The kind of barrier that is seen in the Dobzhansky-Muller model of speciation, a hybrid inviability barrier is featured, which is different from allopatric and sympatric speciation.
In the Dobzhansky-Muller model of speciation, two genetically divergent populations of the same species are isolated from one another geographically.
Genetic mutations accumulate in each of these populations over time, leading to differences in their genomes.
Hybrid inviability is a process in which the two parental species mate and produce a hybrid offspring that is unable to survive in its environment.
This type of isolating barrier is caused by genetic incompatibilities between the two parental species that result in deleterious epistatic interactions.
When these two populations come back into contact with one another, the hybrids that are produced are unable to survive due to genetic incompatibilities between their parental genomes.
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____secrete hormones into the bloodstream, whereas _____secrete substances into ducts and onto the skin or the lumen of a hollow organ.
which of the following statements is most accurate select an answer and submit. for keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a hydrogen ions released during lactate production are primarily responsible for blood acidosis b an accumulation of adp during exercise will inhibit creatine kinase activity. c during exercise, glycogen stored in non-exercising muscles help preserve blood glucose levels. d in non-muscle cells, lactate an be converted back to glucose, implying that it is an energy source.
The correct answer is during exercise ,glycogen stored in non-exercising muscles help preserve blood glucose levels.
During exercise, glycogen is stored in non-exercising muscles help preserve blood glucose levels. Glycogen is a storage polysaccharide in animals that is composed of glucose molecules. It is stored in the liver and muscles and is used to provide energy during periods of intense physical activity or fasting. Therefore, during exercise, glycogen stored in non-exercising muscles help preserve blood glucose levels.
This statement is most accurate as blood glucose levels are crucial to maintain energy production during exercise. Glycogen is broken down to release glucose that helps to keep the glucose levels up during the exercise. Hence, the statement "During exercise, glycogen stored in non-exercising muscles help preserve blood glucose levels" is the most accurate statement among the given options.
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30 POINTS
Create a timeline illustrating developments in the understanding of botany, plant reproduction, and hybridization. Your timeline must include at least 8 different points.
Answer:
Timeline of Developments in the Understanding of Botany, Plant Reproduction, and Hybridization:
1. 600 BCE - Theophrastus writes "Enquiry into Plants," one of the earliest works on botany and plant classification.
2. 1682 - Nehemiah Grew publishes "Anatomy of Plants," which lays the foundation for the study of plant anatomy.
3. 1727 - Johann Friedrich Böttger discovers the principles of plant hybridization, by successfully crossing two different species of tobacco plants.
4. 1760 - Joseph Koelreuter demonstrates that hybridization can occur between plants of different genera.
5. 1827 - Robert Brown discovers the cell nucleus, which leads to further understanding of plant reproduction.
6. 1856 - Gregor Mendel publishes his work on inheritance and genetics in pea plants, laying the foundation for the study of plant breeding.
7. 1898 - Carl Correns, Hugo de Vries, and Erich von Tschermak independently rediscover Mendel's work, leading to the modern study of genetics.
8. 1900s - Scientists continue to develop hybridization techniques, leading to the creation of many hybrid plant varieties, including hybrid corn, wheat, and rice.
9. 1953 - James Watson and Francis Crick discover the structure of DNA, leading to a deeper understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying plant reproduction and hybridization.
10. 2000s - Modern techniques such as gene editing and genetic modification continue to advance the study of botany and plant breeding, with potential applications in agriculture, medicine, and conservation.
what is the term for the part of a dna strand that produces a protein that causes a stem cell to differentiate?
The term for the part of a DNA strand that produces a protein that causes a stem cell to differentiate is differentiation-inducing factor or differentiation signal.
What is differentiation-inducing factor?This protein is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of genes involved in cell differentiation, leading to development of specialized cell types.
Cell fate means that stem cell makes a decision to differentiate into mature cell type. Signals from environment—chemicals, extracellular proteins/hormones/factors, neighboring cells, physical environment—converge on the cell, activating a signaling cascade that leads to gene expression.
Cell that differentiates into all cell types of adult organism is known as pluripotent and such cells are called meristematic cells in higher plants and embryonic stem cells in animals.
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Rank the hereditary components from smallest at the top to largest at the bottom.
1. Nucleotide
2. Gene
3. Chromosome
4. Gamete
The hereditary components from smallest at the top to largest at the bottom are Genome, Chromosome, Gene, and Nucleotide and Gamete.
The set of genes that the offspring inherits from both parents, the combination of genetic material from both parents, is called the genotype of an organism. Genotype is opposed to phenotype, which is the appearance of an organism and the result of the development of its genes.
Genome, chromosomes, genes, nucleotides and gametes is the correct order of organization of genetic material from largest to smallest.
There are five basic modes of inheritance for monogenic diseases: autosomal dominant inheritance, autosomal recessive inheritance, X-linked dominant inheritance, X-linked recessive inheritance, and mitochondrial inheritance.
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how does the life cycle of an average-sized star differ from the life cycle of a high-mass star?
The life cycle of an average-sized star like the sun starts with the collapse of a cloud of gas and dust under the force of gravity.
As the cloud collapses, it becomes more massive and heats up, eventually reaching a temperature and density that allow nuclear fusion reactions to occur in its core. These fusion reactions convert hydrogen into helium, releasing energy in the form of light and heat.
This phase called the main sequence, can last for billions of years, during which the star is stable. In contrast, high-mass stars have a much shorter lifespan and a more explosive end. Due to their high mass, they burn through their fuel at a much faster rate, causing them to evolve more quickly.
They also undergo a series of nuclear fusion reactions, creating heavier elements in their cores. Eventually, these stars will run out of fuel, and the core will collapse. This collapse triggers a supernova explosion that can be more than 10 times brighter than an average-sized star. After the explosion, the core may collapse further, forming a black hole or a neutron star.
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In what type of axon does saltatory conduction occur?a. myelinatedb. unmyelinated
Answer: myelinated
Explanation:
Saltatory conduction occurs only on myelinated axons.
Saltatory conduction occurs in myelinated axons. The myelin sheath on these axons promotes faster signal propagation by allowing action potentials to 'jump' from one node of Ranvier to the next.
Explanation:Saltatory conduction occurs in myelinated axons. Myelinated axons are axons that are covered by a fatty substance known as myelin. This myelin sheath insulates the axon and increases the speed at which electrical impulses, or action potentials, are transmitted along the axon. During saltatory conduction, the action potential 'jumps' from one node of Ranvier to the next. These nodes are the small gaps in the myelin sheath along the axon. Compared to unmyelinated axons, where the action potential propagates in a continuous wave, the 'jumping' action in myelinated axons leads to faster signal propagation.
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what part Located in depressions of mucous membranes of the throat and pharynx
The part located in depressions of mucous membranes of the throat and pharynx is the tonsils.
Tonsils are masses of lymphatic tissue located in the throat that play a role in the immune system. They help to trap and filter out bacteria and other foreign substances that enter the body through the nose and mouth. There are three types of tonsils: pharyngeal tonsils, palatine tonsils, and lingual tonsils.
The pharyngeal tonsils, also known as the adenoids, are located in the upper part of the throat, behind the nose, and above the soft palate. The palatine tonsils are located on either side of the back of the throat, while the lingual tonsils are located at the base of the tongue.
Tonsillitis is a common condition in which the tonsils become inflamed and swollen due to infection. Symptoms of tonsillitis include sore throat, difficulty swallowing, fever, and swollen lymph nodes. Treatment may involve rest, fluids, pain relievers, and antibiotics if the infection is bacterial. In some cases, a tonsillectomy (surgical removal of the tonsils) may be necessary if the condition is chronic or severe.
In summary, the tonsils are located in the depression of mucous membranes.
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What describes the daughter cells produced during meiosis?
The types of daughter cells produced during meiosis are Genetically distinct due to crossing over.
Daughter cells are the cells that divide from the mother cell during cell division. In somatic cells, the process of mitosis results in the production of two daughter cells, whereas the process of meiosis results in the production of four daughter cells in germ cells.
Meiosis is a kind of cell division that results in the production of four gamete cells and a 50% reduction in the number of chromosomes in the parent cell. To develop egg and sperm cells for sexual reproduction, this procedure is necessary. The number of chromosomes is restored in the progeny when the sperm and egg combine to create a single cell during reproduction.
The original cell's cytoplasm is now split into two daughter cells as the cell goes through a process known as cytokinesis. Only one set of chromosomes, or half as many as the parent cell's total number, are present in each haploid daughter cell.
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which of these is the double membrane that encloses the nucleus?
The double membrane that encloses the nucleus is called the nuclear envelope.
The nuclear envelope is a double-layered membrane that encloses the nucleus. It is made up of two concentric membranes and is supported by an internal cytoskeletal network of intermediate filaments known as the nuclear lamina.
It is made up of two membranes, an inner membrane that surrounds the nucleoplasm and an outer membrane that is contiguous with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
The two membranes are separated by a perinuclear space, which is approximately 10-50 nm thick, and are joined by nuclear pores that allow the selective movement of molecules in and out of the nucleus.
Nuclear pores are large protein complexes that regulate the movement of molecules in and out of the nucleus, such as RNA and proteins.
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The main finding of the Human Microbiome Project was that
everyone has essentially the same types of microorganisms residing in their bodies.
healthy adults should be free from viruses and bacteria.
bacterial cells far outnumber human cells in healthy adults.
bacteria cannot reproduce unless inside a host cell.
The main finding of the Human Microbiome Project was that bacterial cells far outnumber human cells in healthy adults.
What is the Human Microbiome Project?The Human Microbiome Project is a five-year project launched by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to improve our understanding of the microorganisms that live in and on us and to develop new ways of protecting and restoring human health based on this understanding. Its goal was to identify the types of microbes that live in or on our bodies, figure out what they do, and investigate how they interact with each other, with us, and with our environment.
What did the Human Microbiome Project find?The human microbiome is a complex community of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microorganisms that live on and in the human body. Researchers have discovered that bacterial cells outnumber human cells by a factor of ten to one in the average adult. The microbiome plays a critical role in maintaining our health by helping us digest food, produce essential vitamins, and regulate our immune system. It also appears to play a role in a wide range of diseases, including obesity, cancer, and autoimmune disorders.
The Human Microbiome Project's main finding was that everyone has essentially the same types of microorganisms residing in their bodies, regardless of age, gender, or ethnicity. However, the abundance and diversity of these microorganisms can vary significantly from person to person depending on a variety of factors, such as diet, lifestyle, and genetics.
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describe how two medical conditions might be helped by biofeedback therapy.
Biofeedback therapy is a type of treatment that involves using electronic monitoring equipment to provide patients with real-time feedback about their physiological responses.
By gaining awareness and control over their bodily functions, patients can learn to manage symptoms associated with certain medical conditions. Here are two examples of how biofeedback therapy can help with specific medical conditions:
Migraine headaches: Biofeedback therapy can help reduce the frequency and severity of migraine headaches. During biofeedback sessions, patients are taught to recognize the physiological signs that often precede a migraine attack, such as muscle tension and increased heart rate. By learning to recognize and control these responses, patients can reduce the intensity and frequency of migraines.
Urinary incontinence: Biofeedback therapy can help people who have difficulty controlling their bladder muscles. During biofeedback sessions, patients are taught to recognize and strengthen the pelvic floor muscles that are responsible for bladder control. By gaining control over these muscles, patients can improve bladder function and reduce urinary incontinence.
In both cases, biofeedback therapy can help patients gain greater awareness and control over their physiological responses, leading to improved symptom management and overall quality of life.
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What is feedback regulation of endocrine system?
To ensure that these processes are properly regulated, the endocrine system employs a feedback mechanism to regulate hormone levels.
What is Feedback regulation?Feedback regulation is the process by which hormone levels are regulated in the endocrine system. Hormones are chemical messengers that travel throughout the body to regulate various physiological processes. This feedback mechanism operates through a series of feedback loops that monitor hormone levels in the blood and adjust hormone secretion accordingly.
Hormones are chemical messengers that are produced by the endocrine glands and secreted into the bloodstream. These hormones travel to target cells in the body, where they bind to specific receptor proteins on the surface of the cell. The binding of a hormone to its receptor triggers a series of signaling pathways within the cell that ultimately lead to changes in gene expression and other cellular processes.
Feedback regulation is critical to maintaining proper hormone levels in the body. When hormone levels become too high or too low, the feedback mechanism responds by adjusting hormone secretion to restore balance. This ensures that the body's physiological processes remain properly regulated and functioning efficiently.
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Select the correct statement about the Evolution of Animals.
1 The oldest generally accepted fossils of large a
2 No animal fossils are found in strata formed bef
3 Approximately half the phyla of living organisms
4 All the above
The oldest generally accepted fossils of large animals range in age from 565 to 550 m. Option A
What is evolution in animals?Evolution in animals refers to the process of change in the inherited characteristics of a population of animals over time, which occurs through the mechanisms of natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and mutation.
Evolution occurs when some individuals in a population possess advantageous traits that allow them to survive and reproduce more effectively than others, resulting in the gradual accumulation of these traits in the population over generations.
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the gives us the distinct qualitys that make us human and allows us to think about the future to be playful and creative
Answer:
Brains
Explanation:
the brain gives us the distinct quality that make us human and allows us to think about the future to be playful and creative
The farming of fish such as salmon at aquaculture facilities poses a threat to marine ecosystems because
o the farming of fish such as salmon at aquaculture facilities poses a threat to marine ecosystems because responses o the farmed fish can escape and outcompete wild fish for food and territory o farm-raised salmon often pass on toxic chemicals such as mercury to eagles and other fish-eating birds o invasive plant species common in aquaculture facilities can spread to nearby waters invasive plant species common in aquaculture facilities can spread to nearby waters fewer wild fish will be harvested for human consumption
The farming of fish such as salmon at aquaculture facilities poses a threat to marine ecosystems because "it provides a healthy and inexpensive source of protein."
What is Aquaculture?It is possible to avoid the issues which pose a threat to marine ecosystems and aquaculture due to salmon fish by being responsible and minimizing the environmental impact of salmon farming while reaping the benefits of this resource.
Despite this, some of the challenges related to farming salmon include the following Salmon farming benefits include the following it provides a healthy and inexpensive source of protein. Salmon farming generates employment. It decreases the pressure on wild fish populations. It reduces the use of marine resources such as oil. It helps to balance the global seafood trade.
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Prokaryotes may contain both plasmid and chromosomal genomes. Classify each description as a characteristic of prokaryotic plasmids, prokaryotic chromosomes, o both: Plasmids only Chromosomes only Characteristics of both Answer Bank - can transfer genes for antibiotic resistance - holds genes required for survival - contains small assortment of supplementary genes - replicates only during prokaryotic fission - found in the cell's nucleoid - used as vector in biotechnology - enters cells by horizontal gene transfer - consists of double-stranded DNA - usually circular in shape
Only for plasmids: Can transfer genes for antibiotic resistance, but only on chromosomes: Contains genes necessary for survival and Both have the following traits: only replicates during prokaryotic fission
Which form of chromosome S best describes the genomes of the majority of prokaryotes?Prokaryotes have only one chromosome, which are typically circular DNA molecules that hold their whole genomes. The genomes of eukaryotes, in contrast, are made up of several chromosomes, each carrying a linear DNA molecule.
What role does a plasmid play in prokaryotic cells?Little numbers of non-essential genes are carried by plasmids, which are copied separately from chromosomes inside cells. They can propagate genes that are helpful for survival to other prokaryotes in the population.
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mouth-shaped openings in the epidermis of plants are called
Stomata are the mouth-shaped openings in the epidermis of plants. These tiny pores are surrounded by two specialized guard cells that control the opening and closing of the stomata.
The guard cells are responsible for regulating the exchange of gases and water vapor between the plant and its environment. When the stomata are open, carbon dioxide can enter the plant and oxygen and water vapor can exit. This process, known as transpiration, is essential for plant growth and survival. Stomata are typically found on the leaves of plants, although they can also be found on stems and other parts of the plant. The number and distribution of stomata on a plant can vary depending on the species, environmental conditions, and other factors. In general, plants that live in dry or arid environments tend to have fewer stomata, while those that live in wetter environments tend to have more. Additionally, some plants have specialized stomata that are adapted to specific environmental conditions. For example, certain plants that live in saline environments have evolved stomata that are able to exclude salt from entering the plant. Overall, stomata play a crucial role in the life of plants, allowing them to breathe and absorb the nutrients they need to grow and thrive.
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what elements would likely be found in a portein funcitoning in signlaing through a receptor tyrosine kinase
Proteins that function in signaling through a receptor tyrosine kinase are likely to contain SH2 domains.
SH2 domains are domains that can interact with phosphorylated tyrosine residues on other proteins. The activation of receptor tyrosine kinases results in the phosphorylation of specific tyrosine residues in the intracellular domain of the receptor, as well as other tyrosine residues in downstream signaling molecules. SH2 domains in signaling proteins can interact with phosphorylated tyrosine residues on the receptor and downstream signaling proteins, allowing them to be recruited to the site of tyrosine phosphorylation and participate in downstream signaling events.
In addition to SH2 domains, proteins involved in signaling through receptor tyrosine kinases may also contain other domains, such as PTB domains, which can also bind to phosphorylated tyrosine residues, as well as domains that are responsible for enzymatic activity, such as kinases or phosphatases.
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What is the pair of chromosomes inherited from the mother and the other pair from the father?
A pair of chromosomes inherited from the mother and the other pair from the father is called a homologous chromosome pair.
Homologous chromosomes are similar in size, shape, and gene content and carry the same genes at the same loci, although the specific alleles may differ. In humans, the homologous chromosome pairs form the 23 pairs of chromosomes that contain the genetic material necessary for the development and functioning of the organism.
During sexual reproduction, each parent contributes one set of chromosomes, including one member of each homologous chromosome pair, to their offspring. The process of meiosis ensures that each gamete receives one member of each homologous pair, resulting in genetic diversity in the offspring.
This means that the genetic material inherited from the mother and father are combined in their offspring, leading to genetic variation within a population. The study of homologous chromosomes is essential for understanding genetics, inheritance patterns, and evolutionary biology.
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The neurotransmitter released into the synapse between neurons and muscle cells that stimulate skeletal muscle cell isGABAepinerphrinenorepinephrineacetylcholine
The neurotransmitter that is released into the synapse between neurons and muscle cells that stimulates skeletal muscle cells is acetylcholine. Here option D is the correct answer.
Acetylcholine is a chemical messenger that is released from the axon terminals of motor neurons and diffuses across the neuromuscular junction to bind to acetylcholine receptors on the surface of skeletal muscle cells.
This binding triggers a series of biochemical reactions that lead to the contraction of the muscle fiber. The release of acetylcholine is essential for normal muscle function, and disruptions in the production or release of this neurotransmitter can lead to muscle weakness or paralysis.
For example, botulinum toxin, which is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, blocks the release of acetylcholine from motor neurons and can cause muscle paralysis.
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Complete question:
Which neurotransmitter is released into the synapse between neurons and muscle cells that stimulates skeletal muscle cell?
A) GABA
B) Epinephrine
C) Norepinephrine
D) Acetylcholine
5. Which is a limitation of using models in
science? sc.7.N.3.2
A delaying the outcome of an experiment
B hindering experimenters from testing
their hypotheses
C basing models on an incomplete or
inaccurate observation
D
Dinhibiting the ability of scientists to
communicate with one another
C basing models on an incomplete or inaccurate observation is a limitation of using models in science.
What is limitation?Limitation is a restriction or constraint placed on a person, activity, or object. It can be physical, legal, or even psychological. In the legal context, limitations are often imposed by laws, regulations, court orders, or contracts. Physical limitations may include physical barriers, geographic boundaries, or natural obstacles. Psychological limitations may involve beliefs, attitudes, or fears that prevent a person from taking certain actions or achieving a desired outcome.
This can lead to inaccurate and unreliable results and conclusions, which can cause confusion and misunderstanding between scientists. Additionally, models can be difficult to modify and update as more accurate information becomes available. As such, models need to be updated regularly to ensure accuracy and to remain relevant.
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this diagram shows a late stage of dna replication. can you name the protein represented by each icon in the diagram? then, for each protein, can you identify how dna replication would be affected if that protein were nonfunctional?
DNA replication is the process of copying DNA molecules. DNA replication is critical because it ensures that each new cell receives a complete set of genetic material.
DNA replication is a complex process involving numerous enzymes and other proteins. The following is a list of proteins involved in DNA replication:
Helicase - This enzyme is responsible for unwinding and separating the two strands of DNA.
It does this by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the nucleotides.
Primase - This enzyme is responsible for synthesizing the RNA primers that are needed to start DNA synthesis.DNA polymerase - This enzyme is responsible for synthesizing new DNA strands. It can only add nucleotides to the 3' end of a growing strand. Therefore, it can only synthesize in the 5' to 3' direction.Ligase - This enzyme is responsible for joining the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand.Topoisomerase - This enzyme is responsible for relieving the tension that builds up ahead of the replication fork when the two strands of DNA are separated. Without topoisomerase, the strands would become overwound and break.Learn more about DNA: https://brainly.com/question/16099437
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4. Why are geographic information systems useful to farmers? What do you think the
pluses and minuses would be of adopting this technology?
GIS in agriculture enables improved management of land resources, which enables farmers to enhance productivity while lowering expenses.
What role does the geographic information system have in farming?Farmers can map field data, organise and analyse it, and remotely monitor their crops thanks to the usage of GIS in agriculture. Farm automation has benefited from advances in satellite monitoring, robots, drones, and GPS. These technologies support the gathering of GIS data.
What benefits come from utilising a geographic information system?By producing maps and scenes, GIS users may arrange, display, and analyse many layers of data. Users may find patterns, comprehend trends, keep track of changes, and react to events with the help of clear visualisation of various types of data, enabling improved decision-making.
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the structure of the dna determines which amino acids are put together to form a specific protein which is used to carry out out the essential functions of life.
The statement in question "the structure of the DNA determines which amino acids are put together to form a specific protein which is used to carry out the essential functions of life" is true. So the answer to that statement is true.
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is the biological molecule that carries genetic information. In living organisms, DNA is the genetic material that is passed down from one generation to the next. DNA has a unique structure that allows it to store and transmit genetic information in a specific order. DNA contains the genetic code that determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein. Each amino acid is coded for by a specific sequence of three nucleotides in DNA called a codon, the sequence of codons in DNA determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein.
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During ____________ chemicals and cells that attack and destroy pathogens gather around the area of injury or infection?
a)inflammation
b)cellular respiration
c)mitosis
d)cytokinesis
The peptide portion of any protein without its prosthetic group is called ______. A. Apoprotein B. Preprotein C. Holoprotein D. Euprotein
The peptide portion of any protein without its prosthetic group is called apoprotein.Therefore the correct option is option A.
An apoprotein, also known as an "apo-protein," is a protein that lacks a necessary prosthetic group or cofactor to accomplish its physiological function. An apoprotein refers to a protein that has been stripped of its covalently linked prosthetic group, while a holoprotein refers to a complete protein that includes all of its cofactors or prosthetic groups.
Example: A mature hemoglobin molecule, which contains two alpha globin chains and two beta globin chains, each of which has a heme group attached to it, is an example of a holoprotein. Hemoglobin that lacks heme is referred to as apo hemoglobin, and it cannot bind oxygen. Therefore the correct option is option A.
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A long, thin, probing beak enables finches to feed on what food source? a.) small fish b.) seeds c.) insects d.) plants
The long, thin, probing beak allows finches to feed on insects.
True finches belong to the family Fringillidae and are small to medium-sized passerine birds. Finches frequently have colourful plumage in addition to having strong conical bills designed for eating seeds and nuts. They live in a variety of environments and occupy a wide range of them. They are not migratory.
With the exception of Australia and the polar regions, they are found everywhere over the planet. There are more than 200 species in the family Fringillidae, grouped into 50 genera. It contains species referred to as grosbeaks, euphonias, redpolls, serins, siskins, and canaries.
The term "finch" is also frequently used to describe several birds belonging to other families. These families include certain members of the Old World bunting family (Emberizidae), the New World sparrow family (Passerellidae), and the Darwin's finches of the Galapagos Islands, which are currently classified as members of the tanager family (Thraupidae).
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dna choose... joins choose... to synthesize a new choose... dna strand.
DNA polymerase is an enzyme that joins nucleotides to synthesize a new DNA strand during DNA replication.
The process begins with the separation of the double-stranded DNA molecule into two separate strands by an enzyme called helicase. One of the strands serves as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand. DNA polymerase reads the template strand and matches complementary nucleotides to it, adding them one by one in the 5' to 3' direction.
As each nucleotide is added, DNA polymerase catalyzes the formation of a phosphodiester bond between the 3' end of the growing DNA strand and the 5' phosphate group of the new nucleotide. This process continues until a complete new DNA strand has been synthesized.
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explain why it is unlikely for all of the offspring in spinach plant to have flat leaves even though both parents do
