Globally, eukaryotic microbial pathogens play a significant role in disease and mortality.
Pharmacological resistance has challenged these therapeutic efforts, despite the fact that a large portion of their impact can be reduced by drug therapy, similar to how it is done with prokaryotic germs. Here, we talk about the difficulties brought on by eukaryotic microbial pathogens and how they compare to or diverge from the difficulties brought on by prokaryotic antibiotic resistance.
The treatments employed for a number of significant eukaryotic bacteria are then outlined in detail, along with the mechanisms that have developed to counteract these treatments.
There are significant hazards to global health, which are especially apparent in developing countries, due to the rapid emergence of resistance and the constrained pipeline of new medication therapies.
However, we go into detail on how combining modern technology with biological knowledge, epidemiology, and evolutionary research might help maintain current treatments, foresee the establishment of resistance, or enhance the application of new treatments.
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in multiple sclerosis the myelin sheaths around the axons of the brain and spinal cord are damaged and demyelination results. how does this disease manifest at the level of the action potential? i) action potentials move in the opposite direction on the axon. ii) action potentials move more slowly along the axon. iii) no action potentials are transmitted. in multiple sclerosis the myelin sheaths around the axons of the brain and spinal cord are damaged and demyelination results. how does this disease manifest at the level of the action potential? i) action potentials move in the opposite direction on the axon. ii) action potentials move more slowly along the axon. iii) no action potentials are transmitted. only i only ii only iii only ii and iii request answer
This attack causes inflammation and injury to the nerve sheath and ultimately to the surrounding nerve fibers. The process can result in multiple areas of scarring.
When the myelin sheath is damaged, the nerves do not conduct electrical impulses normally. Sometimes nerve fibers are also damaged. If the sheath can be repaired and regenerated, normal nerve function can return. However, if the sheath is severely damaged, the underlying nerve fiber may die. Your bodys immune system produces inflammatory substances that damage myelin and eventually kill the cells, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells that produce myelin. Where the myelin is attacked determines your symptoms. The destruction of the myelin sheath is called demyelination. Axonal demyelination leads to an increase in the refractory period for propagation of the action potential. Computer simulations were used to investigate the mechanism by which changes in the passive properties of the internodal membrane increase the refractory period.
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Write a testable question that could be used to further investigate the topic of stimulus-response time.
Does muscle memory facilitate quicker reaction times? is a a testable question that could be used to further investigate the topic of stimulus-response time.
Define reaction time.
Reaction time is the amount of time it takes for someone to react to a stimuli. Since it takes time for the information to travel from your hand to your brain, where it is processed, and then a response is started, there may be a brief delay between touching something that is really cold and taking your hand away.
Your arm should be extended as you hold the ruler's top. You should have your fingers on the largest measurement. Ask a buddy to hold the ruler between their fingers with their thumb and index finger placed at the bottom. Drop the ruler, then mark the distance on it where the other person's fingers are. Repeat this for every participant. Allow three tries for each person, then calculate the average.
The individual who reacts most quickly is the one who successfully catches the ruler at its lowest measurement because the sooner the ruler is caught, the less time it has had to fall. Our eyes see that the ruler has been dropped, alerting the brain, which then instructs the arm and hand muscles to grab the ruler. These messages move really swiftly because to our body's advanced intelligence.
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if natural fires and herbivores can both reduce the abundance of competitively superior plants, how should this affect the number of other plant species that can persist in the community?
It can cause woody plants to proliferate and outcompete plants that have adapted to fire, reducing the number of plant species that can survive in the community.
Resources are often scarce in a habitat, and many species could compete for them. Plants in a garden, for example, may compete for soil nutrients, water, as well as light. Interspecific competition has a negative overall effect on both species involved. That is, if the other species did not exist, each species would fare better.
Interspecies competition occurs when two species compete for the same limited resource. Both species suffer as a result of competition. The ecological role of a species is defined by the set of conditions, resources, as well as interactions that it requires. According to the competitive exclusion principle, two species cannot coexist if they occupy the same niche.
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epidemiologists have specialized expertise directly applicable to policy development. accordingly, which of the statements) about epidemiologists is/are correct?
1. They can provide quantitative evidence for proposed health strategies.
2. Can take an objective approach to data collection
3. Can provide comments on the need for health policy efficacy
Who are epidemiologists?Epidemiologists are on the field assessing disease outbreaks and other potential threats. Epidemiologists, sometimes known as "Disease Detectives," seek out the cause of a disease, identify those who are at risk, and determine ways to control or stop the spread of the disease or prevent it from occurring again. "Disease Detective" training is regularly provided to physicians, veterinarians, biologists, and other health professionals.
What exactly do epidemiologists do?Disease detectives, like investigators at a crime scene, begin by looking for clues. They collect information in a systematic manner, asking questions such as:
Who is sick?What are their signs and symptoms?When did they become ill?Where may they have gotten caught?Epidemiologists study the answers to these questions using statistical analysis to identify how a particular health problem originated.
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consider simple diffusion (sd), facilitated diffusion (fd) and active transport (at) across a membrane. which process requires a concentration gradient of the transported molecule%?)
Considering simple diffusion FD and AT process requires a concentration gradient of the transported molecule%
Facilitated diffusion is the diffusion of solutes through delivery proteins in the plasma membrane. Facilitated diffusion is a kind of passive delivery.
Even though facilitated diffusion involves delivery proteins, it's far still passive transport because the solute is transferring down the concentration gradient.
In facilitated delivery, membrane proteins assist the diffusion of materials thru the cellular membrane. The protein binds the molecule being transported at the floor of the membrane, then passes it to indoors proteins that usually shape a channel or pore in the membrane.
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Krebs, digestive and respiratory system 40 points!!!!!
One molecule of glucose and two molecules of ATP are the reactants of glycolysis, the first stage of cellular respiration (adenosine triphosphate). The energy needed for the reaction to happen is provided by the ATP molecules.
What particular byproducts result from the process of glycolysis?Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis under aerobic conditions, and lactate under anaerobic conditions. In order to create more energy, pyruvate enters the Krebs cycle.
What is the name of the glycolysis process?Glycolysis is the initial phase of cellular respiration, which occurs in all living things. During aerobic respiration, glycolysis is followed by the Krebs cycle. As fermentation comes after glycolysis, a small quantity of ATP is created by the cells in the absence of oxygen.
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PLS HELP!!!!
Which option best describes a scientific consensus?(1 point)
A. a general agreement among a few scientists that is supported by experimentation and investigation
B. an observation made by a scientist that is supported by experimentation and investigation
C. a general agreement among many scientists that is supported by evidence and reasoning
D. an observation made by a scientist that is supported by evidence and reasoning
_______________________________________________________
How is “lock and key” used to describe the action of enzymes? (1 point)
A. Enzymes are able to create gaps in cell walls that allow products to leave cells.
B. Enzymes have a shape that specifically fits the reactants, like a key in a lock.
C. Enzymes have a shape that specifically fits the reactants, like a key in a lock.
D. Enzymes have a shape that specifically fits the products, like a key in a lock.
The option that best describes a scientific consensus is a general agreement among many scientists that are supported by evidence and reasoning.
The correct option is C.
The lock and key model of enzyme catalysis is described as follows:
Enzymes have a shape that specifically fits the reactants, like a key in a lock.
The correct option is B.
What is a scientific consensus?A scientific consensus is a common agreement about a particular idea or theory that has achieved general acceptance among scientists.
A scientific consensus is arrived at after several corresponding experiments or research on a particular theory or idea by scientists all over the world.
When a scientific consensus is reached, the idea becomes a theory upon which other scientific ideas are based on and used to explain other ideas.
Enzymes are specific in their action and the mechanism of their action has been described using the lock and key model.
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scientists believe that perching birds originated on the continents of australia and antarctica. how would these scientists explain the discovery of ancient perching bird fossils in africa?
The concept that dinosaurs were the direct ancestors of birds was backed by new research on ancient specimens as well as by field finds of dinosaur and early bird species.
Numerous traits and behaviours that distinguish modern birds were also present in dinosaur forebears. Theropods were a class of meat-eating dinosaurs from which birds descended. Although birds originated from little theropods rather than gigantic ones like Tyrannosaurus rex, they nonetheless belong to the same group as the dinosaur. The earliest fossilised bird remains date back 150 million years. Since they have a foot structure that enables them to grip branches, many bird species, including the majority of songbirds, are also known as "perching birds." The shape of one toe at the back of the foot works as a pincher, stabilising the perched bird.
The complete question is:
Scientists believe that perching birds originated on the continents of Australia and Antarctica. How would these scientists explain the discovery of ancient perching bird fossils in Africa? A) At one time, the climate in Earth was consistent throughout the planet. B) The fossils may have been moved by man, animals, or Earth’s constructive and destructive processes. C) The birds originated in Africa, but migrated with human populations to Australia and Antarctica to Africa. D) During the life of Pangea, Antarctica, Australia and Africa were neighboring
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do all living things have the same number of genes?
The end outcome is the biodiversity we are familiar with today. However, it is impossible to directly compare species because their genes are varied and they do not all have the same number of genes.
Does each individual possess the same number of genes?Does everyone share a genome? Most people have a similar human genome. The genome does, however, contain variants. Differences in look and health are a result of this genetic variation, which makes up roughly 0.001 percent of each person's DNA.
Do all forms of life have genes?All plants and animals are composed of cells, and those cells contain genetic material in the form of genes and chromosomes (usually in the nucleus).
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Which of the following can lead to cancer?
A. a disruption in the cell cycle
B a cell entering the G0
C. A cell never leaving G0
D. The death of a cell
The option that can lead to cancer is a disruption in the cell cycle (option A).
What causes cancer?Cancer is a disease in which the cells of a tissue undergo uncontrolled (and often rapid) proliferation.
Cell cycle is the life cycle of eukaryotic cells from a quiescent beginning, growth, duplication of DNA followed by mitosis and division. The period of time in the cell cycle when nothing is happening is known as the G0 phase i.e. inactivity.
Cancer is a genetic disorder. It happens when genes that manage cell activity mutate and create abnormal cells that divide and multiply, eventually disrupting how the body works.
Therefore, disruption or alteration in the normal procedure of the cell cycle can lead to cancer.
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Explain why the potential energy increases when ice starts to melt and becomes liquid water.
Enter your answer in the space below.
swer inside this box
Answer:
Explanation:
While the ice melts kinetic energy is being added to the particles. This breaks the bond and causes a change of state making the solid become a liquid.
Blood pressure is usually measured in the ________ artery with a sphygmomanometer.
1. as you travel up through the atmosphere it gets colder and colder the rate at which it gets colder is called the _______ rate and it is about ____ c per km of altitude
2. the less atmosphere over our heads, the _________ the lower the atmospheric pressure
3 the atmosphere weighs_______ kg per cubic centimeter
the atmosphere keeps the earth warm when light from the sun is reflected back from the earth as heat and trapped in the atmosphere it is called the _________
3. __________ smog occurs when sunlight reacts with chemicals from car exhaust
4. when coal is burned to make electricity it produces sulfur when the sulfur combines with rain to make sulfuric acids it is called _________
As you travel up through the atmosphere it gets colder and colder the rate at which it gets colder is called the "lapse rate" and it is about 6.5°C per km of altitude.
2. The less atmosphere over our heads, the "thinner" the lower the atmospheric pressure.
3. The atmosphere weighs about 1.2 kg per cubic centimeter. The atmosphere keeps the earth warm when light from the sun is reflected back from the earth as heat and trapped in the atmosphere it is called the "greenhouse effect."
3. "Photochemical smog" occurs when sunlight reacts with chemicals from car exhaust.
4. When coal is burned to make electricity it produces sulfur. When the sulfur combines with rain to make sulfuric acids it is called "acid rain."
What is lapse rate?The lapse rate is the rate at which the temperature of the atmosphere decreases with an increase in altitude. It is usually expressed in degrees Celsius per kilometer of altitude.
The lapse rate is important because it determines how the temperature of the atmosphere changes with altitude, which in turn affects the formation of clouds and precipitation. The average lapse rate in the Earth's lower atmosphere is about 6.5°C per kilometer of altitude, but it can vary depending on local weather conditions and other factors.
Therefore, In general, the lapse rate decreases with an increase in humidity and the presence of clouds, and it increases with a decrease in humidity and the absence of clouds.
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sexual selection in a population choose one: a. can lead to physical differences between the males and females of a species. b. does not lead to evolution. c. reduces genetic variation in the population. d. always favors individuals with a higher survival potential.
The right response is option a, which states that morphological distinctions between males and females of a species can result from sexual selection in a population.
The tail of a peacock is a good illustration of partner selection. Peahens choose peacocks with huge, vibrant tails, which allows those peacocks to mate more frequently and produce younger ones. The genes for a long, colourful tail will be passed down from the father to the male peachicks, who will inherit these genes and develop comparable tails. There are two main factors that influence sexual selection. One is the preference of one sex (typically females) for members of the opposite sex who display particular features. The other is higher strength, which (often in males) results in better success in courting females.
So, we can conclude that option a, which claims that sexual selection can lead to physical differences between males and females of a species in a population, is the appropriate response.
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Normal cells have a contact inhibition feedback mechanism that prevents the cells
from replicating when other cells are touched. A diagram of cells with contact
inhibition and cells without contact inhibition is shown.
Which statement best describes what will happen to cells in an organism that lack
contact inhibition?
ANSWER CHOICES
The cells will stop replicating once one layer is produced as other body cells will crowd them out.
The cells replicate into the food supply for each cell is used, causing each cell to die
The cells will continue to grow causing a tumor in the body
The cells will replicate normally replacing body cells that die
The statement that best describes what will happen to cells in an organism that lacks contact inhibition is that the cells will continue to grow to cause a tumor in the body.
The correct option is C.
Contact inhibition refers to a process by which cells that are growing when they come in contact with each other will stop the growth of more cells.
Contact inhibition is a form of feedback inhibition mechanism that enables cells to prevent the excessive growth of cells in the body.
Normal cells have a contact inhibition feedback mechanism. However, some cells lack this feedback mechanism of regulation. Hence, the cells have excessive growth resulting in the formation of tumors.
Examples of cells that lack this feedback mechanism of regulation are cancer cells.
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you are trying to identify an organism. this organism contains no muscle tissue. it is not diploblastic. it must be a
You are trying to identify an organism. It is an animal, but it does not have nerve or muscle tissue. It is neither diploblastic nor triploblastic. It is probably a sponge.
Ectoderm and endoderm are the two principal germ layers in a blastula that has diploblasty. Cnidaria and ctenophora are examples of diploblastic species, which arise from such blastulae and were once included in the phylum Coelenterata but were later split off due to greater understanding of their differences.
They can grow genuine tissue because of the endoderm. The gut tissue and related glands are included in this. On the other hand, the ectoderm develops into the epidermis, the nervous system, and, if any nephridia are present.
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Which explains the role of a gene
The role of a gene is to transmit as physical and functional units the inheritance characters from one generation to the next.
What is a gene sequence?A gene sequence is a given fragment of a single strand of the DNA molecule which contains a specific linear order of nucleotides that is used to synthesize a cognate RNA molecule such as a messenger RNA or mRNA, a sequence that then serves as a template in order to generate a protein by a process called translation.
The genes are considered the physical and functional unit of inheritance because it contains the information to transmit a particular phenotypic character.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that a gene sequence is a given fragment of DNA that may serve to create a protein in the individual and it serves to transmit phenotypic features from parents to offspring.
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Our sense of taste originally was thought to involve only the following four
sensations
A) sweet, salty, starch, and bitter.
B) salty, fatty, bitter, and sweet.
C) sour, bitter, sweet, and starchy.
D) bitter, sweet, sour, and salty.
E) fruity, fatty, silky, and coarse.
Answer:
D) bitter, sweet, sour, and salty
Explanation:
Our sense of taste originally was thought to involve only the following four sensations: bitter, sweet, sour, and salty. These four sensations are the primary tastes that humans can detect, and they are thought to be the basis of our sense of taste. Other tastes, such as fat and umami (savory), are thought to be detected by other senses, such as touch and smell.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Remote sensing data helps scientists improve their understanding and predictions about climate change.
a. True
b. False
Remote sensing data helps scientists improve their understanding and predictions about climate change. This is a true statement.
It allows for the monitoring of Earth's surface, oceans, and atmosphere at various spatiotemporal scales, enabling the study of processes or long- and short-term events related to the climate.
Remotele sensing photos, which are captured with specialised cameras, are used by scientists to "feel" the Earth. Examples include: We can see considerably more from the air and space than we can from the ground because of the cameras on satellites and aircraft that snap photographs of large swaths of the Earth's surface.
For example, isotope ratios, elemental analysis, biomarkers, and biogenic silica are examples of chemical proxy records. When combined, these proxies allow us to recreate the climate from hundreds of millions of years ago.
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What creates the boundaries for the distribution of a trait within a population?
The variation and distribution of traits in a population depend on genetic and environmental factors.
Different traits can be introduced into an organism by genetic variations that alter gene activity or protein function. If a trait is beneficial and aids an individual's survival and reproduction, the genetic variation is more likely to be passed down to the next generation.
Mutations create new alleles over time, resulting in genetic diversity. Mixing alleles from parents results in new allele combinations in their children. Bacteria and other organisms that can clone themselves can pass on alleles to each other.
Each genotype in a population has a different fitness for that specific environment. In other words, certain genotypes will be preferred, and people with those genotypes will continue to reproduce. Other genotypes will be discouraged: people with those genotypes are less likely to reproduce.
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homo habilis displays a great deal of variability some scientists think that larger homo habilis fossils with wider faces and bigger teeth should be classified in their own species called
This cranium has a wider, flatter face, a larger brain, and larger teeth than other Homo habilis fossils, prompting some scientists to name it Homo rudolfensis.
The word habilis is based on a Latin word meaning 'handy' or 'skilful'. This species is known as "handy man" because stone tools were discovered near its fossil remains, and it is assumed that this species developed the ability to shape stone into tools. The following year, parts of a boy's skeleton were discovered at the site, and additional fossils from other people were discovered. Their brain size, hand and foot features, and evidence that they may have used stone tools all suggested that a new type of human ancestor had been discovered.
Their brain size, hand and foot features, and evidence that they may have utilised stone tools all suggested that a new type of human ancestor had been discovered. They were officially recognised as new species in 1964, but their inclusion in the human genus Homo was contentious. Additional fossils, including the 1986 discovery of a partial skeleton, revealed that this species was more ape-like than previously thought.
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Name a product of cellular respiration that is used as a reactant in photosynthesis? (SC.912.L.18.9)
02
O ATP
Glucose
CO 2
Carbon dioxide is a product of cellular respiration that is used as a reactant in photosynthesis (option 4).
What are the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration?Photosynthesis is a metabolic pathway that plants and algae use to generate simple carbs such as glucose by using reactant carbon dioxide, water, and also sunlight.
Conversely, cellular respiration is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic cells in order to generate ATP, which is considered the energy coin of the cells. In cellular respiration, the reactants include foods such as glucose molecules and oxygen, while the products of this pathway include carbon dioxide and also the generation of ATP.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that photosynthesis and cellular respiration are different in terms of reactants and products and both metabolic pathways may be considered complementary in terms of the generation and use of substrates.
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at the end of which week of the ovarian cycle should implantation occur (assuming there is an embryo)?
Answer:
first week
Explanation:
it takes 2 to 3 days tk get embryo
5. Pick one food chain (with at least 3 organisms) and draw a trophic pyramid below. Include the organism
name, trophic level name and number, and the percentage of energy available at each level.
A trophic level is a place, level, or position within a food web, a food chain, or an ecological pyramid. The producers create the first trophic level as they generate food.
The main consumers make up the second trophic level.
The secondary consumers make up the third trophic level.
The tertiary consumers make up the fourth trophic level.
A food chain example is:Sun, grass, a grasshopper, an owl, a shrewThe grass is the producer in this instance, and the grasshopper is the main consumer.The shrew, or secondary consumer, further consumes the grasshopper.The owl, or the tertiary consumer, in turn eats up the shrew.For more information on food chain kindly visit to
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Which of the following best describes the result of meiosis? Select 3 that apply.
WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST
The result of the process of meiosis is that it produces increased genetic diversity due to crossing over.
The correct option is C.
What is meiosis?Meiosis is a type of cell division that results in the production of gametes or sex cells. Hence. meiosis is a form of cell division that occurs only during sexual reproduction.
During meiosis, the cells of the parent organism which have a pair of chromosomes or diploid number or 2n of chromosomes divide to produce the gametes which have the haploid number or n number of chromosomes.
Hence, the sex cells or gametes produced can fuse to form a zygote that has a pair of chromosomes or diploid number or 2n of chromosomes.
The process of meiosis results in genetic variation as it allows for the crossing over of genes, such that the genes of the offspring show a variation to that of the parents as well as among the offspring.
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after a fracture, during which stage or phase of bone healing is devitalized tissue removed and new bone reorganized into its former structural arrangement?
Remodeling, When does new bone get restructured into its original structural configuration throughout the stage and phase or bone healing after fracture?
New bone: What is it?Fundamentally, "fine bone china" is made with the addition of bone ash. Although new bone products are not as light or translucent as fine bone china, they are whiter, finer, and more enduring than porcelain or fine china due to their calcium oxidecalcium oxide in them.
What making new bone called?The process by which bones are formed is known as osteogenesis or bone ossification. The start of this process occurs during the sixth and seven weeks early embryonic development, and it lasts until roughly age twenty-five, however the exact age varies slightly depending on the person.
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the process during meiosis that mixes genetic material in both the fathers and mothers germ cells is called
the process during meiosis that mixes genetic material in both the fathers and mothers germ cells is called recombination.
What do independent assortment and recombination in meiosis mean?Recombination, a process that breaks and recombines bits of DNA to create new combinations of genes, takes place during meiosis. Maternal and paternal genes are fragmented during recombination, ensuring that genes assort independently of one another.
What is the recombination process?DNA fragments are broken and recombined during the recombination process to create novel allele combinations. The genetic variety that results from this recombination process at the gene level reflects variations in the DNA sequences of various species.
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the dna with the gene of interest for a cloning experiment was left on the lab bench overnight (instead of storing it in the freezer). as a result, it was degraded. they didn't know the dna was left out and used it in the experiment. the plasmid, however, was stored correctly. the vector contains a gene for ampicillin resistance. after the transformation procedure, the bacteria were plated on media containing ampicillin. what results are expected from this faulty molecular cloning experiment?
In a molecular cloning procedure, the DNA to be copied is extracted from a target organism and split into smaller DNA fragments in a test tube using enzymes.
These pieces are subsequently joined with vector DNA to produce recombinant DNA molecules. After that, a host organism is given the recombinant DNA (typically an easy-to-grow,strain of E. coli bacteria). Recombinant DNA molecules will be duplicated alongside the host DNA in the resulting population of organisms. These are transgenic or genetically modified organisms because they have foreign DNA pieces. Thus, the term "clone" is frequently used to describe both the bacterial population and the recombinant DNA molecule. In actuality, molecular cloning refers to the scientific techniques utilised to put them together.The idea arose that different DNA sequences could be inserted into a plasmid and that these foreign sequences would be carried into bacteria and digested as part of the plasmid. That is, these plasmids could serve as cloning vectors to carry genes.
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here is a portion of a hypothetical dna sequence: 3' t t c g a a c c g a g 5' suppose this sequence is part of the template strand of a gene. the sequence of the rna transcript produced from this part of the gene would be:
Answer:
sequence of the RNA transcript produced from this part of the gene would be:
5' A A G C U U G G C U C 3'
Explanation:
The RNA transcript is produced by transcribing the DNA sequence into RNA using the enzyme RNA polymerase. During transcription, RNA polymerase reads the DNA sequence and uses it as a template to synthesize the complementary RNA sequence. Because RNA is single-stranded and DNA is double-stranded, the RNA transcript is complementary to the non-template strand of the DNA, not the template strand.
In the given DNA sequence, the non-template strand would be:
3' A A C G T T G G C T G 5'
The RNA transcript is produced by transcribing this non-template strand, so the resulting RNA sequence would be the complementary sequence:
5' A A G C U U G G C U C 3'
This RNA transcript would be the sequence of the RNA produced from the given DNA sequence.
How do you do a Punnett square and how do you solve it?
