The arrow that denotes the domain of transcription that facilitates the transition from the closed to open promoter complex is the Promoter Open Complex (POC).
POC is the first step of transcription initiation in which the promoter region of a gene is opened up to allow the binding of the RNA Polymerase enzyme. The POC is formed when the transcription factor proteins bind to the promoter region of the gene and recruit the RNA Polymerase enzyme to the promoter. The transcription factor proteins are responsible for forming the POC by unwinding the DNA and creating an open promoter region where the RNA Polymerase can bind and initiate transcription. This process of opening the promoter region to initiate transcription is essential for gene transcription, and without it, the gene will not be expressed.
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Place the biochemical name and enzymatic activity corresponding to each complex within the respiratory chain. Complex 1 Complex II Complex III Complex IV Answer Bank cytochrome bo, complex facilitates electron transfer from ubiquinol to cytochromec facilitates electron transfer from cytochrome o to 0, facilitates electron transfer from spyinate to ubiquinone succinate dehydrogeonse complex facilitates electron transfer from NADH to ubiquinone cytochrome oxidase NADH dehydrogenase complex
The series of electron flow in the respiratory chain in the mitochondria membrane is-
NADH -------> Q --------> Cyt b ------> Cyt c1 --------> Cyt c -------> Cyt (a + a3) -------> O2
Complex I ; NADH dehydrogenase Complex Facilitated the electron transfer NADH to ubiquinone
Complex II; Succinate dehydrogenase Complex Facilitated the electron transfer succinate to ubiquinone
Complex III; Cytochrome bc1 complex or Ubiquinone: cytochrome c oxidoreductase Facilitated the electron transfer from ubiquinol to cytochrome c.
Complex VI; Cytochrome oxidase Facilitated the electron transfer from cytochrome c to O2.
In the electron transport chain, four protein complexes (designated complex I-IV) are involved in transporting electrons from NADH and FADH2 to molecular oxygen.
Complex I creates the hydrogen ion gradient by pumping four hydrogen ions from the matrix into the intermembranous region across the membrane.
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If a patient is having a hard time digesting a certain lipid known as triacylglycerol. What organ(s)
effect the digestion of this lipid? Why could this be happening?
What is the main benefit of an upwelling in the ocean?
OA.
OB.
O C.
OD.
It creates strong tides in coastal regions.
It increases the salinity of the water in an area.
It brings new nutrients into an underwater region.
It wipes out an ecosystem, allowing for secondary succession.
Answer: C.
Explanation:
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asnwer ASAP RIGHT NOW
DNA is referred to as a complimentary molecule because the base A always goes with T, and C always goes with G and is therefore denoted as option A.
What is DNA?This is referred to as deoxyribonucleic acid and it is the genetic material of most living organisms. It ensures that traits are passed from the parent to the offspring during the process of reproduction in the body system.
It is regarded or known as a complimentary molecule because it has base pairs which are complimentary to each other such that adenine binds with thymine and cytosine binds with guanine thereby making it the correct choice.
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neurons are collectively grouped and wrapped by an endoneurium. these are then held in bundles collectively referred to as
Neurons are collectively grouped and wrapped by an endoneurium. These are then held in bundles collectively referred to as nerves.
A nerve bundle is wrapped in a layer of connective tissue called the perineurium. The nerve bundles are surrounded by the epineurium, the outer layer of connective tissue.
The endoneurium is a thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual nerve fibers within the nerve bundles. Provides structural support for nerve fibers and helps maintain nerve fascicle tissue.
The perineurium is a layer of connective tissue that surrounds the nerve bundles. It protects the nerve bundles and provides structural support to the nerves.
The epineurium is the outermost layer of connective tissue that surrounds nerves. It provides additional structural support to nerves and helps protect them from external damage.
Together, these layers of connective tissue help protect and support the nerve fibers within the nerve, allowing them to function properly.
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characteristics of ig classes match the correct statement with the antibody type to test your understanding of structure and functions of antibodies.
The Correct matches of IG classes are :
A-5B-2C-1D-4E-3IgM is the most prevalent antibody in circulation and is a pentameric structure. IgA is a dimer that is a significant component of mucus and secretions. IgD is a monomeric antibody found on the B-cell surface and its main function is to serve as an antigen receptor. IgE is a monomeric antibody that mediates allergic responses. IgG is the most abundant antibody in circulation and is a monomeric structure. IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE are all produced in the body to help fight against antigens, while IgG is a long-lasting antibody that is produced after a primary immune response and helps provide immunity against future infections.
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Complete Question :
Match the correct statement with the antibody type to test your understanding of structure and functions of antibodies
A.) Most prevalent antibody in circulation
B.) Dimer that is a significant component of mucus and secretions
C.) Pentameric in circulation
D.) Main function is to serve as antigen receptor on B-cell surface
E.) Mediates allergic responses
1.) IgM
2.) IgA
3.) IgE
4.) IgD
5.) IgG
A mother with brown eyes (BB) has a child with a blue-eyed father (bb). Note: you may use answers more than once or not at all.
What is the probability that their child will have brown eyes?
What is the probability that their child will have blue eyes?
What is the probability that their child will be homozygous dominant?
What is the probability that their child will be homozygous recessive?
What is the probability that their child will be heterozygous?
The probability that their child will have brown eyes 50%. Thus, option A is the correct option.
What is heterozygous?According to the given information, the woman is heterozygous for blue eyes. It means that the blue eye color is a dominant trait over brown eyes since heterozygous carrier genotypes are present for dominant alleles only.
The allele for blue eye color is "B" and the one for brown eye color is "b". Therefore, the genotype of heterozygous woman would be "Bb" and the genotype of the homozygous recessive male would be "bb".
Therefore, A cross between Bb x bb gives following phenotype ratio = 50% brown eye : 50% blue eye. There is 50% probability of their child to have blue eye color.
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when stomata is closed what happen to plants
The closure of stomata, and tiny pores on the surface of leaves, stems, and other plant organs can have a variety of impacts on plants.
Stomata closure minimizes the interchange of gases between the plant and the environment, which is one of its key consequences. Stomata are in charge of controlling the flow of gases into and out of the plant, including oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor. The interchange of these gases is impeded when stomata are closed, which may have an effect on the metabolism and general wellness of the plant.
Reduced water loss from the plant is another benefit of closing stomata. The process of transpiration, or the loss of water vapor from the plant through the stomata, also involves stomata. In times of drought or other situations where the availability of water is limited, the plant can preserve water by slowing its transpiration rate when its stomata are closed.
Overall, depending on the exact situation, closing stomata can have an impact on plants that is both favorable and unfavorable. Stomata closure can have positive and bad effects on a plant's metabolism and general health. In some situations, it can help plants preserve resources and defend themselves from environmental stressors.
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The first detailed and quantitative studies on inheritance were carried out by an Austrian monk named _____. A. Mendel B. Darwin C. Mendeleev D. Benedict
The first detailed and quantitative studies on inheritance were carried out by an Austrian monk named Gregor Mendel.
Mendel is known as the "father of genetics" for his pioneering work on the inheritance of traits in pea plants, which laid the foundation for the field of genetics. His work, published in the mid-1800s, showed that traits are inherited through the transmission of discrete units of information, now known as genes, from parents to offspring.
Mendel's work was largely ignored at the time, but it was rediscovered in the early 20th century and has had a profound impact on the understanding of how traits are passed down from generation to generation.
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[WIll give BRAINLIEST] What is one massive problem in the Savannah biome? What are 10 solutions to fix this problem?
The Savanna biome is primarily composed of flat grassland plants and is a part of a wider grassland biome. There is one massive problem in this biome.
What is a massive problem in the Savannah biome and what are its solutions?Savannas are under threat all over the world because to human activity such as logging, construction, agricultural conversion, animal overgrazing, and introduction of non-native plant species. For instance, overgrazing by goats and cattle has mostly eliminated the vegetation that holds the soil in place in the drier regions of the African savanna. Desert-like conditions have resulted from this. Logging has had an impact on the majority of the longleaf pine savannas in the southeast of the United States. Some solutions to fix this problem are-
Respect and protect the grasslands in your area (many people think grassland habitats are not as important as forests or wetlands).Acquire knowledge on savannas and pass it on to others.Support organisations dedicated to conservation that save savannas and the creatures and plants that depend on them.Join a savanna restoration effort as a volunteer.Governments and environmental organisations fight against wildlife trafficking and poaching.The actions of humans, such as putting out wildfires and starting them in this ecosystem, which can kill numerous plants and animals if they get out of control, need to stop.Know more about Savanna biome at:
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the products of mitosis are 1. one nucleus containing twice as much dna as the parent nucleus. 2. two genetically identical cells. 3. four nuclei containing half as much dna as the parent nucleus 4. four genetically identical nuclei. 5. two genetically identical nuclei
the products of mitosis are
Two genetically identical nuclei cells.
A kind of cell division known as mitosis occurs when a single cell (the mother) divides into two genetically identical daughter cells. Mitosis, when referring to the cell cycle, is the stage of cell division during which the DNA in the cell's nucleus is divided into two identical sets of chromosomes.What is a brief explanation of mitosis?
(my-TOH-sis) a single parent cell's process of dividing into two new daughter cells. A full set of chromosomes from the parent cell are transferred to each daughter cell. What are mitosis' four stages?
Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase are these stages.
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Bandura believes that self-reinforcement and self-punishment can work for people who are likely to feel ____ if they violate standards that they have set for themselves.
Bandura believes that self-reinforcement and self-punishment are effective for people who are more likely to feel guilty for going against the standards they set for themselves.
Self-reinforcement and self-punishment are two strategies for managing and controlling our behavior. Self-reinforcement is the process of rewarding oneself for engaging in desired behaviors. This can include rewarding yourself with a special treat for a job well done, or it could be as simple as feeling a sense of pride or accomplishment for completing a task. Self-punishment, on the other hand, is the process of punishing oneself for engaging in undesired behaviors. This can be done by denying oneself a reward or pleasure, or by actually inflicting physical or psychological pain in response to one’s own behavior.
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axol is an anticancer drug extracted from the pacific yew tree that disrupts microtubule formation in animal cells. when taxol is added to animal cells, cell division stops. specifically, taxol must affect . the structure of the mitotic spindle chromatid assembly formation of the centrioles anaphase the s phase of the cell cycle
The correct answer is option a,b, and e. When taxol is added to animal cells, cell division stops. specifically, taxol must affect the fibers of the mitotic spindle, anaphase, and the S phase of the cell cycle.
Taxol is an anticancer drug that disrupts microtubule formation in animal cells. It does this by binding to microtubules and accelerating their assembly from the protein precursor, tubulin. This ultimately leads to cell cycle arrest at the metaphase stage of mitosis and prevents the cells from dividing further.
a. the fibers of the mitotic spindle (microtubules) - Taxol stabilizes microtubules and prevents them from disassembling, disrupting the process of chromosome separation during metaphase.
b. metaphase - Taxol causes cell cycle arrest at the metaphase stage of mitosis.
e. the S phase of the cell cycle - Taxol does not directly affect the S phase (synthesis phase) of the cell cycle, which is the stage during which DNA is replicated. Instead, it causes cell cycle arrest at the later stage of metaphase during mitosis.
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Complete Question:
Taxol is an anticancer drug extracted from the Pacific yew tree. In animal cells, Taxol disrupts microtubule formation by binding to microtubules and accelerating their assembly from the protein precursor, tubulin. Surprisingly, this tops mitosis.
Specifically, Taxol must affect:
a. the fibers of the mitotic spindle.
b. anaphase.
c. formation of the centrioles.
d. chromatid assembly.
e. the S phase of the cell cycle.
FILL IN THE BLANK. if both parents are heterozygous for a gene, 1/2 of the time they will contribute a dominant allele to their offspring and 1/2 of the time they will contribute a recessive allele to their offspring. the phenotypes of the resulting offspring will be blank dominant and____recessive.
If both parents are heterozygous for a gene, 1/2 of the time they will contribute a dominant allele to their offspring and 1/2 of the time they will contribute a recessive allele to their offspring. The phenotypes of the resulting offspring will be 50% dominant and 50% recessive.
In genetics, the term "heterozygous" refers to an individual who has two different alleles for a particular gene. For example, if one parent is heterozygous for a gene that determines eye color and has one dominant allele for brown eyes and one recessive allele for blue eyes, and the other parent is also heterozygous for the same gene with one dominant allele for brown eyes and one recessive allele for blue eyes, then each parent has a 50% chance of contributing either the dominant or recessive allele to their offspring.
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The left and right cervical plexuses are located deep on each side of the neck, immediately lateral to cervical vertebrae ______.
The left and right cervical plexuses are located deep on each side of the neck, immediately lateral to cervical vertebrae C1-C4.
The most severe spinal cord damage. Paralysis can affect the hands, arms, legs, or trunk of a person. The patient might not be able to manage their bowel or urine habits, independently cough, or control their breathing. Sometimes the capacity to speak may decrease or worsen.
One of the nerves that control your diaphragm is cervical nerve 4, which also regulates the mobility of your upper shoulder (muscle at the bottom of your rib cage that helps you breathe). Your neck, shoulders, and upper arms may experience some of the feeling that C4 causes.
The ventral rami of the cervical spine, which extend from C1 to C4, are where the nerves that make up the cervical plexus get their beginnings.
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a researcher claims that increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels cause increased growth rates in plants. which of the following statements best supports the resarchers claim
The best statement to support the researcher's claim that increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels cause increased growth rates in plants is (D) Atmospheric carbon dioxide is the raw material for photosynthesis, which plants rely on for producing sugars and other organic compounds.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use the energy from sunlight to convert atmospheric carbon dioxide into sugars and other organic compounds. Increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide provide plants with more of the raw material they need to produce sugars and other organic compounds. These compounds, in turn, fuel the growth of plants and other living organisms. Therefore, increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide can lead to increased growth rates in plants.
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(A) Atmospheric carbon dioxide is produced by the burning of fossil fuels, which are formed from the remains of living organisms such as plants. Atmospheric carbon dioxide is a byproduct of cellular respiration, which is a metabolic process that occurs in
(B) plants and other living organisms.
(C) Atmospheric carbon dioxide typically enters plant leaves through stomata, which plants rely on for regulating gas exchange with the atmosphere. Atmospheric carbon dioxide is the raw material for photosynthesis, which plants rely on for producing sugars
(D) and other organic compounds.
parts of a human brain anwers
Answer:
Cerebrum: is the largest part of the brain and is composed of right and left hemispheres. It performs higher functions like interpreting touch, vision and hearing, as well as speech, reasoning, emotions, learning, and fine control of movement.
Cerebellum: is located under the cerebrum. Its function is to coordinate muscle movements, maintain posture, and balance.
Brainstem: acts as a relay center connecting the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord. It performs many automatic functions such as breathing, heart rate, body temperature, wake and sleep cycles, digestion, sneezing, coughing, vomiting, and swallowing.
Right brain – left brain
The cerebrum is divided into two halves: the right and left hemispheres (Fig. 2) They are joined by a bundle of fibers called the corpus callosum that transmits messages from one side to the other. Each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body. If a stroke occurs on the right side of the brain, your left arm or leg may be weak or paralyzed.
Not all functions of the hemispheres are shared. In general, the left hemisphere controls speech, comprehension, arithmetic, and writing. The right hemisphere controls creativity, spatial ability, artistic, and musical skills. The left hemisphere is dominant in hand use and language in about 92% of people.
Explanation:
i think this ananswer is right
FILL IN THE BLANK Back in the fossil field, you have discovered many fossils that are similar to Neko borgus. You notice, however, that the more recent Neko fossils tend to be larger than those that are more ancient. The most plausible conclusion is that __________.
You have found a lot of fossils that are comparable to Neko borgus back in the fossil field. You observe, however, that more modern Neko fossils seem to be bigger than the ones that are more old. Neko having gone through directional selection is the most logical consequence.
The biological species idea states that organisms may only interbreed and generate viable, fruitful offspring within their own species. Does the Earth's fossil layering serve to assist evolution. Yes, because fossils are deposited in a chronological order, we can track changes in species across time. You have found a lot of fossils that are comparable to Neko borgus back in the fossil field. You observe, however, that more modern Neko fossils seem to be bigger than the ones that are more old. Neko having gone through directional selection is the most logical consequence.The similarity between ancient and modern animals can be demonstrated via fossils. demonstrating the creatures' long-term evolution. Individuals are considered to be members of the same species under the biological organisms concept if they can intermarry in the wild and result in live, fruitful offspring. Prezygotic & postzygotic barriers prevent the reproduction of individuals of different species.
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The biological and biosocial theories seem to have the most immediate promise in dealing with problems of _____
The biological and biosocial theories seem to have the most immediate promise in dealing with problems of postpartum depression.
People of both sexes may have postpartum depression (PPD), also known as postnatal depression, which is a type of mood disorder connected to childbirth. Extreme melancholy, low energy, concern, weeping spells, irritability, and changes in eating or sleeping habits are just a few symptoms. Between one week and one month is the typical postpartum onset period. PPD can be harmful to a newborn infant as well.
Although the precise origin of PPD is unknown, a confluence of biological, psychological, genetic, and social variables is probably to blame. These could include things like hormone adjustments and lack of sleep.
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the study of fresh water ecosystems is called O limnology.O EthologyO SynezologyO AutecologyAnswer: limnology.
The study of freshwater ecosystems is called limnology.
Lakes, rivers, ponds, springs, and streams are examples of freshwater. The study of these freshwater bodies is the focus of this subfield of biology. The functional connections between growth, adaptation, nutrient cycles, and biological productivity are all incorporated into this field of study.
Limnology is the scientific study of the ecosystem of freshwater. The Greek words "limne," which means lake, and "logos," which means "study," both come from the same word. It is the study of aquatic ecosystems in the interior. Inland freshwater bodies incorporate lakes, waterways, streams, supplies, lakes, springs, and so on. Additionally, it encompasses both standing and moving water bodies. It is the study of the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of lakes and other freshwater bodies.
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cyclopropyl chloride has been prepared by the free radical chlorination of cyclopropane write a stepwise mechanism for this reaciton
In the photo you've got got the mechanism and system of this response. Remember that this type of reactions are given in three steps:
Step 1: Initiation.
The response starts offevolved with the separation of the chlorine (CI2) into radicals (atoms with a single unpaired electron) through the addition of uv light.
Step 2: Propagation.
The formation of the chlorine radicals, is right now accompanied through the propogation steps--steps immediately worried withinside the formation of the product. The first step is the abstraction of the hydrogen atom from the carbon, to shape the unconventional CH2, with a lone ion, and H-CI. Step three: termination
The termination contain the destruction of the free-radical intermediates, usually through of them coming together.
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Is this statement true or false? The cause and effect is the relationship between two events in a story. O true false
true, the event that caused the cause as well as the event that is the effect of the cause
are hermit crab affected by changes in water level (if it even is affected)
Answer:
Hermit crabs are intertidal organisms, hermit crabs already possess strong adaptions to large fluctuactions in temperature, and are largely unaffected by it because they experience the changing conditions daily.
Explanation:
I Review According to the biogeochemical cycle shown below, which of the following processos can move carbon from the abiotic reservoir to the biotic reservoir? Geological processes contribute to the abicceservous. For example, erosion may transfermiers from rock to sol Abiotic reservers are non living components of an ecosystem where chemicals accumulate. For example, carbon cumulates in the atmosphere as Col while wygen accumulates when it is dissolved in seawater Preducers incorporate inorganic chemicals from an abiotic reservoir Into organic compounds For example, a plant uses Co, from the air to make glucose via photosynthesis When consumers feed, they incorporate the chemicals of food into their own bodies. For example, a deer munching on grass incorporates some of the nutrients from that grass into sing tissue. BIOTIC COMPONENTS Decomposers break down the organic molecules in wastes and dead organism. The sample compounds they release become part of the abiotic reservoir.
The abiotic elements of the ecosystem are the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.
Biogeochemical Cycle Types. Essentially, there are two categories of biogeochemical cycles: Carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and the water cycle are among the gaseous cycles. Cycles of sedimentation: Sulfur, phosphorus, rock cycle, etc. A biogeochemical cycle is a slow-moving pool of nutrients that includes both biotic and abiotic elements. It takes the constituents of the ecosystem's abiotic component that are naturally occurring and infuses them into live cells. It is a constant, quick interchange that could involve both gaseous particles and silt.
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In Drosophila, the allele red eyes (bw+) is dominant to the allele for brown eyes (bw). At another gene locus on the same chromosome, the allele for thin wing veins (hv+) is dominant to the allele for heavy wing veins (hv). Flies homozygous for bw and hv+ are crossed to flies homozygous for bw+ and hv to obtain doubly heterozygous F1 progeny. Given that these 2 gene loci are very closely linked, the phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation should be closest to a. 9 brown, thin: 3 brown, heavy: 3 red, thin: 1 red, heavy b. 3 red, thin: 1 brown heavy c. 1 brown, thin: 1 brown, heavy: 1 red, thin: 1 red, heavy d. 1 brown, thin: 2 red, thin: 1 red, heavy
The phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation should be closest to the are d. 1 brown, thin: 2 red, thin: 1 red, heavy.
The alleles for eye shadeation and for frame shadeation are at the X chromosome of Drosophila, however now no longer at the Y.
Red eye shadeation (w+) is dominant to white eye shadeation (w), and tan frame shadeation (y+ ) is dominant to yellow frame shadeation (yDrosophila melanogaster has pink eyes. Scientists had been curious approximately the biosynthesis of the pink eye pigments and feature finished some of investigations on those compounds. Scientific contributions made during the last 50 years have stepped forward our know-how of the pink eye pigments.
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In the shotgun approach to whole-genome sequencing (shotgun sequencing), random DNA fragments of a chromosome are sequenced. The fragment sequences are then assembled into a continuous sequence that represents the DNA of the entire chromosome.
What are the steps in the shotgun approach to whole-genome sequencing?
Drag the labels to their appropriate locations on the flowchart. Only some labels will be used.
Nucleotides are the chemicals that make up DNA fragments. A sugar group, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base make up each nucleotide.
WGS typically comprises six steps: library building, paired-end sequencing (PE sequencing), random fragmentation of the genomic DNA, size selection using electrophoresis, and genome assembly. The whole-genome shotgun (WGS) approach involves the parallel sequencing of a huge number of overlapping DNA fragments, which are subsequently stitched together by a computer to form bigger contigs and, eventually, chromosomes (Figure 1). Shotgun sequencing involves randomly slicing the genome into small, sequencing-ready pieces (1 to 2 kbp in length). After being ligated into an appropriate vector, the fragments are partly sequenced. In a single sequencing run, each fragment can provide 400–500 bp of sequence.
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WILL MARK BRAINLIEST
The presence of the mineral iridium in Earth's rocks gives evidence to what events in Earth's history?
Question 3 options:
Solar storm activity
Increased volcanic eruptions
Asteroid impacts
Reversed polarity
The presence of the mineral iridium in Earth's rocks gives evidence to asteroid impacts. Option C
What is Iridium?The element that is called iridium is one of the elements that are contained in the earth's crust. Many of the isotopes of iridium have been found to be radioactive. This is why we can be able to talk about iridium as we are looking at the history of the earth.
The mineral iridium is often present in large amounts and has been part of the geological history of the earth. It has taken part in all the earth events that have been taken place over the geological time scale of the earth and this explains why a study of the element is important as we are looking at the geological timescales of the earth in which we live and carry out activities.
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A 21-year-old woman delivered a normal term infant a week ago and is now nursing the infant. She now notes a lump in her right axilla that has increased in size over the past week. On physical examination there is a rubbery, mobile, 1.5-cm mass beneath the skin at the right anterior axillary line. The mass is excised and the microscopic appearance is shown in the figure. Which of the following hormones most likely pro- duced the greatest effect upon this tissue?
A Cortisol
B Growth hormone
C Oxytocin
D Prolactin
E Testosterone
On physical examination there is a rubbery, mobile, 1.5-cm mass beneath the skin at the right anterior axillary line.
Oxytocin
The peptide hormone and neuropeptide oxytocin (Oxt or OT) is typically made in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary. It contributes to social interaction, reproduction, childbirth, and the time following childbirth. During labor and in response to sexual activity, the hormone oxytocin is released into the bloodstream. Additionally, it is accessible in pharmaceutical form. Oxytocin induces uterine contractions in both forms, hastening the labor process. In its natural state, it also contributes to the formation of the mother-baby relationship and milk production. A positive feedback loop governs the creation and release of oxytocin, with the first release of the hormone stimulating subsequent production and release. For instance, when oxytocin is released throughout a uterine contraction
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avidin is a protein that binds extremely tightly to biotin. therefore, it is a potent inhibitor of biotin-requiring enzymatic reactions. consider glucose biosynthesis from each of the following substrates and predict which of these pathways would be inhibited by avidin. a. lactate b. oxaloacetate c. malate d. fructose-6-phosphate e. phosphoenolpyruvate
The pathway that would be inhabited by avidin is lactate. Therefore, the correct answer is option A.
Biotin is the cofactor that's involved in the conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate with the help of the enzyme pyruvate carboxylase.
Lactate is formed when the rate of glycolysis is higher than the rate of oxidation. When that happens, the lactate is converted to form pyruvate with the help of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase.
Lactate + NAD+ -----> pyruvate + NADH + H+
The pyruvate is then converted to form oxaloacetate in the presence of biotin.
Pyruvate + CO₂ + ATP + H₂O ----> Oxaloacetate + ADP + Pi + 2H+
Avidin binds tightly to the biotin. Thus avidin can inhibit the biosynthesis of glucose from lactate and its pathway.
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homologous pairs of chromosomes align opposite to each other at the equator of a cell during . metaphase of mitosis telophase ii of meiosis metaphase ii of meiosis metaphase i of meiosis
The homologous pairs of chromosomes align opposite to each other at the equator of a cell during are meiosis metaphase i.
During meiosis I, metaphase I occurs and chromosome pairs line up in the center of the cell. During meiosis II, metaphase II occurs and chromosomes are arranged in the center of the cell. The main difference is that chromosomes are paired in metaphase I and unpaired in metaphase II.
In metaphase I, homologous pairs of chromosomes align on either side of the equatorial plate. Then, in anaphase I, the spindle contracts and the two homologous chromatid pairs are pulled apart from each other and towards the poles of the cell. During telophase I, chromosomes are surrounded by the nucleus.
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