cm³ = (4 atoms × mol / 6.022 × 10²³ atoms × 58.68 g /mol ) / (r × 8 (1/8))³
r = 1.36 × 10⁻⁸ cm
Thus, the atomic radius is 1.36 × 10⁻⁸ cm.
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333
Identifying States of Matter
Use the drop-down menus to complete the statements.
✓have a definite shape and volume.
do not have a definite volume or shape.
have a definite volume, but the shape may change.
States of matter:
Solids: have a definite shape and volume.
Gases: do not have a definite volume or shape.
Liquids: have a definite volume, but the shape may change.
What is states of matter?
States of matter refer to the physical behavior of matter based on its temperature and pressure. There are three main states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas.
There are also several other states of matter, such as plasma and Bose-Einstein condensate, that are observed under certain conditions, such as extremely high temperatures or pressures.
According to the problem:
Solids are characterized by their ability to maintain a fixed shape and volume. They are typically solid at room temperature and have a high degree of structural rigidity.
Gases, on the other hand, do not have a definite shape or volume. They are characterized by their ability to expand and fill any container they are placed in. Gases are typically in a gaseous state at room temperature and are highly compressible.
Liquids are intermediate between solids and gases. They have a definite volume, but the shape may change to conform to the shape of their container. Liquids are typically liquid at room temperature and are less compressible than gases, but more compressible than solids.
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which list contains only strong acids? (5 points) a. hcl, hno3, hf, hclo4 b. h2so4, h3po4, hclo4, nh3 c. hno3, h2so4, naoh, h3po4 d. hcl, hno3, h3po4, hclo4 e. hcl, h2so4, hclo4, hi
a. hcl, hno3, hf, hclo4 b. h2so4 list contains only strong acids.
Chloric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydroiodic acid, nitric acid, perchloric acid, and sulfuric acid are the 7 main acids. These are strong acids since they can completely dissociate in water. A strong acid is described as an acetone that completely disintegrates when added to water. Because the hydrochloric acid inside the preceding example donates every one of its protons to the remedy and totally dissolves, it is classified as a strong acid.
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which halogen forms the weakest bond to carbon? rev: 12 08 2020 qc cs-243801 multiple choice f cl br i
The halogen forms the weakest bond to carbon is Iodine due to vary size difference between iodine and a carbon
Iodine is a chemical element with the symbol I and atomic number 53. It is a halogen, which means it is a highly reactive, nonmetal element that occurs in the periodic table among the highly reactive nonmetals. Iodine is a blue-black, lustrous solid that sublimates (turns from a solid directly into a gas) at standard temperature and pressure. It has a melting point of 386.85 degrees Fahrenheit (193.65 degrees Celsius) and a boiling point of 575.1 degrees Fahrenheit (302.9 degrees Celsius). Iodine is an essential trace element in the human body. It plays a vital role in the production of thyroid hormones, which are important for normal growth and development. The thyroid gland, located in the neck, absorbs iodine from the blood and uses it to produce thyroid hormones. Iodine deficiency can lead to goiter, a condition characterized by an enlarged thyroid gland.
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Draw the Lewis structure for PF3Cl2 in the window below and then answer the questions that follow. What is the electron-pair geometry for P in PF3Cl2 ? What is the the shape (molecular geometry) of PF3Cl2?
Sp[tex]3[/tex] hybridization of a molecule with two lone pairs is present. This molecule's geometry is determined by its electron pair structure. If more than one bond angle is possible, separate each one with a space.
What is hybridization?The process of combining two atomic orbitals to produce a new variety of hybridized orbitals is described as hybridization. Usually, this mixing creates hybrid orbitals with entirely different energies, shapes, and other characteristics. Atomic orbitals with the same energy level are primarily responsible for hybridization. However, if the energies of the orbitals are equal, the process can involve both fully filled and partially filled orbitals. We can better understand bond formation, bond energies, and bond lengths by using the hybridization concept, which is an extension of valence bond theory. During the hybridization process, which primarily entails the merging of two orbitals, two "p" orbitals, or the mixing of a "s" orbital with a "p," the atomic orbitals of comparable energies are mixed together.To learn more about valence bond theory refer to:
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F. According to the rules for naming compounds that you learned in this course, what is the
chemical name of this new product? What is its common name? (2 points)
Molecular compounds are termed by using the stem of the first element's name plus the suffix -ide, followed by the second element. Numerical prefixes are used to specify the number of atoms in a molecule.
What does "chemical common name" mean?The IUPAC defines a common name as one that clearly identifies a chemical but does not adhere to the current systematic naming convention. Acetone, which bears the scientific term, serves as an illustration of a common name. 2-propanone
What is the short answer to chemical?A chemical is any substance whose composition is known. A chemical always consists of the same "substance," to put it another way. Water is one of the substances found in nature.
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the solubility of caf2 is measured to be 0.017 g/l. based on this information, what is ksp for caf2? the molar mass of caf2 is 78.075 g/mol.
The molar mass of caf2 is 78.075 g/mol is 4.14 x 10^ -11.
CaF2 (s) <----> Ca2+ (aq) + 2F- (aq)
At equilibrium [Ca2+] = S , [F-] = 2S , where S is amount of CaF2 dissolved i.e solubility.
The molar mass of a chemical compound is determined by dividing its mass by the quantity of that compound, expressed as the number of moles in the sample, measured in moles. The molar mass of a material is a bulk attribute rather than a molecular one.
given S = 1.7 x 10^ -2 g/L = 0.017 g/L
we can convert g/L to mol/L by dividing S with Molar mass of CaF2
S in mol / L = (S in g/L) / ( CaF2 molar mass) = ( 0.017g/L) / ( 78.07g/mol) = 0.000218 mol /L
[F-] = 2S = 2 x ( 0.000218) = 0.000436 mol/L
now Ksp = [Ca2+] [F-]^2
= ( 0.000218 ) (0.000436 )^2
= 4.14 x 10^ -11
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ammonium ion (nh4 ) is an acid that can dissociate to form ammonia (nh3) and h in aqueous solution. the pka for this reaction is 9.25. when total ammonium ion is 50% dissociated, what is the ph?
When total ammonium ion is 50% dissociated, The pH is 9.25.
Given, the pKₐ of ammonium ion (NH₄⁺) is 9.25.
The dissociation of NH₄⁺ to ammonia (NH₃) and H⁺ in aqueous solution is represented below.
It is stated that the ammonium ion is 50% dissociated in the solution. Therefore the concentration of each species at that instant [if started with 1M conc. of NH4+ (aq)] is summarized as follows:
NH4+ (aq) ⇌ NH3 (aq) + H+ (aq)
Initial conc. (in M) 1 - -
At 50% dissociation 1-0.5, i.e., 0.5 0.5 0.5
The given value of pKₐ immediately reminds us of the form of Henderson-Hasselbalch equation containing pKₐ , i.e.,
pH = pKₐ + log₁₀ [tex]\frac{[salt]}{[acid]}[/tex] _ _ _(i)
But, NH₄⁺ (aq) exists as the conjugate acid form, as well as the salt (ionized) form. Hence, we cannot use equation. (i) for our calculations.
Therefore, we need to convert the above value of Kₐ to the equivalent Kb (for NH₃), corresponding to the reverse equilibrium.
This is achieved by using the relation
Kb = [tex]\frac{Kw}{Ka}[/tex]
or, -log₁₀ Kb = -log₁₀ Kw + log₁₀ Ka
or, pKb = pKw - pKa = 14 - 9.25 = 4.75
where, pKw = 1 x 10⁻¹⁴ (at 298 K).
Therefore, pKb of ammonia (NH₃) = 4.75
Now, we need to use the form of Henderson-Hasselbalch equation which uses Kb; which is in fact
pOH = pKb + log₁₀ [tex]\frac{[salt]}{[base]}[/tex] _ _ _(ii)
where the salt is NH₄⁺, and the base is NH₃. Further, we know that
Kw = [H⁺][OH⁻] or, pOH + pH = pKw = 14 or, pOH = 14 - pH
Substituting this relation in eq. (ii) gives
14 - pH = pKb + log₁₀ [tex]\frac{[NH4+]}{[NH3]}[/tex]
or, pH = 14 - pKb — log₁₀ [tex]\frac{[NH4+]}{[NH3]}[/tex]
As calculated, pKb = 4.75, [NH₄⁺] = 0.50 M, while [NH₃] = 0.50 M, assuming we start with a conc. of 1M NH₄⁺. Hence,
pH = 14 – 4.75 – log₁₀ [tex]\frac{0.50}{0.50}[/tex]
= 9.25 - log₁₀ ( 1 )
= 9.25 - 0
pH = 9.25
Hence, the pH of a solution consisting of 50% NH₃ and 50% NH₄⁺ will be equal to 9.25.
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explain the difference in behavior between water and the buffer with addition of acid or base. are your results as expected? why or why?
The adding of an acid or base to a buffer seems to have no effect on the pH of the buffer. In contrast, going to add acid or base to unbuffered water drastically changes the pH.
Any hydrogen-containing substance skilled of making a donation a proton (hydrogen ion) to that other substance is defined as an acid. A base is a compound or ion that really can accept an acid's hydrogen ion. The sour flavours of weak acids is generally described by the contaminant that emits hydrogen ions in water and formation salts by incorporating with these metals. Acids have a bitter aftertaste and cause certain dyes to turn red. buffer is an aqueous solution that withstands adjustments in pH upon on the addition of either an acid or a base". Furthermore, adding water to a buffer or going to allow it to evaporate from of the buffer has no significant effect just on pH of the buffer.
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