What kind of syllogism is illustrated in the following set of statements? "Each speech will earn a passing or failing grade. Juan’s speech did not earn a failing grade. Therefore, Juan’s speech earned a passing grade."

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

Disjunctive Syllogism

Explanation:

This type of syllogism posits that if one option is true, then the other option is false.

If A is true, then B is false (A or B).

From the statements given, it is said that one speech will have to be a passing or failing grade. Going further, Juan's speech did not earn a failing grade, which means his speech earned a passing grade. Therefore, the set of statements illustrates disjunctive syllogism.


Related Questions

Choose the letter of the implied main idea of the passage below.
A fundraiser comes to your door and asks for a five-hundred-dollar contribution. You laughingly refuse,
telling her that the amount is way out of your league. She then asks for a ten-dollar contribution. If you are
like most people, you'll probably be a lot more agreeable than if she hadn't asked for the huge contribution
first. Similarly, college students were stopped on the street and asked to agree to a substantial favor-acting
as unpaid counselors for juvenile delinquents two hours a week for two years. Surprisingly, no one agreed to
such an outrageous request. But when they were later asked the considerably smaller favor of taking a group
of delinquents on a two-hour trip to the zoo, half the people complied. In comparison, only 17 percent of a
control group of subjects who had not first received the larger request agreed.
People are basically selfish and unwilling to help others.
Only a small percentage of any group will agree to perform voluntary service.
More people are willing to contribute money to a cause than donate their time.
People are more willing to agree to a small favor after they have refused a large one.

Answers

Answer:

D, People are more willing to agree to a small favor after they have refused a large one.

hopefully this helps!! :)))

What details or images stand out to you the most?

Answers

Answer:

images that shows a

story through its composition, lighting, and most importantly its subject

matter stands out more

List the six major areas of emphasis, other than melancholy, that are characteristic of the romantic philosophy.​

Answers

Answer:

The six major areas of emphasis that are characteristics of the romantic philosophy are: Nature, Emotion, Heroism, Rebellion, Ruins and relics of the ancient past.

Explanation:

Love of Nature is a characteristics of the romantic philosophy, the Romantics loved flowers, trees,clouds, mountains etc. The Romantics found inspiration for poetry in nature. More reason for Romantics obsession with nature, is that they were writing and living at the time of Industrial revolution.

The Romantics are also very emotional and sentimental. the emotions follow what the Romantics are reacting against.

Furthermore, Rebellion is also another characteristics of romantic philosophy. Romantics don't try to fit in with the crowd, they are not conformist. They have their own kind of sophistication.

What were the most important points made during the discussion?

Answers

Answer:

depends on the discussion...

Explanation:

find the main ideas of the discussion, and find statements or ideas presented that seemed to be a big deal and shape the discussion, or find statements that really answered or explained the reason for the discussion...

Good Luck!! Hope I helped you!!

I have 2 questions : 1.) "a job helps you learn how to manage time" Q ; what is the verb in the sentence? a. how b. time c. job d. helps 2.) "all off these things increase your self-confidence" Q ; what is the verb? a. your b. increase c. things d. all

Answers

Answer:

1.) d. helps

2.) b. increase

Explanation:

A verb is a part of speech that denotes the work done. These words signify the actions done by the subject. A verb can be found in the predicate part of the sentence. The verb in the first sentence is 'helps'. In this sentence 'to manage' is the infinite verb. The infinitive verb performs the function of a noun, adverb, or adjective. In the second sentence, the verb is 'increase'.

The verb in the sentence is:

D. helps

he verb in the sentence is:

B. increase

A verb is the part of speech which denotes action or performance and is usually known as an action word.

With this in mind, we can see that there is the use of verbs in the given sentence as they have to agree with the subject in the sentence for rules of concord to be properly applied.

Read more about verbs here:

https://brainly.com/question/3006962

The following sentences test correctness and effectiveness of expression. Part of each sentence or the entire sentence is underlined; beneath each sentence are five ways of phrasing the underlined material. Choice A repeats the original phrasing; the other four choices are different. If you think the ckigin.al phrasing produces a better sentence than any of the alternatives, select choice A; if not, select one of the other choices.
In making your selection, follow the requirements of standard written English; that is, pay attention to grammar, choice of words, sentence construction, and punctuation. Your selection should result in the most effective sentence clear and precise, without awkwardness or ambiguity.
Some beaches are frequently contaminated by untreated sewage that flows into the ocean, which can last for several days.
A. Ocean which can last for several days.
B. Ocean that can last for several days.
C. Ocean, while contamination can last several days.
D. Ocean the contamination can last several days.

Answers

Answer:

A

Explanation:

Which sentence is an example of two independent clauses being linked by a semicolon and a
coordinating conjunction?
Select one:
O a. (2) He has found success in many fields, including finance, information technology, and
the culinary arts; but with the publication of his new book, Delacorte can add best-selling
author to his long list of accomplishments.
O b. (11) The term contemporary fiction covers a broad spectrum of styles and content;
however, three recognizable types dominate the marketplace today: personal narratives,
commentaries on contemporary values, and generational sagas.
O c. (21) To put it another way, allow me to quote Sybil Trent's terse observation in the London
Review: "Familiarity breeds boredom."
O d. (27) The only question that remains is how he will top it.
Next page​

Answers

Answer:

a. He has found success in many fields, including finance, information technology, and  the culinary arts; but with the publication of his new book, Delacorte can add best-selling  author to his long list of accomplishments.

Explanation:

A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a verb.

An independent clause is a type of clause that has a complete meaning or thought.

A conjunction is a word used to link clauses.E.g However, But, If, etc.

From the options available, the sentence that has two independent clauses that are linked with a semicolon and coordinating conjunction is Option A because the two independent clauses have a complete thought if they stand alone.

The Painted Bird what is the plot?

Answers

●✴︎✴︎✴︎✴︎✴︎✴︎✴︎✴︎❀✴︎✴︎✴︎✴︎✴︎✴︎✴︎✴︎✴︎●

      Hi my lil bunny!

❧⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯☙

A young Jewish boy somewhere in Eastern Europe seeks refuge during World War II where he encounters many different characters.

❧⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯☙

●✴︎✴︎✴︎✴︎✴︎✴︎✴︎✴︎❀✴︎✴︎✴︎✴︎✴︎✴︎✴︎✴︎✴︎●

If this helped you, could you maybe give brainliest..?

❀*May*❀

Ayudaaa!!

4.CHOOSE THE RIGHT WORD TO COMPLETE THE SENTENCE

WHY___ YOU SMILING?
(1 Punto)
DO
DON'T
DOES
DOESN'T
IS
ISN'T
ARE
AREN'T
AM
AM NOT

Answers

Answer:

Are you.

Explanation:

none of the answers above make sense

Answer:

aren't

Explanation:

Select the correct answer.
Read this passage from Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness.
"I left in a French steamer, and she called in every blamed port they have out there, for, as far as I could see, the sole purpose of landing soldiers
and custom-house officers. I watched the coast. Watching a coast as it slips by the ship is like thinking about an enigma."
Which word best helps to establish tone?
OA Blamed
ОВ.
Sole
OC. Landing
OD. Enigma

Answers

Answer:

Hey there!

The correct answer would be "Enigma." It means something difficult and puzzling to understand.

Let me know if this helps :)

The word "enigma" best establishes the tone by conveying a sense of mystery and intrigue in the passage. The correct option is d.

Enigma is the word in the passage that best contributes to setting the tone. Enigma carries with it connotations of complexity, mystery and intrigue. The author creates a tone of curiosity and thought through the use of this word.

It conveys a sense of enigma and intrigue by implying that observing a coast as it passes the ship is comparable to pondering a conundrum or a riddle. In this particular passage from Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, the word "enigma" adds to the reflective and introspective tone that the author is trying to create.

learn more about passage here

brainly.com/question/26999874

#SPJ2

notice writing



write a notice informing about “The Pink Moon”, an astronomical event to the residents of your street.





12 points please help !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1

Answers

Beef Whiskey Condominium

Aug. 20, 2020

Announcement

We announce the construction of an observation base that aims to bring together the residents of the condominium in a meeting to visualize the astrological phenomenon known as 'The Pink Moon' that will take place on the 23rd of August. We stress that the meeting is open to all residents who must take the opportunity to observe a rare phenomenon.

Due to the social distance guidelines, we inform you that we will establish marks on the floor that will maintain a distance of 1 meter between citizens. We also ask that all interested parties show up wearing masks, otherwise participation will not be allowed.

Debbie Aljos

Manager of the Condominium Sussuro da Abelha.

Traducir
Describe the significance of and possible uses for reduced-fat foods.

Answers

Answer:

Reduced fat food means a fat food that is free of cholesterol and saturated fat. Eating this reduced fat food aids in preventing heart diseases, obesity and intaking fewer calories. Long term changes are weight loss.

Explanation:

Describe in your notebook the challenges you faced while learning to ride a
bicycle/swimming or any skill. Take hints from the web to complete your
write-up.
Learning Bicycle
Challenges
confidence
risk
daring
fear​

Answers

Answer:

SOME CHALLENGES I FACED WHEN LEARNING TO RIDE A BICYCLE.

Learning how to ride a bicycle at a much older age of twenty two was quite a challenge. I never showed interest in riding a bicycle when I was much younger but subsequently as I grew older and became more active in athletics and fitness, I had to take an interest into cycling.

The first day I tried riding the bicycle, I lost my balance and fell. I had to go at it for more than two hours before I could be confident enough to ride it on the road.

I also noticed that after riding for that day, my legs were sore and I had to take care of my stiff leg muscles so they could recover on time and heal.

By the next time I rode on the bicycle, I was more comfortable. Next, I was doing bicycle tricks, believing I was a BMX champion.

19.The horses swim in the river to avoid danger. Which words make up the ENTIRE infinitive phrase in this sentence?

Answers

Answer:

horses

Explanation:

because the sentence is about the horse

Answer:

horsesssssss

Explanation:

HOPE I HELPED

PLS MARK BRAINLIEST

DESPERATELY TRYING TO LEVEL UP

✌ -ZYLYNN JADE ARDENNE

JUST A RANDOM GIRL WANTING TO HELP PEOPLE!

                            PEACE!

Unless i had a good excuse, I ____________ my way out of this predicament

Answers

Answer:

I would have to

Explanation:

What is Jim Casey’s dream in the Grapes of Wrath?

Answers

Answer:

Casey dreams to find a purpose when collaborating with labour activists.

Explanation:

Even though he eventually finds that purpose, he doesnt come to the relization and eventually looses his life for fighting for the cause.

Is a graphic novel a narrative

Answers

Answer: yes, a graphic novel or a comic book could pass as a graphic narrative

Answer:

yes it could be a graphic narrative

Explanation:

HOPE I HELPED

PLS MARK BRAINLIEST

DESPERATELY TRYING TO LEVEL UP

✌ -ZYLYNN JADE ARDENNE

JUST A RANDOM GIRL WANTING TO HELP PEOPLE!

                             PEACE!

1. What is Mary doing just before Patrick gets home?
a. She is hastily preparing dinner.
b. She is getting groceries from the store.
d.She is waiting anxiously for him to arrive.
c. She is pacing nervously.

Answers

Answer:

d.She is waiting anxiously for him to arrive.

Explanation:

In Lamb to Slaughter, Mary Malone is the perfect example of a fantastic wife because she anticipates her husband Patrick's every need and desire and goes ahead to perform it before he requests for it.  

Before Patrick got home, Mary was waiting anxiously for him to arrive as she had already prepared dinner and set the lightings, drawn the curtains, and set the chairs.

Complete the paragraph using the correct form of the verb in the parenthesis. Choose between past simple or past continuous. This morning ___ (be) terrible! I ____ (wake up) late. I __ (prepare) to get to school on time when I ___(remember ) that I __ (forget) my homework at Mike's house last night. We ___(study) together when my mom__(call) and ___(tell) me to come home for dinner. Then, while I __(brush ) my teeth. I __ (realize) that I had a test in English that I didn't study for! I __(be) so upset that I __(get) toothpase on my shirt and had to change my clothes! I __(miss) the bus and had to walk to school. It __(be) awful!

Answers

Answer:

Here's what I think would make the most sense...

1. was

2. woke

3. was preparing

4. remembered

5. forgot

6. were studying

7. called

8. told

9. was brushing

10. realized

11. was

12. got

13. missed

14. was

Explanation:

I think u should make____ a sandwich.

Answers

Answer:

The answer is

Explanation:

I think you should make me a sandwich.

Hope this helps....

Have a nice day!!!!

The correct filler to be filled in here should be 'me'. Thus, the correct sentence would be "I think u should make me a sandwich.

What is a pronoun?

Pronouns are words or groups of words that can be used in place of nouns or noun phrases in grammar and linguistics. Since pronouns serve so many different cross-linguistic purposes, several current theorists disagree with the conventional idea that they belong to the same class as other components of speech. "You" is a pronoun that can be used in either the single or plural form.

Personal and possessive pronouns, reciprocal and reflexive pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, relative and interrogative pronouns, and indefinite pronouns are some of the subtypes. Pronoun use frequently incorporates anaphora, in which the pronoun's meaning is based on an antecedent. A "pronominal" is the name of the adjective that goes with a "pronoun."

Learn more about pronouns here:

https://brainly.com/question/7942658

#SPJ2

The following is a draft of a student essay. It may contain errors. Which statement provides the best introduction for the passage? A. Many of us will remember that a papyrus is an ancient text written on a thick paper made from the fibers of a plant that grew in the Nile region of Egypt. B. The Ancient Egyptians used many different natural resources to treat various ailments, and one of the main ways we know this is through a historical medical text. C. As a boy, Georg was fascinated by the culture of Egypt, and even though it was not a popular subject to pursue, he devoted many years to learning as much as he could about it. D. When you think of going to the doctor, you do not necessarily imagine being given salad herbs for treatment, but that is exactly what some Ancient Egyptian doctors prescribed

Answers

Answer:

A Draft of a Student Essay

The statement that provides the best introduction for the passage is:

C. As a boy, Georg was fascinated by the culture of Egypt, and even though it was not a popular subject to pursue, he devoted many years to learning as much as he could about it.

Explanation:

The best introduction to the passage contains the main idea or topic.  In this case, the main topic is "the culture of Egypt."  This is followed by a proposal made by the writer which outlines her opinion or claim (thesis).  The introduction statement above also shows the writer's claim, "the culture of Egypt was not a popular subject to pursue."  Lastly, the best introduction after stating the main topic and the writer's thesis, must be followed by some supporting arguments.  These are statements D, B, and A in that sequential order.

Therefore, I will re-arrange the passage as follows, to show that C statement is the best introduction and that other statements sequentially support it.  I have also bolded the linkages in the arguments to prove that the sequence is in order.

Best Introduction:

C. As a boy, Georg was fascinated by the culture of Egypt, and even though it was not a popular subject to pursue, he devoted many years to learning as much as he could about it.

Arguments:

D. When you think of going to the doctor, you do not necessarily imagine being given salad herbs for treatment, but that is exactly what some Ancient Egyptian doctors prescribed.

B. The Ancient Egyptians used many different natural resources to treat various ailments, and one of the main ways we know this is through a historical medical text.

A. Many of us will remember that a papyrus is an ancient text written on a thick paper made from the fibers of a plant that grew in the Nile region of Egypt.

Which sentence uses the modifier correctly?
A The vacationers saw many jellyfish snorkeling.
B They listened to the songs whales make at Renata's house.
C While racing for the train, the hat flew off my
head.
D After revising the essay, I received a good grade.

Answers

Answer:

D.  After revising the essay, I received a good grade.

Explanation:

Why is the correct answer 'D' ?  Because ....

Jellyfish don't snorkel.

Whales don't make sounds at Renata's house.

The hat was not racing after for the train.

Your Uncle who has been living aboard for the past twenty years suddenly arrived home for Christmas. Write a letter to your friend, telling him/her how much your uncle's visit made your Christmas enjoyable.​

Answers

Answer:

It was a wonderful experience talking to him

Explanation:

Select the correct answer. Which phrase is a noun phrase in the given paragraph? Since childhood Jess has been interested in the art of storytelling. She would entertain her little brother and sister with tales of magic and adventure. She started writing stories almost as soon as she learned the alphabet. To write her stories, Jess relies on her colorful imagination. A. has been interested B. the art of storytelling C. would entertain D. started writing E. as soon as

Answers

Answer:  The correct answer is:  [B]:  " the art of story telling. "

_____________________________  

Explanation:

_____________________________

The given excerpt is as follows:

      Since childhood, Jess has been interested in the art of storytelling. She would entertain her little brother and sister with tales of magic and adventure. She started writing stories almost as soon as she learned the alphabet. To write her stories, Jess relies on her colorful imagination.

___________________________

Let us consider the other answer choices:

Choice  [A]: "has been interested" ;

Choice  [C]:  "would entertain" ;

Choice  [D]:  "started writing" ;

     are all "verb phrases" ; that do not contain any "noun"— or subject or object—nor do they function as a "noun" or "subject" in any way.

Choice  [E]:  "as soon as" ;  is an "adverb phrase" that describes "when" something is about to happen —(albeit not very specific about "when"—in this particular explanation.

____________________________

Choice:  [B]:  " the art of storytelling" ;  is the correct answer.

____________________________

This is clearly a "noun phrase" ; since it begins with a noun [athough this is not required to be a "noun phrase"]—and is modified by a "gerund" [i.e. modified by further explanation—by using the words "of storytelling"] ; in which the "gerund" is "storytelling".  Gerunds are nouns formed from "verb forms ending in -ing" —which function as a noun.

___________________________

Hope this is helpful to you!  

   Best wishes to you in your academic endeavors—and within the

"Brainly" community!

___________________________

Answer:

The correct answer would be B. the art of storytelling.

I hope this helps

Creative Translation Should the translation of a poem from one language to another be evaluated primarily on its adherence to the original text?

Answers

Answer:

No

Explanation:

Translation is the conversion or rendering of words in written, visual, or audio formats from the source language to the targeted language. In the translation of poetry, while the translator endeavors to produce a faithful translation he should also try to incorporate his creativity into the translation. In a poetic text, there are silent gaps between words which should be filled by the translator. The translator should not just focus primarily on the adherence to the original text but he should also try to achieve a holistic rendering.

It is good to note that there are figures of speech in the original text which might be hard to translate to the targeted language. In all such cases, it is good that the translator is innovative in his use of words while still maintaining the original meaning of the poetic work.

We arrived.............. to get good seats.

- on time
- in time

Answers

Answer:

We arrived 'on time' to get good seats.

How does Bradstreet use figurative language throughout "To My Dear Loving Husband" to develop the theme? Her comparisons emphasize the importance of love. Her comparisons emphasize the reason for love. Her comparisons emphasize her husband's goodness. Her comparisons emphasize her undying love for her husband.

Answers

Answer:

d

Explanation:

edge

Her comparisons emphasize her undying love for her husband is Bradstreet use figurative language throughout "To My Dear Loving Husband" to develop the theme. Hence, option D is correct.

What is the concept of my dear, loving husband?

In the poem "To My Dear Loving Husband," Anne Bradstreet shows her love for her husband. The poet conveys her emotions and her love for her husband. She wants their love to endure forever. She recognizes and applauds their love for one another. She goes on to add that her spouse liked her the most compared to other ladies.

She compares her love to "rivers" that "cannot be quenched." The poet used figurative language to express the breadth of his love and tenderness. This is due to the beautiful way in which her poem closes, which describes how their love is unbreakable and will, therefore, endure and keep them together long after their lives are through. Their love is eternal, since there is nothing on this planet that can put an end to it.

Thus, option D is correct.

For more details about my dear, loving husband, click here:

https://brainly.com/question/20151782

#SPJ2

NEED HELP ASAP PLEASE What makes characters complex? What are some of the ways Garcia creates great characters? Who is the unlikeable character for Garcia? How does he connect with them? A section of the movie is titled, “Fighting the Beast of Creative Insecurity.” Explain what Garcia says the beast is and how you fight it.

Answers

Answer:

what makes a character complex is how they are feeling in such way

Explanation:

read back on want you did and see if you can find how Garcia is feeling

Answer:

The thing that makes characters complex is how they change throughout the story.  Garcia creates great characters by putting them through change and giving them lots of emotions.

Which is a focus of American Reform literature?

-the evil of humans
-the effect of intuition
-the need for imagination
-the importance of human rights

Answers

Answer:

The need for imagination.

Explanation:

Literature is based on writing in your own words, using your imagination to effectively tell a story, and inform others.

That's life for you. All the happiness you gather to yourself,
it will sweep away like it's nothing. If you ask me I don't
think there are any such things as curses. I think there is
only life. That's enough."

What is the literary element of the passage ?

Answers

Answer:

Theme

Explanation:

The theme is the big idea. It is about the point you are trying to get across about a certain topic. For this passage, the theme is life. The passage doesn't have the other literary elements like character(people), plot(story) or setting(the area where the characters are).

So, the answer is theme.

Answer:

depressing element

Explanation:

Other Questions
How did Louisiana's political boundaries change since it's founding the French in 1682 If a polygon has an area of 10 cm and is dilated by a factor of 2, what will be the area of the dilated polygon? The Making Ethical Decisions box "Good Finance or Bad Medicine" has an important message for managers who make financial decisions. Which of the following statements summarizes this message?A. Managers must balance good economic decisions with socially forward thinking. B. Checking academic credentials of recently graduated doctors is imperative due to the cost of lawsuits that patients may file if they learn that they were served by a surgeon without a license. C. The support of a good law firm is worth every penny a hospital might pay. The finance manager should always budget for a legal team. D. Financial decisions must be based on what insurance companies are willing to pay. find a rational number that is between 5.2 and 5.5. explain why it is rational. If we transform the parabola y=(x+1)^2+2 by shifting 7 units to the right and 5 units down, what is the vertex of the resulting parabola? Vertex of resulting parabola: (__ a0,__ a1) 16. The concentration of a solution of potassium hydroxide is determined by titration with nitricacid. A 30.0 mL sample of KOH is neutralized by 42.7 mL of 0.498 M HNO3. What is theconcentration of the potassium hydroxide solution? Consider two parallel wires where the magnitude of the left currentis 2 I0(io) and that of the right current is I0(io). Point A is midway between the wires,and B is an equal distance on the other side of the wires.The ratio ofthe magnitude of the magnetic field at point A to that at point Bis________ Identify the type of energy described in each sentence. Tiles gravitational energy mechanical energy chemical energy electrical energy thermal energy nuclear energy radiant energy Pairs The body stores lipids ingested as fat and uses this energy when needed. arrowBoth (answer) A person's hat falls off and lands on the ground. arrowBoth (answer) A wave of water pushes a surfer to shore. arrowBoth (answer) A burner on a stove heats up a tea kettle. arrowBoth (answer) A power plant splits atoms to generate power for a city. arrowBoth (answer) A nerve sends an impulse to another nerve. arrowBoth (answer) A plant absorbs the Sun's rays to start the process of photosynthesis. arrowBoth (answer) Eve files a suit against Financial Associates, Inc. (FA), to enforce an oral contract that would otherwise be unenforceable under the Statute of Frauds. The court could enforce such a contract if C'est ____ livre (mon, ma, mes) .. How did Jess handle Leslie's death? QUESTION 7What is the condition in which the size of figures is determined by social importance rather than observation? What are the solutions of x2 + 20 = 12x. Discuss the conclusions you can draw from thinking about how history is told. Consider how historians are persuaded by their own biases, motivations, and influences of their time. Which of the following statements BEST represents Fernando Lloveras San Miguel's approach to helping Puerto Rico recover from Hurricane Maria?AHe believes that humans must focus on helping to restore avian life that was harmed during the storm.BHe believes that the economy will be positively affected if the forest recover quickly.CHe believes that the recovery of communities depends upon the recovery of the forests.DHe believes that local communities are the ones responsible for helping the forests to recover. Can someone please tell me how I can hack WiFi with a raspberry pi in Kali Linux do I need a wireless adapter for raspberry pi if so please tell me and me ASAP please thanks appreciate it which city is located at about 40 n and 120 w? I need help with this please. Find the value of v in the equation below(in picture) Please write down prearation of perment slides of pollen grains by acetolysis method and study of different pollen characters: study of variation pattern in different taxa.