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Explanation:
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Congress passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act to ensure that investors invest only in companies that will be profitable. select an option False 2. The standards of conduct by which actions are judged as loyal or disloyal are ethics. select an option True 3. The primary accounting standard-setting body in the United States is the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). select an option True 4. The historical cost principle dictates that companies record assets at their cost and continue to report them at their cost over the time the assets are held. select an option True 5. The monetary unit assumption requires that companies record only transactions that can be measured in money.
Answer:
1. False
2. False
3. False
4. True
5. True
Explanation:
1. False: Congress passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act to ensure that investors invest only in companies that will be profitable.
Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 is a legal framework which was passed by the 107th U.S Congress on the 30th of July, 2002. The law required that investment banking be completely made rid of research analysts who works at a broker-dealer firms, so that the analysts are not influenced to write favorable reports to enhance their potential investment banking businesses.
Hence, it is a federal law that imposes a stiffer penalty for any securities related law break offence by the accountants, auditors etc by mandating strict reforms to the existing securities regulations.
2. False: The standards of conduct by which actions are judged as loyal or disloyal are ethics.
Ethics can be defined as a standard of conduct that judges a person's action as either right or wrong.
Hence, it's a set of both written and unwritten principles, values or rules of moral conduct that guides (governs) human behaviors. Ethics is a reflection that is typically based on identifying what is good or bad, right or wrong and just or unjust with respect to human behaviors.
3. False: The primary accounting standard-setting body in the United States is the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
In the United States of America, the financial accounting standards board (FASB) is the primary accounting standard-setting body.
The financial accounting standards board (FASB) is a private, non-profit organization saddled with the responsibility of establishing and maintaining financial accounting and reporting standards for general guidance of individuals or capital providers such as investors, issuers and auditors.
4. True: The historical cost principle dictates that companies record assets at their cost and continue to report them at their cost over the time the assets are held.
5. True: The monetary unit assumption requires that companies record only transactions that can be measured in money.
Suppose that Sandy owns a farm in North Carolina and Pat owns a farm in lowa, and Sandy's farm is generally more productive than Pan's. If both Sandy and Pat sell their com in the same market Sandy should produce the output at the marginal cost that is
A. equal to the marginal cost of Pars production
B. greater than the marginal cost of Pat's production
C. less than the marginal cost of Pat's production
D. equal to total revenue in the market
Answer:
A. equal to the marginal cost of Pars production
Explanation:
In the case when both sandy and pat sold their come in the similar market so here sandy should generated the result at the marginal cost that should be equivalent to the pat marginal cost of production
So as per the given situation, the option a is correct
And, the rest of the solutions are considered to be wrong
identify five business functions that are applicable to the scenario above.Motivate your answer by quoting from the scenario
Answer:
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Sam and Alice are married and together they own a house that has a market value of $250,000. The loan balance on the house is $175,000. Sam also owns a care valued at $15,000 and has no debt on it. Alice owns a SUV valued at $20,000 and it has a loan balance of $12,000. Sam has a IRA retirement account for $2,000 and Alice has jewelry worth $5,000. Finally, they have a joint bank account with a balance of $7,500. What is the net worth of Sam and Alice
Answer:
The net worth of her is $486,500
Explanation:
I added all values listed.
Net worth of Sam and Alice 's net worth is $ 112,500.
What is net worth ?Wealth is measured by net worth. A person's or a company's net worth is the total of all of their assets, less any liabilities or commitments. A person or institution's net worth is determined by deducting the value of all of its outstanding liabilities from the total value of all of its financial and non-financial assets.
Net worth can alternatively be succinctly represented as non-financial assets plus net financial assets because financial assets minus outstanding obligations equal net financial assets. It can be used by businesses, people, governments, entire nations, or even certain economic sectors like the financial industry.
Computation of Net worth
Assets and Liabilities of Sam and Alice are as listed below
Assets
House = $250,000
Sam's car = $15,000
Alice's SUV = $20,000
IRA retirement account = $2,000
Alice's Jewellery = $5,000
Joint Bank Account balance = $7,500
Total value of assets = $250,000 + $15,000 + $20,000 + $2,000 + $5,000 + $7,500 = $299,500
Liabilities
House Loan Balance = $175,000
Alice's SUV loan = $12,000
Total value of liabilities = $175,000 + $12,000 = $187,000
Net Worth = Assets - Liabilities = $299,500 - $187,000 = $112,500
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n a bicycle race with a $5,000 prize for the winner, a cyclist was leading by a significant margin. A spectator at the race was married to the second place rider. Sensing that her husband would not win unless she took action, the spectator drove to a point two miles ahead on the course, scattered several nails in the middle of the course, and then left the area. Soon thereafter, the cyclist approached the area and noticed the nails. He attempted to swerve around the obstruction but a nail punctured his tire. He fell off his bike, suffered significant physical injuries, and was unable to complete the race. If the cyclist sues the spectator, under what theory is the cyclist least likely to recover maximum punitive damages
Answer: intentional infliction of emotional distress.
Explanation:
In order for an individual to be able to make a claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress, it is required that the plaintiff must prove that the defendant intentionally acted recklessly or caused emotional distress to the person. In this case, there no evidence that an emotional distress was suffered.
Therefore, the theory that the cyclist is least likely to recover maximum punitive damages is intentional infliction of emotional distress.
Do you think it would be ethical for a CPA to have someone else do for them what they are prohibited from doing by the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct?
Answer:
The description of the given question is described in the below section.
Explanation:
CPA is responsible for raising its opinion against another unethical conduct. An individual can't bear his/her responsibilities by enabling staff to act unethically besides stating that it is not a contribution to knowledge.Whether this is damaging to certain other persons as well as the organization stakeholder, this same CPA should take appropriate harsh measures against these employees.Second National Bank is considering adding 5 new ATM machines. Each machine costs $25,000 and installation costs are $15,000 per machine. Second National Bank expects the new machines to save $0.33 per transaction on 250,000 transactions per year on the new machines. It also expects the new machines to last for 15 years. If the bank needs to earn 14 percent return on this investment, what is the net present value of this investment?
a. $506,729
b. $306,729
c. $272,269
d. $381,729
e. $424,228
Can you provide a step-by-step process and the functions for a financial calculator
Answer:
The answer is "Option b".
Explanation:
When the typo-It should be the last for 15 years:
[tex]NPV=-5\times (25000+15000)+0.33\times \frac{250000}{14\%} \times (1-\frac{1}{1.14^{15}})[/tex]
After solving the equation we get
[tex]=306728.85878 \\\\=\$ 306729\\\\[/tex]
When it was the last 25 years
[tex]NPV=-5\times(25000+15000)+0.33\times \frac{250000}{14\%}\times(1-\frac{1}{1.14^{25}})=367016.51358[/tex]
Job cost sheets can be used to: (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. provide a permanent record for the Cost of Goods Sold account. monitor costs incurred to date and to predict and control costs for each job. provide a subsidiary ledger for the Finished Goods Inventory account. provide a subsidiary ledger for the Raw Materials Inventory account.
Answer: • provide a permanent record for the cost of goods sold account
• monitor costs incurred to date and to predict and control costs for each job.
• provide a subsidiary ledger for the finished goods inventory account.
Explanation:
Job cost sheet refers to the document that is used for the recording of the manufacturing costs and it is used as a subsidiary ledger for the work in process account due to the fact that it contains every details about the job in process.
From the options given, the job cost sheets can be used to:
• provide a permanent record for the cost of goods sold account
• monitor costs incurred to date and to predict and control costs for each job.
• provide a subsidiary ledger for the finished goods inventory account.
Select all that apply Job cost sheets can be used to: (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. provide a subsidiary ledger for the Raw Materials Inventory account. provide a subsidiary ledger for the Finished Goods Inventory account. monitor costs incurred to date and to predict and control costs for each job. provide a permanent record for the Cost of Goods Sold account.
Answer:
provide a subsidiary ledger for the finished goods inventory account
monitor costs incurred to date and to predict and control costs for each job
provide a permanent record for the cost of goods sold account
Explanation:
job cost sheet is a recording of all expenses that should be related to the job segment or an individual job.
Also it give the subsidiary ledger for the finished goods. It checks the cost that should be incurred till date and to predict and control the cost. Moreover, it gives the permanenet record for the cost of goods sold
These 3 above statements should be considered
Your merchant fee is 3%. Your
customers paid you $2,200,000
through credit cards. What fee
must you pay the credit card
company?
$ [?]
Answer:
66,000
Explanation:
2,200,000*.03= 66,000
History of Stock Exchange in India
Answer:
The first organised stock exchange in India was started in 1875 at Bombay and it is stated to be the oldest in Asia. In 1894 the Ahmedabad Stock Exchange was started to facilitate dealings in the shares of textile mills there. The Calcutta stock exchange was started in 1908 to provide a market for shares of plantations and jute mills.
Then the madras stock exchange was started in 1920. At present there are 24 stock exchanges in the country, 21 of them being regional ones with allotted areas. Two others set up in the reform era, viz., the National Stock Exchange (NSE) and Over the Counter Exchange of India (OICEI), have mandate to have nation-wise trading.
They are located at Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Bangalore, Bhubaneswar, Mumbai, Kolkata, Kochi, Coimbatore, Delhi, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Indore, Jaipur’ Kanpur, Ludhiana, Chennai Mangalore, Meerut, Patna, Pune, Rajkot.
The Stock Exchanges are being administered by their governing boards and executive chiefs. Policies relating to their regulation and control are laid down by the Ministry of Finance. Government also Constituted Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) in April 1988 for orderly development and regulation of securities industry and stock exchanges.
A tile manufacturer has supplied the following data: Boxes of tiles produced and sold 520,000 Sales revenue $ 2,132,000 Variable manufacturing expense $ 650,000 Fixed manufacturing expense $ 464,000 Variable selling and administrative expense $ 260,000 Fixed selling and administrative expense $ 312,000 Net operating income $ 446,000 What is the company's unit contribution margin
Answer:
unitary contribution margin= $2.52
Explanation:
First, we need to calculate the total variable cost:
Total variable cost= Variable manufacturing expense + Variable selling and administrative expense
Total variable cost= 560,000 + 260,000
Total variable cost= $820,000
Now, the unitary variable cost and the selling price:
unitary variable cost= 820,000 / 520,000= $1.58
Selling price= 2,132,000 / 520,000= $4.1
Finally, the unitary contribution margin:
unitary contribution margin= selling price - unitary variable cost
unitary contribution margin= 4.1 - 1.58
unitary contribution margin= $2.52
An organization has experienced significant turnover among its creative writers. During exit interviews, the writers have expressed dissatisfaction with rigid starting times, a lack of recognition for their work, and poor communication between managers and employees. How should the organization incorporate the social well-being aspect in its action plan to address the issue?
Answer:
Establish a work/life program that allows flexibility.
Explanation:
In the case when there is the exit interviews so the writer would shows the dissatisfaction also there is less recognition towards the work and the poor communication between the managers and employees
So the organization should incorporate the social well being in a way where it created the work or life program that permits the flexibility
So as per the given situation, the above statement should be the answer
The Texas Department of Education has offices throughout the state covering more than 268,000 square miles. State
documents are stored on a large server in a central location, so that employees can access the data they need
regardless of their physical location. The type of network used by the organization is most likely a
LAN
MAN
WAN
Answer:
Wide area network (WAN)
Explanation:
A local area network (LAN) refers to a group of personal computers (PCs) or terminals that are located within the same general area and connected by a common network cable (communication circuit), so that they can exchange information from one node of the network to another. A local area network (LAN) is typically used in small or limited areas such as a set of rooms, a single building, school, hospital, or a set of well-connected buildings. Some of the network devices or equipments used in a local area network (LAN) includes an access point, personal computers, a switch, a router, printer, etc.
On the other hand, a metropolitan area network (MAN) is formed by an aggregation of multiple local area network (LAN) that are interconnected using backbone provided by an internet service provider (ISP). A metropolitan area network (MAN) spans for about 5 kilometers to 50 kilometers in size.
Basically, a metropolitan area network (MAN) spans across a geographic area such as a city and it's larger than a local area network (LAN) but significantly smaller than a wide area network (WAN).
Wide area network (WAN) can be defined as a telecommunication network that covers a wide range of geographical locations such as countries or regions across the world for the purpose of communication and sharing information and data between different users.
Hence, a network that has locations in different countries is considered a wide area network (WAN).
Generally, wide area network (WAN) makes it possible for various organizations to interconnect with their branch offices, headquarters and other multiple locations across the globe. Wide area network (WAN) usually span over a distance of 50 kilometers.
Hence, the type of network used by the organization is most likely a Wide area network (WAN).
The unemployment rate may underestimate the true extent of unemployment if: Question 26 options: many part-time employees would like to work fulltime, but are unable to get the additional work. employees increase the number of hours they work overtime. there are a large number of people working in the underground economy. people are pretending to look for work so that they can continue receiving unemployment benefits.
Answer:
there are a large number of people working in the underground economy.
Explanation:
The unemployment rate is the rate of people in the labour force that is without a job but they are actively looking for employment
Types of unemployment
structural unemployment is an unemployment that occurs as a result of changes in the economy. These changes can be as a result of changes in technology, polices or competition. Structural unemployment tends to be permanent.
Frictional unemployment: the period of time a person is unemployed from the period he leaves his current job and the time he gets another job. Eg. when a real estate agent who leaves a job in Texas and searches for a similar, higher-paying job in California.
Voluntary unemployment: e.g. worker at a fast-food restaurant who quits work and attends college.
Cyclical unemployment: it occurs as a result of fluctuations in the economy. Unemployment would be high in a downturn and low in a boom
If a large number of people are working underground, they would not be counted as part of the labour force and so the labour force would be smaller. This understates unemployment rate
Which of the following is a correct statement regarding the standard unmodified opinion audit report? Group of answer choices The auditor's responsibility paragraph includes a statement that the auditors are responsible for selecting the appropriate accounting principles. The format of the audit report for public and nonpublic entities are identical. The audit report includes the name of the lead partner on the audit. The auditor's responsibilities paragraph includes a statement that the auditor considers internal controls when designing the audit procedures performed.
Answer:
The auditor's responsibilities paragraph includes a statement that the auditor considers internal controls when designing the audit procedures performed.
Explanation:
Standard-Unmodified Opinion Audit Report
This form of Standard is simply known as the uniform wording ofte used in audit reports while Unmodified opinion simply means that the auditor's opinion about the financial statements contains no material exceptions or qualifications. Standard Unmodified Opinion Audit Report is virtually needed by private Company.
Auditor's Responsibility
The responsibility of an auditor is to express an opinion on financial statements based on audits made. Audits conducted in accordance with auditing standards is generally accepted in the United States of America. Those standards require that auditor plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement.
The conditions for Standard Unmodified Opinion Audit Report includes;
1. All financial statements inclusive
2. Sufficient appropriate evidence accumulated
3. Financial statements are presented fairly in accordance with GAAP or other framework etc.
It is well-known that retaining an existing customer is far less expensive than acquiring a new one, so you suggest that the owners begin by calculating share of customer to identify opportunities to sell more products to existing customers. Before you can calculate Camp Plus's share of customer, you need to determine what type of data you need to gather. What data sources will you need to utilize to calculate share of customer
Answer:
internal and external data
Explanation:
Big Data analysis can be regarded as one that contains massive amounts of data as well as complex analysis.
Internal data can be regarded as information that is been generated from within the business these could contains some areas like operations as well as maintenanc and personnel.
External data on other hands are attributed to the market, as well as from customers and from the firms competitors, it could be gotten from survey. All for increasing profitability.
Did the demand curve shift during the coronavirus?
Answer:
Yes, it is correct to say that the demand curve shifted during the coronavirus, as the pandemic was an unexpected event that caused a planned economic recession, with the main objective of reducing production levels and demand in order to contain the pandemic.
One of the examples was the legislation that forced the closing of stores and restaurants in order to reduce the circulation and agglomeration of people in order to reduce the contagion by the virus, which caused a drop in demand and jobs.
Lily would like to gather more information about investing in stock. What resources can she use to find out more information
Answer:
The correct answer is C
Explanation:
C or the third answer gives the most comprehensive answer.
A full-service stock broker can give profesional, tailor-made advise, but this person could also have less depth than a book, which would be the most comprehesive information source.
Financial articles and financial advisers can also serve this purpose, by providing brief information in more specific topics.
Why is the market demand curve for public goods calculated as a vertical summation of individual demand curves?
A. because public goods require vertical summation to account for the higher level of fairness compared to private goods.
B. because public goods are finite in availability of consumption, so the vertical summation accounts for the limit.
C. because the public good is non-rival, so you and others can consume every unit of the good at the same time.
D. because public goods are the opposite of private goods, therefore the summing must be done similar to club goods.
Answer:
c
Explanation:
A public good is a good that is non excludable and non rivalrous. Everyone has assess to the statue and because one person is enjoying the view of the statue does not means another person cannot enjoy the view of the statue. The demand curve for public goods is summed vertically because all individuals can consume every unit of the good at the same time.
A private good is a good that is excludable and rivalrous. They are usually exchanged in the market by private sector businesses. It is only you who purchased the ferrari and those you allow that can use the ferarri.
What do safeguarding devices do to protect the worker?
Select the 3 answer options that apply.
Detects operator contact with the machine's point of operation
Prevents operator contact with the machine's point of operation
Answer:
Answer: Prevent contact:
Explanation:
]The safeguard must prevent hands, arms, and any other part of a worker's body from making contact with dangerous moving parts. A good safeguarding system eliminates the possibility of the operator or another worker placing parts of their bodies near hazardous moving parts.
Safeguarding devices prevent or detect operator contact with the point of operation to protect the worker. The correct option is b.
What is a safeguarding device?Safeguarding devices are protective measures consisting of the use of specific technical means, to protect workers from hazards that cannot be reasonably removed or sufficiently limited by design. These devices encompass a variety of equipment that prevents or limits access to the hazards. These can include everything from controls that require the worker to use both hands, gates that block access to moving parts, and sensing devices that identify when the worker is too close to the hazard.
Employers are responsible for safeguarding machines. Any machine part, function or process with the potential for causing an injury must be safeguarded using control methods that prevent employee contact with hazardous areas through effective machine guarding techniques. Almost all new machinery is available with safeguards installed by the manufacturer.
However, used or older equipment may require either purchasing additional safeguards or building and installing them in-house.
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Thomas and stephani are married with four qualifying children. Their earned income is 28500. Calculate the eic using the eic formula
Answer:
$6,557.
Explanation:
Following the eic formula, The eic of Thomas and Stephani filling as jointly married with over 3 children and an income < $55952 is = $6,557.
using the eic formula
= $6557
A CPA sole practitioner purchased stock in a client corporation and placed it in a trust as an educational fund for the CPA's minor child. The trust securities were not material to the CPA but were material to the child's personal net worth. Would the independence of the CPA be considered to be impaired with respect to the client? Group of answer choices No, because the CPA does not have a material indirect financial interest in the client. Yes, because the stock is a direct financial interest. No, because the CPA does not have a direct financial interest in the client. Yes, because the stock is an indirect financial interest that is material to the CPA's child.
Answer:
Yes, because the stock is a direct financial interest.
Explanation:
The principals of the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct contains the responsibilities which are to exercise sensitive professional and moral judgment, in terms of the Public Interest to always honor the public trust and perform responsibilities with the highest sense of integrity.
The 3 Parts of the AICPA code of conduct. This includes:
(1) Members in public practice
(2) Members in business
(3) Other members
In accounting, code of conduct is important as it makes individuals to accept a high degree of responsibility toward the public.
Thd independence of a covered member is impaired when:
A. The covered member has a direct financial interest in a client
B. The covered member has a material indirect financial interest in the client
Direct Financial Interest
This is simply known as the ownership interests that is directly held in a client. An example is stock ownership, even if owned in a blind trust etc.
Diving Fiasco. Mike, who owns a dive shop in the United States, decides to take a group of his customers diving in U.S. waters. Mike is aware that sharks occasionally visit the area where the divers will be visiting. He is also aware that, while stingrays are usually tame, they can become aggressive when fed. Mike does not reveal that information to the group of divers going with him. The divers go down into the water, and some have squid with which to feed the stingrays. During the dive, one of the stingrays becomes agitated and latches onto diver Susie's arm. Susie is so disconcerted that she drops her regulator (her breathing device) from her mouth and is in considerable difficulty. Another diver, Billy, encounters a shark, which snaps at him. While the shark does not actually bite Billy, the attack results in damage to his diving equipment. Mike, who is in charge of the dive, does nothing to help and leaves the other divers to return to the boat because the dive turned out to be more trouble than expected. Wendy, another diver on the trip, also returns to the boat without doing anything to help the divers in distress. Sam, on the other hand, goes to rescue the divers who are in distress. He manages to do so but in the process he pulls his back and requires medical care. All divers are very unhappy with Mike. Which of the following is true regarding whether Wendy and Sam had a duty to come to the assistance of the divers in peril?
A. Neither Wendy nor Sam had a duty to aid the divers in peril.
B. Wendy and Sam had a duty to aid the divers in peril, but only if Mike refused to do so.
C. Wendy and Sam did not have a duty to aid the divers in peril, unless they were the first to observe the problem. Wendy and Sam had a duty to aid the divers in peril, but only if they were acquainted with them before the dive.
D. Wendy and Sam had no duty to help strangers. Wendy and Sam had a duty to aid the divers in peril if personal safety was involved, but not O if the only issue was damage to property
Answer: A. Neither Wendy nor Sam had a duty to aid the divers in peril.
Explanation:
Sam and Wendy were simply customers of Mike in this scenario and so could not be reasonable expected to take over his duties to oversee the dive which he initiated and was aware of the risks of.
They therefore did not have a duty to aid the other divers especially given the fact that they did not know the risks involved in diving in that particular area. The only person who had an actual duty to rescue the divers is the company or person that took the people on the dive which in this case was Mike.
Higher uncertainty of losses forces property-casualty firms to _________. A. invest in more short-term assets than life insurance firms. B. invest in more long-term assets than life insurance firms. C. hold a lower percentage of capital and reserves than life insurance firms. D. invest in riskier equity securities than life insurance firms. E. conduct more separate accounts business than life insurance firms.
Charlotte knows that John's support will be essential in having her proposal accepted by senior management, so she meets with him informally. "I'd like to get your thoughts on the best approach on getting the staff trained on the new software," she says. "What are your thoughts on the next steps I need to take to get management's approval?" Which influence tactic is Charlotte using?
Answer:
consultation
Explanation:
From the question we are informed about Charlotte knows that John's support will be essential in having her proposal accepted by senior management, so she meets with him informally. "I'd like to get your thoughts on the best approach on getting the staff trained on the new software," she says. "What are your thoughts on the next steps I need to take to get management's approval?" In this case, influence tactic is Charlotte using consultation.
Consultation can be regarded as an influence agent's that seeks help from others by directly influencing another person or group. This tactic focuses on ways to gett others so they can participate in a particular planning process as well as making decisions. This tactic also encourage changes. In this tactic the person that is needed to make participation is first put in good mood before the making of a request, this could be through been friendly or being helpful to him or her.
Do you think the directors of tgh word right to target a niche market or should they just sell sports shoes to a market? Justify your answer
Cat Chaser. Annette, who is angry because her neighbor, William, allows his dog to chase her cat, decides that she wants to get even. She moves a number of farm animals into her backyard and begins playing music at all hours of the night. She also steals a nice lawn chair off William's deck. She Antends to keep the chalt. Annette further took a rake off William's deck that she plans to return after she finishes raking her leaves. William did not give her permission to take the rake. Willam is unhappy about the whole situation and wants to sue. What claim would William have against Annette for taking the lawn chair?
A. Negligence
B. Conversion
C. Harassment
D. Trespass to personal property
E. Private nuisance
D. trespass to personal property
A paper manufacturer is forced to make staff cutbacks because of declining profits. It decides to cut back each employee's hours and pay by one-half day per week rather than laying off two people. Senior managers believe that by allowing all their employees to keep their jobs, they are producing the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Which rule for ethical decision making does this example show
Answer:
Utilitarian
Explanation:
Utilitarianism is a morality theory that advocated the actions in order to foster the happiness and the actions that result harm or unhappiness could be opposed. It is an action that could be right so this would create a happiness for the larger no of people as a group or society as a whole
So as per the given situation, it is a utilitarian theory
How does microfinance benefit an economy?
Answer:
it enables people to use money wisely
Explanation:
this is because a specific amount of money will be provided for a specific reason
