Use the passages below to answer all parts of the question that follows.

“On the evening of October 11, 1492... The two worlds [Old and New world], which God had cast asunder, were reunited, and the two worlds, which were so very different, began on that day to become alike. That trend toward biological homogeneity is one of the most important aspects of the history of life on this planet since the retreat of the continental glaciers.”

Alfred W. Crosby Jr., The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492 (1972)
“Maize was the most important grain of the American Indians in 1491, and it is one of the most important grain sources in the world right now. It is a standard crop of people not only throughout the Americas, but also southern Europe. It is a staple for the Chinese. It is a staple in Indonesia, throughout large areas of Africa. If suddenly American Indian crops would not grow in all of the world, it would be an ecological tragedy. It would be the slaughter of a very large portion of the human race.”

Alfred W. Crosby Jr., Smithsonian.com, October 4, 2011


1. Describe Crosby’s argument about the interactions that occurred between the Americas and Europe/Africa in the period 1450-1750.
2. Explain ONE way in which the biological impact referred to in the passage differed from other encounters between the Americas and Europe/Africa in the period 1450-1750.
3. Explain ONE historical situation in the period 1450-1750, other than the one illustrated in the passage, in which states experienced environmental impact.

Answer:The major political questions and conflicts during the 1790s concerned foreign policy, economic policy, and the balance of power between states and the federal government.

Answer: Declaration of Pillnitz, joint declaration issued on August 27, 1791, by Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II and King Frederick William II of Prussia, urging European powers to unite to restore the monarchy in France; French King Louis XVI had been reduced to a constitutional monarch during the French Revolution. The French government largely interpreted it as a threat to its sovereignty, and a series of provocations ensued, culminating in France declaring war on Austria (over which Leopold ruled) in April 1792.

The French Revolution was greeted with apprehension by many European leaders, who feared unrest in their own countries. Monarchs grew particularly worried as Louis XVI was forced to accept the authority of the newly proclaimed National Assembly in 1789. Unhappy as a constitutional monarch, he engaged in various duplicities, and in June 1791 he attempted to escape to Varennes but was subsequently captured. Two months later Leopold and Frederick William met in Pillnitz, Saxony (now in Dresden, Germany). Both were concerned about the possible spread of revolution, and they also faced strong pressure from French émigrés to intervene. Furthermore, Leopold was the brother of Louis’s wife, Marie Antoinette, whose safety was in doubt. These concerns led the two men to issue a five-sentence declaration that stated “that they view the situation in which the King of France currently finds himself as a subject of common interest for all of Europe’s sovereigns.” They continued by calling on these powers to “use the most efficient means…to place the King of France in a position to be totally free to consolidate the bases of a monarchical government.”

A. We can see here that Christianity builds on the basis of Judaism by sharing many of the same fundamental beliefs, including the belief in one God and the importance of the Ten Commandments.

Judaism is a monotheistic religion and the oldest of the Abrahamic religions, which also include Christianity and Islam. It is based on the belief in one God, who revealed himself to Abraham, Moses, and the Hebrew prophets.

Jesus Christ, who is at the center of the Christian faith, was himself Jewish and his teachings and life were heavily influenced by Judaism.

B. The fact that Virgil's Aeneid uses major structural elements from Homer's works does matter, as it shows the continuity and evolution of literary traditions over time. Virgil was consciously emulating and building on the epic tradition established by Homer, while also adapting it to suit the needs and values of Roman society.

C. The primary cause of the fall of the Roman Empire is a complex and debated topic among historians. Some of the main factors that contributed to the decline and eventual collapse of the Roman Empire include political instability, economic problems, military overexpansion, and the arrival of invading barbarian tribes.

D. Islam developed in the Arabian Peninsula in the 7th century AD, when the Prophet Muhammad received divine revelations that formed the basis of the Islamic faith. The religion spread quickly throughout the Arabian Peninsula and beyond, eventually becoming a major world religion with significant cultural and political influence.

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An unstated purpose of President Obama's speech is C to convince his audience to actively participate in government

An unstated purpose refers to a purpose or objective that is not explicitly mentioned or expressed in a particular statement or text. It is something that the speaker or writer intends to achieve through their words, but does not directly state.

From the text we can clearly see that Barack Obama was speaking to Americans about active participation in governance. He states that the constitution is nothing without citizen playing their active role. This speech is intended to motivate citizens to actively participate in governance.

The above answer is based on the question in the excerpt as stated below;

This excerpt is from President Barack Obama's 2017 farewell address.

Our democracy is threatened whenever we take it for granted.... When voting rates in America are some of the lowest among advanced democracies, we should be making it easier, not harder, to vote. When trust in our institutions is low, we should... insist on the principles of transparency and ethics in public service. When Congress is dysfunctional, we should draw our congressional districts to encourage politicians to cater to common sense and not rigid

extremes.

But remember, none of this happens on its own. All of this depends on...each of us accepting the responsibility of citizenship, regardless of which way the pendulum of power happens to be swinging.

Our Constitution is a remarkable, beautiful gift. But it's really just a piece of parchment. It has no power on its own. We, the people give it power. We, the people give it meaning.... Whether or not we stand up for our freedoms. Whether or not we respect and enforce the rule of law. That's up to us. America is no fragile thing. But the gains of our long journey to freedom are not assured.

Question:

Based on the excerpt, which phrase identifies an unstated purpose of President Obama's speech?

A. to encourage support for the incoming administration

B. to gain support for the newly elected members of Congress

C to convince his audience to actively participate in government

D. to convince his audience to be honest when dealing with the government

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The secret gentlemen's agreement that President Theodore Roosevelt worked out with the Japanese in 1907-1908 is known as the Root-Takahira Agreement.

The Root-Takahira Agreement was a secret agreement that was signed on November 30, 1908, between the United States and Japan. The agreement was signed by U.S. Secretary of State Elihu Root and Japanese Ambassador to the United States Takahira Kogorō.

The agreement was signed to improve the relationship between the two countries by resolving territorial disputes in Asia and the Pacific. It also allowed the United States to recognize Japan's dominance in Korea, while Japan agreed to respect American interests in the Philippines and the Open Door Policy in China.

The Root-Takahira Agreement was a significant diplomatic accomplishment that helped to reduce tensions between the United States and Japan. However, the agreement was controversial, as it allowed Japan to expand its influence in Asia at the expense of other countries.

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Instead of celebrating our person cultures on Heritage Day, we have embraced the theme of solidarity to emphasise how as South Africa, we are enhanced together. Heritage Day affords the ideal opportunity for us to recognize what unites us alternatively than what divides us.

On the day, exceptional speakers will encourage the youth and instruct them about the significance of their heritage. “There will also be a reward and worship session, to reward God in an African way,” he said. Xolani Jwaga encouraged the youth to costume in normal apparel on the day.Heritage Day epitomizes the cultural and ethnic range of South Africa. It serves as a reminder to South Africans to embody the spirit of uBuntu (humanity) and show love for one another—because indeed, there is Unity In Diversity.

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Answer:

Explanation:

None of the options provided accurately describes what can be inferred about the excerpt, as the excerpt itself was not provided. Please provide the excerpt so I can assist you better.

Answer:

D) All people deserve equal respect.

Explanation:

While Americans may hold differing beliefs on a wide range of issues, one fundamental belief that is often cited as a cornerstone of American values is the belief in the equal dignity and worth of every individual. This belief is enshrined in the United States Declaration of Independence, which states that "all men are created equal" and endowed with certain unalienable rights. This belief in equal respect for all people is often seen as a guiding principle in the fight against discrimination and inequality, and is a common thread that runs through many aspects of American culture and society.

Answer: I believe there is more context needed. But hope this helps:

Explanation:

The text does not mention anything about constitutional amendments in relation to immigration. The author is discussing the lack of legislative action in addressing immigration issues, particularly the problem of illegal immigration and the status of those who came to the United States unlawfully. The author mentions the creation of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) and Deferred Action for Parents of Americans (DAPA) programs by President Obama, which were subsequently challenged in court by Republican states. The author highlights the lack of action by Congress in addressing the issue, despite the ongoing legal challenges to the executive actions.

The Brown v. Board of Education ruling in 1954 was a landmark decision in the fight for civil rights in the United States. The ruling declared that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional and violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. While the ruling was a victory for the civil rights movement, it was met with mixed reactions from different segments of society, as reflected in the excerpted newspaper editorials.

One editorial in The Richmond News Leader from May 18, 1954, argued that the Brown v. Board of Education ruling was an overreach of federal power and would lead to chaos and conflict. The editorial claimed that the ruling went against established legal precedent and would disrupt the long-held practice of separate but equal. The editorial stated, "This is not the first time that the Supreme Court has been deluded by the false theory that it has the power to reshape the Constitution."

In contrast, an editorial in The New York Times from the same day praised the Brown v. Board of Education ruling as a significant step towards ending segregation and achieving racial equality. The editorial declared, "The Supreme Court has taken a courageous step in affirming the principles of democracy." The editorial also acknowledged that the ruling would face resistance and that it would take time for it to be fully implemented, but it was a necessary step in the struggle for civil rights.

The Brown v. Board of Education ruling had significant effects on the larger civil rights movement. It paved the way for the desegregation of schools and other public spaces and challenged the legal basis of segregation. The ruling also inspired other civil rights activists to fight for their rights and encouraged them to use the legal system to do so.

However, the ruling also faced backlash from those who opposed desegregation and the civil rights movement as a whole. Some states even defied the ruling and refused to integrate their schools, leading to further legal battles and tensions between federal and state governments.

In conclusion, the Brown v. Board of Education ruling was a significant moment in the history of the civil rights movement in the United States. While it was met with mixed reactions, it marked a turning point in the fight against segregation and discrimination. The ruling's effects were far-reaching, impacting not only the education system but also other areas of society.

Answer:

The Brown v. Board of Education ruling was a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court in 1954 that declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional. This ruling was a critical moment in the civil rights movement, and it had a significant impact on American society as a whole. While some newspaper editorials praised the decision, others were critical. This essay will examine the events that led to the ruling, as well as the effects of the ruling on the larger civil rights movement.

The Brown v. Board of Education ruling was the result of a legal challenge brought by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1951. The NAACP argued that segregation in public schools violated the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution. The case was consolidated with several other cases from across the country that also challenged segregation in public schools. The Supreme Court heard arguments in the case in 1952, and the case was re-argued in 1953.

In its unanimous decision, the Supreme Court held that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional because it violated the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment. The Court reasoned that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal and that segregation had a detrimental effect on the education and development of black children.

The Brown v. Board of Education ruling had a profound impact on the larger civil rights movement. The ruling was a critical victory for the NAACP and other civil rights organizations that had been fighting segregation for decades. The decision also gave a significant boost to the growing civil rights movement, which was gaining momentum in the 1950s.

One of the newspaper editorials that praised the Brown v. Board of Education ruling was published in The New York Times. The editorial argued that the decision was a victory for American democracy and that it would help to strengthen the nation's commitment to equal rights. The editorial also acknowledged that the ruling would be difficult to implement, but it called on Americans to work together to ensure that the decision was fully enforced.

Another editorial that took a different view was published in The Daily Oklahoman. The editorial argued that the Brown v. Board of Education ruling was an example of judicial activism and that it undermined the authority of state and local governments. The editorial also claimed that the decision would lead to chaos and conflict in the South.

Despite these criticisms, the Brown v. Board of Education ruling had a profound and lasting impact on American society. The decision paved the way for other civil rights victories, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. It also helped to inspire a new generation of civil rights leaders, including Martin Luther King Jr., who would go on to lead the movement in the 1960s.

In conclusion, the Brown v. Board of Education ruling was a critical moment in the civil rights movement, and it had a significant impact on American society. The ruling was the result of years of hard work by civil rights organizations, and it marked a turning point in the struggle for equal rights. While some newspaper editorials praised the decision, others were critical, but the ruling's impact was undeniable. It helped to pave the way for other civil rights victories and inspired a new generation of leaders to continue the fight for equality.

One policy that has been discussed regarding federal educational control is the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act, which was signed into law by President George W. Bush in 2002.

The NCLB Act aimed to improve the academic achievement of all students by setting high standards for schools and holding them accountable for their students' performance. Under NCLB, schools were required to administer annual standardized tests to all students in grades 3-8, and schools that failed to make adequate yearly progress (AYP) faced a series of escalating consequences.

The effectiveness of NCLB has been a topic of much debate. Supporters argue that the law brought much-needed accountability to the education system, highlighted achievement gaps among different student populations, and led to some improvements in student achievement. However, critics argue that NCLB led to a narrow focus on test preparation and a neglect of other important areas of education, such as the arts, social studies, and physical education. They also argue that the consequences for schools that failed to meet AYP were too harsh and often resulted in punitive measures, such as school closures or teacher firings, which hurt students and communities.

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Answer:I think it means England's government or the Law.

Explanation: As stated in the Washington post "The British government still faces a daunting economic challenge."

Its that dude called Joseph Fourier

Answer:

The Lord is my shepherd.

It is a Psalm of King David, (Psalms 23) where he says if God is my shepherd, all other things I don't want cause God has all things.

In Him is life (Matthew 7:21) and that life is the light that darkness can not comprehend.

So, if the Lord is your shepherd too, You abide that light that no enemy can understand or comprehend.

Answer:

The Jim Crow Laws had a huge impact on the Civil Rights movement because of limiting the rights and freedom of African Americans.

Explanation:

Answer:

So you see, never judge a book by its cover.

Explanation:

The book is wrong.

Answer:

C) It demonstrated the effectiveness of nonviolent protest.

Explanation:

The Montgomery Bus Boycott was an influential part of the Civil Rights Movement because it was a successful example of nonviolent resistance. African Americans in Montgomery, Alabama, boycotted the city's buses for over a year to protest the segregated seating policy. The boycott was led by Martin Luther King Jr. and other civil rights activists, and it showed that peaceful, nonviolent protests could be effective in bringing about change. The boycott also gained national attention and inspired other similar protests across the country. Eventually, the Supreme Court ruled that segregated seating on buses was unconstitutional, and the boycott marked a significant victory for the Civil Rights Movement.

Briefly review some of the reasons for the emergence of the Protestant Reformation in the 16th and 17th centuries.The Reformation emerged as a reaction to the "Catholic Church's practices" in the 16th century.

It was initiated by Martin Luther in 1517 as a theological debate over the sale of indulgences, a practice in which the Catholic Church provided the rich with absolution from sin for a fee, even after they had died, as part of its salvation system.The Protestant Reformation was fueled by a number of factors, including the Renaissance's humanistic ideas, which emphasized individualism, the growth of printing technology, which made knowledge more widely available, and the church's corruption, which was widely reported.

The Protestant Reformation also occurred due to other factors such as the Black Death, the Hundred Years' War, and the invention of the printing press.In conclusion, The Protestant Reformation emerged as a response to the Catholic Church's practices in the 16th century, initiated by Martin Luther in 1517. The Reformation was fueled by various factors, including humanistic ideas, the growth of printing technology, the church's corruption, the Black Death, the Hundred Years' War, and the invention of the printing press.

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1.

The Roman victory over Carthage in the Punic Wars gave way to the establishment of the Roman Empire. Despite the great victories of Carthage during the wars, the Romans were able to outmaneuver and eventually conquer the remains of the African empire

2.

The Gracchi brothers attempted to address growing inequalities through land reforms and price controls.

3.

The Roman and Chinese had much similarities but also many differences. Their economies were both agrarian and monetized, but adopted different models of production organization. Their societies were both patriarchic, conservative and stratified.

4.

The Polos were likely shrewd, alert, and courageous; they traded with th

Answer:

What features of the domestic slave trade does Brown’s narrative illuminate? Why do you think he brought his story to an antislavery society? How do you think people responded to this narrative?

Explanation:

The narrative of Henry “Box” Brown provides a firsthand account of the brutality and inhumanity of the domestic slave trade in the United States. Brown’s story highlights several key features of this trade, including the separation of families, the forced migration of slaves across state lines, and the dehumanization of slaves as they were treated as commodities to be bought and sold. Brown’s narrative also sheds light on the various methods that slaves used to resist their captivity, including acts of sabotage, subversion, and escape.

Brown likely brought his story to an antislavery society because he wanted to raise awareness about the horrors of slavery and to rally support for the abolitionist cause. By sharing his experiences with a sympathetic audience, Brown hoped to expose the injustice and cruelty of slavery and to persuade others to join the fight for its abolition. Moreover, by presenting his story as a testament to the resilience and courage of enslaved people, Brown sought to challenge prevailing stereotypes about the inferiority and passivity of slaves.

It is difficult to say how people responded to Brown’s narrative, as attitudes towards slavery and abolition varied widely depending on factors such as region, class, and political affiliation. Some people may have been moved by Brown’s story and inspired to join the abolitionist movement, while others may have dismissed it as propaganda or rejected it outright. However, given the widespread circulation of Brown’s narrative and the intense debates over slavery that were taking place in the United States during this period, it is likely that his story played a significant role in shaping public opinion and advancing the cause of abolition.

It is FALSE that Marcus Aurelius believed that if you work hard and never give up, only then can you experience great happiness at the end of your life.

While Marcus Aurelius emphasized the importance of hard work and perseverance, he did not believe that great happiness could only be experienced at the end of one's life. Instead, he believed that happiness and fulfillment could be found in the present moment, through acts of virtue and the pursuit of inner peace and tranquility. In his book "Meditations," he wrote extensively about the need to cultivate inner strength, resilience, and mindfulness in order to find meaning and purpose in life.

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Answer:

"Weimar Republic" is the name given to the German government between the end of the Imperial period (1918) and the beginning of Nazi Germany (1933). Political turmoil and violence, economic hardship, and also new social freedoms and vibrant artistic movements characterized the complex Weimar period. Many of the challenges of this era set the stage for Adolf Hitler's rise to power.

KEY FACTS

Answer:

Sheikh Hasina

Explanation:

England became the foremost colonial power in the globe. The Great Lakes were used to conquer French forts. The war was formally ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris.

What was the French and Indian War's key turning point?

The conflict started to alter when William Pitt gained charge of the military operations. He believed that England's domination of the globe depended on North America. Pitt agreed to hand over management of recruiting and supplies in exchange for a promise to reimburse them.

In the French and Indian War, the British prevailed. They took control of the area over which France claimed possession. The French mainland came under American authority. All of the nations from the east coast of North America to the Mississippi River were now under British control. The French and Indian War was ended by the signing of the Treaty of Paris in February 1763. The Brits grabbed Canada from France and Florida from Spain while giving France the right to keep its West Indian sugar islands and giving Spain Louisiana.

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Answer:

These actions suggest a political agenda that prioritizes reducing the size and role of government in various areas. The cut in funding for drug programs and federal drug-control agencies could be seen as a prioritization of reducing government spending over addressing drug-related issues. The elimination of government programs to address money mismanagement could be seen as an effort to reduce government intervention in the private sector. The decrease in spending on nuclear weapons and anti-ballistic missiles could be seen as a move towards reducing military spending. The proposed cuts to certain government agencies and groups suggest a belief that certain areas of government are not necessary or are redundant. The reduction of government regulations on business could be seen as a prioritization of reducing government interference in the economy, potentially to stimulate economic growth.

Explanation:

Topic: The Emancipation Proclamation

The Emancipation Proclamation was one of the most significant documents in American history. Issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, during the American Civil War, the proclamation declared that "all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free." It is a document that symbolizes the end of slavery in the United States and is considered one of the most important achievements of President Lincoln.

The Emancipation Proclamation was a turning point in the Civil War, and its effects were felt beyond the battlefield. It was a document that provided hope to the enslaved and encouragement to the Union troops fighting in the war. The proclamation also played a significant role in the Union's ability to win the war by providing a moral justification for the fight against the Confederacy.

The Emancipation Proclamation was not an easy decision for President Lincoln. He understood the potential political risks associated with issuing such a document, including losing support from Northern Democrats who opposed the abolition of slavery. However, Lincoln believed that it was necessary to issue the proclamation to end the institution of slavery and preserve the Union.

The Emancipation Proclamation did not end slavery immediately. It only applied to the states that had seceded from the Union, which did not include the border states of Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri, where slavery was still legal. It was also not until the 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified on December 6, 1865, that slavery was officially abolished throughout the United States.

Despite its limitations, the Emancipation Proclamation was a significant step towards ending slavery in the United States. It paved the way for the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the Constitution, which granted citizenship and equal protection under the law to all people born or naturalized in the United States, regardless of race, and prohibited discrimination based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

In conclusion, the Emancipation Proclamation was a historic document that helped end slavery in the United States. It was a symbol of hope for enslaved people and provided moral justification for the Union's fight against the Confederacy during the Civil War. Although it did not end slavery immediately and had its limitations, the Emancipation Proclamation was an important step towards achieving equality and justice for all Americans.

Answer:

True

Explanation:

A millennium =  1,000 years

Racism in the mid-twentieth century was a pervasive problem, with African Americans and other minority groups facing discrimination in many aspects of life, including education, employment, housing, and civil rights.

Discrimination is the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things, especially on the basis of race, age, or sex. It involves treating someone differently or unfairly based on certain characteristics that are irrelevant to their abilities or qualifications. Discrimination can take many forms, such as denying someone access to services, providing unequal treatment in the workplace, or refusing to rent or sell property. It is important to recognize discrimination and work to eliminate it so that everyone can be treated equally and fairly.

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