Surgeons at Hospital A report that the mortality rate at the end of a one-year follow-up after a new coronary bypass procedure is 15%. At Hospital B, the surgeons report a one-year mortality rate of 8% for the same procedure. Before concluding that the surgeons at Hospital B have vastly superior skill, which of the following possible confounders would you examine?
a. the severity (stage) of disease of the patients at the two hospitals at baseline
b. the start of the one-year follow-up at both hospitals (after operation versus after discharge)
c. differences in postoperative care at the two hospitals
d. equality of follow-up for mortality
e. all of the above

Answers

Answer 1

Answer: All of the above.

Explanation:

To answer this, one must first take into account the severity of the disease with which the patient came to the hospital. Because it is not appropriate to only compare the treatment of a hospital that received a patient with something mild, with the treatment of another hospital that received another patient but with a serious illness or damage. Clearly, this second hospital is going to face a greater challenge in trying to save the life of the person who has come in. It is not the same to operate on a serious patient on the verge of death, as it is to operate on a healthy one for something minor that just because of that alone has a higher chance of survival. If something goes wrong, it is not necessarily or not entirely the hospital's responsibility. Someone who is more compromised in terms of their health will be more vulnerable and require greater care. While the hospital must be able to do this (and there may be some that are better than others) it must be kept in mind that the patient's previous health.

The onset of one-year follow-up at both hospitals (post-operative versus discharge) will differ significantly between the two hospitals. Each hospital will have have different staff, different doctors and nurses, different equipment and ways of handling. All this makes the treatments vary a lot from one hospital to another.

Something similar occurs with tje differences in postoperative care, that may vary from place to place. However it also depend on the underlying condition with which the patient has come, postoperative care also varies according to how the staff is managed, the hygiene of the site, the resources available, and others. The same applies to equal follow-up for mortality.

In summary, for all options it is necessary to keep in mind that while hospital care and staff training are very important, there is one variable that is beyond the scope of what doctors and nurses can do, and that is the severity with which the patient has come for care. The more serious the patient is, the more difficult it is going to be to treat him/her. However, the more modern the hospital and the better trained its staff, the more likely it is to cure more people.


Related Questions

Select the group of body systems responsible for energy supply and fluid balance.
a. Endocrine, Nervous
b. Urinary, Muscular, Reproductive
c. Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular
d. Urinary, Digestive, Respiratory

Answers

Select the group of body systems responsible for energy supply and fluid balance.

d. Urinary, Digestive, Respiratory

Mass of the moon is 7.4x10^22 kg and its radius is 1740km, Calculate the value of acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the moon. *​

Answers

Answer:

The gravitational acceleration in the surface of the moon is 1.63 m/s^2

Explanation:

The gravitational acceleration at a distance R of an object of mass M, is given by:

g = G*M/R^2

Where:

G is the gravitational constant.

G = 6.67*10^(-11) m^3/(kg*s^2)

We could think that all the mass of the moon is at its center, then at the surface of the moon, the distance will be equal to the radius of the moon, thus:

R = 1740km

But we want to work with meters, so remember that:

1km = 1000m

then:

1740km = (1740)*1000m = 1740000m

R =  1740000m

And the mass is just:

M = 7.4x10^22 kg

If we input all that in the gravitational acceleration equation, we get:

g = (6.67*10^(-11) m^3/(kg*s^2))*(7.4x10^22 kg)/( 1740000m)^2

g = 1.63 m/s^2

The gravitational acceleration in the surface of the moon is 1.63 m/s^2

The difference between a pH of 5 and a pH of 8 is
Group of answer choices

A) 3x

B) 30x

C) 100x

D) 1,000x

Answers

Answer:

The correct answer is - D) 1000x.

Explanation:

pH is a logarithmic scale, 1 reading change leads to the results in ten-fold in the   H+ concentration in acidity/basicity. The more  H +  ions found in solution, the more acidic the substance is as acids donate  H +  ions.  

You can calculate the concentration of  H +  from the pH and the equation  

p H  = − log [ H + ]

arrange again

[ H + ]  =  10 − p H

So for a pH of 8, we get  [ H + ]  = 10 ^− 8

For a pH of 5, we get  [ H + ] = 10^ − 5

 10 ^−5  /10 ^− 8= 10 ^3

=  1000

What is the answer with explaining

Answers

Answer:

Man (dimples and freckles) - FfDd

Woman (no dimples and no freckles) - ffdd

Child (no dimples and no freckles) - ffdd

Explanation:

According to this question, the possession of freckles (F) and dimples (D) are the dominant traits. The union of a man with dimples and freckles and a woman with no dimples and freckles (ffdd) gave rise to a child that has no dimples or freckles (ffdd).

Since the child has a recessive 'ffdd' genotype, it means that the father will likely have a heterozygous genotype (FfDd). Therefore, the genotypes of the three persons involved are;

- Man (dimples and freckles) - FfDd

- Woman (no dimples and no freckles) - ffdd

- Child (no dimples and no freckles) - ffdd

Which technique could be used to evaluate the primary amino acid sequence of a protein?

Answers

Answer:

Hundreds of proteins have been sequenced by Edman degradation of peptides derived from specific cleavages. Protein Mass Spectrometry is an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles for determining masses of particles and the elemental composition of a sample of molecules as well as for elucidating the chemical structure of molecules such as peptides. Protein mass spectrometry is an important method for the accurate mass determination and characterization of proteins, and a variety of methods and instrumentations have been developed for its many uses.

When a muscle is stimulated repeatedly at a high rate, eliminating a relaxation phase, the amount of tension gradually increases to a steady maximum tension. This is called:_______

Answers

Minimum tension because it already says maximum

Complete tetanus occurs when the muscle is stimulated repeatedly at a high rate, eliminating a relaxation phase, the amount of tension gradually increases to a steady maximum tension.

What is Complete tetanus?

A tetanic contraction is also called as tetanized state, tetanus, or the physiologic tetanus, the latter is used to differentiate from the disease called tetanus, which is a sustained muscle contraction that is evoked when the motor nerve which innervates a skeletal muscle emits action potentials at a very high rate than usual action potential production rate.

Complete tetanus is also called fused tetanus. It occurs when the frequency of stimuli increases still further than normal. In this case, the individual muscle contractions completely fuse to produce one large enough muscle contraction in the body.

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Which is true for both photosynthises and cellular respiration

Answers

Both require organelles in their process.

__describes non-seasonal changed in the structure or composition of an ecological community over time

Ecological succession
Community ecology
Ecosystem dynamics

Answers

Answer:

Ecological succession

Explanation:

In ecology, ecological succession is described as a series of change in the structure or composition of an ecological community over a period of time. There are two types of ecological succession namely: primary succession and secondary succession.

Primary succession occurs on a barren land with no prior growth while secondary succession occurs in an area that has been colonized before but disturbed by an environmental hazard.

During metamorphism, the process that changes the crystal structure of a mineral without changing its chemical composition is called

Answers

Answer:

phase change, plastic deformation, recrystallization, pressure solution

Explanation:

identifying earths four spheres
match each of earths spheres

Answers

Answer:

cryosphere → glaciers, ice caps, ice bergs

atmosphere → air surrounding earth

biosphere → all of Earth's living things

geosphere → Earth's interior, rocks, minerals, and landforms

hydrosphere → oceans, lakes, rivers, streams, and groundwater

Explanation:

The above are properly matched.

Cryosphere is known as part of the earth were water is in solid form. This has to do with glaciers, ice, ice bergs, etc.

Atmosphere has to do with the part of the earth that is gaseous. This has to do with the air found on earth.

Biosphere is the living part of the earth. All things are found in the biosphere.

Geosphere is known to be earth itself which is made up of the landforms, rocks, minerals, earth's interior, etc.

Hydrosphere has to do with the liquid part of the earth. It has to do with the water bodies.

The video compares the key similarities and differences between mitosis and meiosis. Determine which events occur in mitosis, meiosis, or in both mitosis and meiosis. Write each event to the appropriate category. a. Chromosomes duplicate during interphase b. The first division separates homologous pairs; the second division separates sister chromatids c. A single division occurs, separating sister chromatids Homologous chromosomes pair up and form chiasmata d. Daughter cells contain recombinant chromosomes e. Process starts with a diploid cell Homologous pairs of chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate f. End result is four haploid cells that are genetically different from each other and the parent cell g. Duplicated chromosomes line up Individually on the metaphase plate in a diploid cel h. End result is two diploid cells that are genetically identical to each other and the parent cell Mitosis Melosis Both mitosis and meiosis

Answers

Answer:

Mitosis:

A single division occurs, separating sister chromatids

End result is two diploid cells that are genetically identical to each other and the parent cell

Meiosis:

The first division separates homologous pairs; the second division separates sister chromatids

Homologous chromosomes pair up and form chiasmata

Homologous pairs of chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate

Daughter cells contain recombinant chromosomes

End result is four haploid cells that are genetically different from each other and the parent cell  

Mitosis and Meiosis:

Chromosomes duplicate during interphase

Process starts with a diploid cell

Duplicated chromosomes line up Individually on the metaphase plate in a diploid cell

Explanation:

Mitosis is the division of vegetative cells while meiosis involves the division of sex cells. Both divisions start with diploid parental cells but while the daughter cells in mitosis are also diploid, those of meiosis are haploid. This is why mitosis is referred to as equational division while meiosis is known as reductional division.

A cell that will undergo mitosis or meiosis would first have its genetic materials duplicated during interphase in addition to the synthesis of other important biochemicals such as proteins. Mitosis involves just a single division of the sister chromatids with two genetically identical daughter cells who are also clones of the parent cells resulting.  

Meiosis, on the other hand, involves two divisions - the first one happens to separate homologous chromosome pairs while the second division separates sister chromatids just like in mitosis.  During the early stage of meiosis, homologous chromosomes synapsed through the formation of a synaptonemal complex to form tetrads. Thereafter, synapsed chromosomes exchange chromosomal segments at a point known as chiasmata. All these happen at the prophase stage of meiosis I. The paired homologous chromosomes are then lined up at metaphase where they are engaged by the spindle fibers.

Meiosis II and mitosis are more or less the same with the chromosomes condensing at the prophase and the formation of metaphase plates at the metaphase. Sister chromatids are pulled apart and they migrate to the opposite poles at the anaphase and telophase.

Dia prepared potato chips that tasted yummy. She washed the potatoes after she cut them in small pieces and then fried them in excess oil with lots of spices to make it crunchy and tasty. Was her method of cooking correct? Justify your answer.

Answers

Answer:

it is her wish to cook however she wants

give women freedom

we deserve it

Which is a component of the biosphere?
bacteria
argon
mountains
D.
permafrost
Reset
Next

Answers

Answer:

bacteria

Explanation:

7. What is transformation and describe how it has been done in a famous
experiment.

Answers

The shift in molecular biology is the genetic change of the cell resulting from the direct absorption and integration of the dna material rebusied external oxygen from its surroundings and its intake through the cell membrane. Transformation occurs naturally in some types of bacteria, but artificial means can also be affected in other cells

Hope it helps

give two adaptations that help leopard seals to feed?​

Answers

Explanation:

the presence of the for smelling preys

the presence of the eye for sighting preys

hey please help ?????​

Answers

Answer: true.

Explanation:

what similes best describes how your mind learns and remember

Answers

Answer:

The mind is like a: filing cabinet.

Explanation:

Select ALL statements that correctly describe a function of the Respiratory System, or describe a process of Respiration.
a. Moves air in and out of the body.
b. Warms and humidifies the air.
c. Regulates the cellular compositon of the blood.
d. Filters the air.
e. Exchanges gases with the blood.
f. Occurs in the Lung.
g. All of the above.

Answers

Answer:

should be G) all of the above

Explanation:

health class and quick double check to a reliable source

The correct option is, (g) All of the above.

What are the 4 main functions of the respiratory system?Enables you to speak and smell.Raises the temperature of the air to that of your body and adds moisture to it to the proper degree of humidity.Provides your body's cells with oxygen.When you exhale, waste gases from your body, including carbon dioxide, are removed.

What describes the function of the respiratory system?We can breathe thanks to our respiratory system and lungs. They expel carbon dioxide and inspire oxygen into our bodies, a process known as inspiration or inhalation (called expiration, or exhalation). The process of breathing involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Which of the following performs the function of respiration?The network of organs in the human respiratory system is in charge of absorbing oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide. The lungs, which perform this gas exchange as we breathe, are its main organs. All of the body's cells are supplied with oxygen-rich blood by the circulatory system and the lungs.

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1. What are the three "common characteristics” of model organisms?

Answers

Answer:

they need food for survival

What is the difference between cellular respiration and gaseous exchange​

Answers

Answer:

Gas exchange is the intake of oxygen and the excretion of carbon dioxide at the lung surface. Oxygen moves into the blood and carbon dioxide moves out of the blood. Cell respiration is the process that releases energy from the food

What are some of the potential consequences of eating large fish like halibut more than a few times per month?

Answers

Answer:

They break down to form uric acid ,which can contribute to gout and the development of kidney stones for some people.

Plants as well as brown, green, and red algae show a basic life cycle which involves the alternation of generations between a(n) egg and a sperm. seed and a cone. spore and pollen. megaspore and a microspore. sporophyte and a gametophyte.

Answers

Answer:

The correct answer is ''sporophyte and a gametophyte''

Explanation:

Plants have a diplohaplon life cycle: a haploid adult plant, called a gametophyte, and a diploid adult plant, called a sporophyte. In green algae, the two generations, sporophyte and gametophyte, are independent and generally the same size. This type of life cycle is found not only in many multicellular green algae, but also in brown algae and red algae. In vascular seedless plants, including ferns, gametophytes, although still independent, are smaller in size than sporophytes. In seed plants, the gametophytic generation is further reduced and is totally dependent on the sporophyte.

A body of fresh water is shown below.

Which point in this body of water is most likely to have no plants growing?
A. Point C
B. Point D
C. Point A
D. Point B

Answers

Answer:

B. Point D

Explanation:

I just took the quiz

In the given image, on point D, it is not possible to have any plant. The correct option is B.

What are the requirements of plants to grow?

To grow plants require enough sunlight, carbon dioxide and water. By using all these, plant perform photosynthesis by which it can survive.

As point D in the given image has no light sources, as sunlight cannot penetrate deep into the water, it is impossible to have growing plants here.

Thus, the correct option is B.

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1m/s2 acceleration on body of mass of 1 kg is producd called...?​

Answers

1 m/s^2 acceleration on body of mass of 1 kg is simply called 1 neuton

Which of the following regarding blood vessels is not true?

Group of answer choices

arteries have valves to jprevent backflow

Arteries have thick, elastic walls to accommodate the high pressure of blood pumped from the heart

In the thinner-walled veins, blood flows back to the heart mainly as a result of muscle action

Arteries and veins have an endothelium, smooth muscle, and connective tissue

Answers

Answer:

2

Explanation:

aritieries have thick,elastic walls to accommodate the high pressure of blood pumped from the heart

In working with Drosphilia it is common to use a balancer stock to maintain mutations of interest. The balancer chromosomes are generally carrying multiple inversions on them. What effect would the inversions have on meiosis

Answers

Answer:

Fusion or pairing does not occur.

Explanation:

Inversions mutation leads to lowered fertility due to production of unbalanced gametes in the meiosis cell division. Chromosome inversions have no effect on mitosis, but they has affect meiosis because inversions changes the gametes which is only present in meiosis. If an inversion present is in the heterozygous condition, pairing of chromosomes cannot occur in a simple linear fashion due to change of sizes. But if the inverted chromosome segment has the proper size so it can paired with each other.

Chemical digestion involves condensation reactions.
O True
O False

Answers

False

Although I am answering based on my recollection, I am sorry if I am wrong.

14. If you punish a dog for some behavior, then immediately reward the dog when
the behavior stops, you're
A. establishing the punishment as a secondary reinforcer.
O B. getting rid of the behavior effectively.
O C. not having any effect.
D. taking the long way around.

Answers

Answer:A

Explanation:

Question 6 of 10
An independent variable is a factor in an experiment that:
A. is manipulated by the scientist.
B. is deliberately kept the same.
C. responds to the test variable.
D. fails to affect the observations.

Answers

Answer:is A.is manipulated by the scientist.

Explanation:

Umm.. Hi there! Can someone please help me out with this? (only for those who know the answer)

Bcoz I really need this rn :(


DUEEEE AFTERRR LUNCHH! :(:(:(:(


If your answer is NONSENSE it will be deleted as soon as possible!

But if your answer is CORRECT, HELPFUL, HAS AN EXPLANATION, I'll chose your answer as the BRAINLIEST ANSWER!​

Answers

Answer:

The name of the element is Potassium.

it's got 19 electrons in total and 1 valence electron.

electrons are arranged in the respective orbitals as (2, 8, 8, 1). from lowest to highest ~ {s, p, d, f}

no. of electrons in s orbital = 2 no. of electrons in p orbital = 8no. of electrons in d orbital = 8no. of electrons in f orbital = 1

symbol of the element is K.

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