The mRNA looks shrunk in front of the length of the DNA that codes for it because post-transcriptional modification eradicates the introns.
As a result, the DNA template releases the RNA molecules created by transcription as single strands. The fact that RNA molecules are significantly shorter than DNA molecules is due to the fact that only a small portion of the DNA is duplicated while making RNA.
A human chromosome's DNA molecule can be up to 250 million nucleotide pairs long; in comparison, the majority of RNA molecules are only a few thousand nucleotides long, and many are even less. The RNA strand loses its hydrogen connection with the DNA template strand, in contrast to a freshly created DNA strand.
The DNA helix reforms and the RNA chain is moved slightly behind the area where the ribonucleotides are being inserted.
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Match each biome with the organism(s) responsible for its primary productivity. Not all choices will be used.
Small plants--Desert
Phytoplankton--Open ocean
Trees--Rainforest
In biome, Small plants- Open ocean, Phytoplankton- Rainforest and Trees- Desert.
What are the features of biomes?A biome is a biogeographical unit consisting of a biological community that has formed in response to the physical environment in which they are found and a shared regional climate.
Moreover, a biome is an area classified according to the species that live in that location. Temperature range, soil type, and the amount of light and water are unique to a particular place and form the niches.
There are eight major terrestrial biomes: tropical rainforests, savannas, subtropical deserts, chaparral, temperate grasslands, temperate forests, boreal forests, and Arctic tundra.
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which statement best describes the event shown in the diagram? * 4 points captionless image glucose is being synthesized in the chloroplast using nitrogen from plants. amino acid monomers are joining together to form a protein macromolecule. a polymer in the nucleus is being broken into its individual monomer subunits. lipid molecules are forming fatty acid chains in a dehydration synthesis reaction.
The correct statement is Amino acid monomers are joining together to form a protein macromolecule.
What are amino acids?Amino acids are described as molecules that combine to form proteins. Amino acids and proteins are the building blocks of life.
Protein macromolecules are made up of single units known as monomers that are joined by covalent bonds to form larger polymers.
There are four major biological macromolecules classes and they include:
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.The large molecules required for life are built from smaller organic molecules and are called biological macromolecules.
The importance of amino acids can not be neglected as it
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Label the morphological characteristics of the tapeworm. Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. Reset Help Cuticle Testes Uterus Mature proglottid Strobila Scolex Ovary Gravid proglottid
The characteristics of the tapeworm is attached in the image below.
What is a tapeworm?The tapeworm is a type of parasite that causes parasitic diseases called taeniasis. In this disease, the tapeworms will lodge in the digestive system of the host, especially in the intestine, and will begin to affect the tissues and organs of the host as it grows and reproduces within it.
It will be transmitted when the host has contact with contaminated fecal matter found on the ground. Also in undercooked meat or food that was contaminated, but this mainly happens to children.
Within the anatomy of the tapeworm, it will have different parts such as cuticle, uterus, testes, strobila, scolex, among other parts. The proglodite is the one that will separate from the tapeworm and will come out through the host's feces to contaminate whoever it comes into contact with.
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One result of Costa Rica's commitment to conservation is that
A) destructive practices such as massive logging and large scale single-crop agriculture
have been nearly eliminated.
B) both protected park areas and the buffer zones around them have suffered only
negligible deforestation.
C) ecotourism generates many jobs and brings in a significant fraction of the country's
revenue.
D) about 95% of the country's land is protected in some way.
One result of Costa Rica's commitment to conservation is that ecotourism generates many jobs and brings in a significant fraction of the country's revenue.
Many tourists visit the country's comprehensive national parks and conservation areas because of ecotourism. Costa Rica was a pioneer in this type of tourism and is regarded as one of the few countries with true ecotourism.
Costa Rica's ecotourism is world-renowned for excellent purpose. There are numerous exciting outdoor activities to select from. Hiking trails run through the national parks, enabling people to hike through a variety of ecosystems in a single day.
Ecotourism has also caused a rapid development of the labor market, both nationally and locally. Residents earn nearly twice as much in the tourism sector as they do in other industries. Donations from visitors have benefited local communities and schools.
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central nervous system
the brain and spinal cord collectively
neuroglia
specialized supporting cells in the CNS
synapse
junction or point of close contact between neurons
tract
a bundle of nerve processes inside the CNS
association neurons
neuron serving as part of the conduction pathways between the sensory and motor neurons
peripheral nervous system
ganglia and spinal and cranial nerves
ganglion
collection of nerve cell bodies found outside the CNS
efferent neuron
neuron that conducts impulses away from the CNS to muscles and glands
afferent neuron
neuron that conducts impulses toward the CNS from the body periphery
neurotransmitters
chemicals released by neurons that stimulate or inhibit other neurons or effectors
axon hillock
region of the cell body from which the axon originates
axon terminal
secretes neurotransmitters
dendrite
receptive region of a neuron
myelin sheath
insulates the nerve fibers
neuronal cell body
site of the nucleus and is the most important metabolic area
neurofibril
may be involved in the transport of substances within the neuron
Nissl bodies
essentially rough endoplasmic reticulum, important metabolically
endonerium
each fiber is surrounded by a delicate connective tissue sheath which insulates it from the other neuron processes adjacent to it; additional sheath that surrounds the myelin sheath
perinerium
groups of fibers bound by a coarse connective tissue to form bundles of fibers called fascicles
epinerium
all the fascicles bound together by a white, fibrous connective tissue sheath forming the cordlike nerve
St
The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system (CNS). It is one of the nervous system's two components. The peripheral nervous system, which consists of nerves linking the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body, is the other component. The body's processing centre is the central nervous system.
Astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes are examples of neuroglia in the CNS. Schwann cells and satellite cells are neuroglia in the PNS. Schwann cells are neuroglia that are comparable to oligodendrocytes in the peripheral nervous system. There are two primary sections of the nervous system: The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system. All of the body's components are connected by nerves that emerge from the spinal cord and make up the peripheral nervous system. any of the cells that stabilise nerve cells and support their proper function. Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells are examples of several kinds of neuroglia. also known as a glial cell.
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[WIll give BRAINLIEST] What is one massive problem in the Savannah biome? What are 10 solutions to fix this problem?
The Savanna biome is primarily composed of flat grassland plants and is a part of a wider grassland biome. There is one massive problem in this biome.
What is a massive problem in the Savannah biome and what are its solutions?Savannas are under threat all over the world because to human activity such as logging, construction, agricultural conversion, animal overgrazing, and introduction of non-native plant species. For instance, overgrazing by goats and cattle has mostly eliminated the vegetation that holds the soil in place in the drier regions of the African savanna. Desert-like conditions have resulted from this. Logging has had an impact on the majority of the longleaf pine savannas in the southeast of the United States. Some solutions to fix this problem are-
Respect and protect the grasslands in your area (many people think grassland habitats are not as important as forests or wetlands).Acquire knowledge on savannas and pass it on to others.Support organisations dedicated to conservation that save savannas and the creatures and plants that depend on them.Join a savanna restoration effort as a volunteer.Governments and environmental organisations fight against wildlife trafficking and poaching.The actions of humans, such as putting out wildfires and starting them in this ecosystem, which can kill numerous plants and animals if they get out of control, need to stop.Know more about Savanna biome at:
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Which of the following categories of organisms which are required for the cycling of matter in an ecosystem is missing from the table
The categories of organisms which are required for the cycling of matter in an ecosystem is missing is decomposer.
What is a decomposer?Decomposers are lifeform that disintegrate rotting or dead species; they carry out decomposition, a process only some kingdoms, like fungi, are capable of.
Each contributes to the food recycling process in a different way. To transform dead plants or animals into simple substances, fungi release compounds.
Some of these elements are absorbed by them for growth, while others go into the soil. As they ingest dirt, earthworms break down decaying plant and animal debris.
Decomposer is one of the kinds of creatures that is necessary for the cycling of matter in an ecosystem but is absent.
Thus, the missing organisms are decomposers.
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Your question seems incomplete, the missing table is:
2
A student takes two herbicide-resistant weeds and determines that the allele for herbicide resistance is dominant (H). The genotype of each plant is HH and Hh
respectively. In a cross between these two weeds, what percentage of the offspring would be resistant to herbicide?
A) 50%
B) 100%
0%
25%
Answer:
(B)
Explanation:
What is the main benefit of an upwelling in the ocean?
OA.
OB.
O C.
OD.
It creates strong tides in coastal regions.
It increases the salinity of the water in an area.
It brings new nutrients into an underwater region.
It wipes out an ecosystem, allowing for secondary succession.
Answer: C.
Explanation:
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FILL IN THE BLANK Back in the fossil field, you have discovered many fossils that are similar to Neko borgus. You notice, however, that the more recent Neko fossils tend to be larger than those that are more ancient. The most plausible conclusion is that __________.
You have found a lot of fossils that are comparable to Neko borgus back in the fossil field. You observe, however, that more modern Neko fossils seem to be bigger than the ones that are more old. Neko having gone through directional selection is the most logical consequence.
The biological species idea states that organisms may only interbreed and generate viable, fruitful offspring within their own species. Does the Earth's fossil layering serve to assist evolution. Yes, because fossils are deposited in a chronological order, we can track changes in species across time. You have found a lot of fossils that are comparable to Neko borgus back in the fossil field. You observe, however, that more modern Neko fossils seem to be bigger than the ones that are more old. Neko having gone through directional selection is the most logical consequence.The similarity between ancient and modern animals can be demonstrated via fossils. demonstrating the creatures' long-term evolution. Individuals are considered to be members of the same species under the biological organisms concept if they can intermarry in the wild and result in live, fruitful offspring. Prezygotic & postzygotic barriers prevent the reproduction of individuals of different species.
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which of the following mechanisms prevent gene flow after fertilization has taken place? select all that apply.
which of the following mechanisms prevent gene flow after fertilization has taken place Genetic drift
Genetic drift is the arbitrary change in the population's frequency of a gene variant that already exists. Gene variations may totally vanish due to genetic drift, which would limit genetic diversity. Additionally, it can make previously uncommon alleles far more common and even fixed.Genetic drift is the chance or random event that causes the frequency of one allele to change over time in relation to the other alleles in a population. The so-called bottleneck effect is one instance in which the impact of genetic drift is amplified. Allelic drift and the Sewall Wright effect are synonyms.
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The first individual of the new species would be very unlikely to find a mate.
According to the biological species concept, organisms belong to the same species if they can interbreed to produce viable, fertile offspring.
Major points. The biological species idea states that organisms may only interbreed and generate viable, fruitful offspring within their own species. Prezygotic and postzygotic barriers exist between species, preventing mating or the generation of viable, fruitful offspring. Hybridization is the mixing or breeding of organisms from two distinct species. Hybrids are the progeny that result from these mixtures. In the natural world, hybrids constitute a significant factor in evolution. When formerly interbreeding species can no longer mate and generate fruitful offspring, this is known as reproductive isolation. When individuals of comparable groups can no longer interbreed to generate fruitful children in their natural habitat, speciation takes place.
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Require immediate assistance, will provide Brainliest to first valid and complete answer
Assuming complete dominance for both genes, 1) Parent 1: SsYy. 2) Parent 2: SsYy. 3) FOIL = First / Outside / Inside / Las ⇒ F: SY. O: Sy. I: sY. L: sy. 4) Parent 1 gametes: SY, Sy, sY, sy. 5) Parent 2 gametes: SY, Sy, sY, sy. 6) Offspring phenotype ratio ⇒ 9:3:3:1
What is complete dominance?
Complete dominance refers to the inheritance pattern in which a dominant allele completely hides the expression of a recessive allele.
This pattern can only be seen in heterozygous individuals in which both alleles are together in the same genotype. The only phenotype expressed is the dominant one.
In the exposed example,
Shape
S is the dominant allele and codes for sphericals i the recessive allele and codes for dentedColor
Y is the dominant allele and codes for yellowy is the recessive allele and codes for greenCross: Two heterozygous individuals
Parentals) SsYy x SsYy
Gametes) SY, Sy, sY, sy SY, Sy, sY, sy
Punnett square) SY Sy sY sy
SY SSYY SSYy SsYY SsYy
Sy SSYy SSyy SsYy Ssyy
sY SsYY SsYy ssYY ssYy
sy SsYy Ssyy ssYy ssyy
F1)
Genotype: We expect to find the following proportions among the progeny
1/16 SSYY2/16 SSYy1/16 SSyy2/16 SsYY4/16 SsYy2/16 Ssyy1/16 ssYY2/16 ssYy1/16 ssyyPhenotype: We expect to find the following proportions among the progeny
9/16 plants with spherical and yellow seeds S-Y-3/16 plants with spherical and green seeds S-yy3/16 plants with dented and yellow seeds ssY-1/16 plants with dented and green seeds ssyyParent 1 genotype: SsYy
Parent 2 genotype: SsYy
Foil to determine gametes⇒ FOIL = First / Outside / Inside / Last
F ⇒ SYO ⇒ SyI ⇒ sYL ⇒ syParent 1 gametes: SY, Sy, sY, sy
Parent 2 gametes: SY, Sy, sY, sy
Offspring phenotype ratio⇒ 9:3:3:1
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Fibroblasts are the major cellular component in which tissues?
A) Bone
B) Connective
C) Epithelial
D) Muscle
E) Neural
The correct answer is option B) Connective. Fibroblasts are cells that are found in the connective tissue of the body, such as the dermis of the skin, the tendons and ligaments, and the fibrous capsules of organs.
They are responsible for the production and maintenance of collagen, elastin and other structural proteins that give connective tissue its strength and flexibility. Fibroblasts also produce and secrete factors that attract other cells of the immune system, such as macrophages and lymphocytes, to the site of injury or infection. This is the basis of the inflammatory response.
Fibroblasts are also important for wound healing, tissue repair and remodeling, and for the regulation of tissue homeostasis. In addition, they can play a role in the development and maturation of other cell types, such as adipocytes and chondrocytes. Fibroblasts are thus essential for the functioning and maintenance of many organs, tissues and systems of the body.
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name the cellular organelles and explain the function of each. be sure to include the the function of each type of er.
An organelle is a subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell, just like an organ does in the body.
Single Membrane Bound Organelles vacuole,lysosome,golgi apparatus, endoplasmi reticulum are single membrane bound organelles present only in a eukaryotic cell. Double Membrane Organelle: Nucleus, mitochondria,and chloroplasts are double membrane organelles present only in a eukaryotic cell.The thirteen parts of an animal cell are vacuoles, cytoplasm,vesicles centrioles,ribosomes nuclear membrane,cell membrane,cytoskeleton,mitochondria,endoplasmic reticulum,nucleolus, golgi apparatus and nucleus.Nutrition transport,respiration excretion regulation,growth reproduction,synthesis and metabolism are vital functions or characteristics shared by living beings.In complex organisms like humans,tissues grow by simple multiplication of cells.
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based on the information presetned, which of the followng best explains whyy the researcher smeasured ocygen consumption as an indicator of trhe effectivesness of drug x
Oxygen accepts electrons in oxidative phosphorylation, a procedure necessary for melanoma cellular survival.
In oxidative phosphorylation, oxygen ought to be present to acquire electrons from the protein complexes. This allows for extra electrons and high energy molecules to be passed along, and keeps the hydrogen pumping that produces ATP.
as it turns out, the purpose you need oxygen is so your cells can use this molecule at some point of oxidative phosphorylation, the very last stage of cell respiration. Oxidative phosphorylation is made of closely linked components: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.
The primary goal of oxidative phosphorylation is to provide ATP, that is used for cellular capabilities
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In Drosophila, the allele red eyes (bw+) is dominant to the allele for brown eyes (bw). At another gene locus on the same chromosome, the allele for thin wing veins (hv+) is dominant to the allele for heavy wing veins (hv). Flies homozygous for bw and hv+ are crossed to flies homozygous for bw+ and hv to obtain doubly heterozygous F1 progeny. Given that these 2 gene loci are very closely linked, the phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation should be closest to a. 9 brown, thin: 3 brown, heavy: 3 red, thin: 1 red, heavy b. 3 red, thin: 1 brown heavy c. 1 brown, thin: 1 brown, heavy: 1 red, thin: 1 red, heavy d. 1 brown, thin: 2 red, thin: 1 red, heavy
The phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation should be closest to the are d. 1 brown, thin: 2 red, thin: 1 red, heavy.
The alleles for eye shadeation and for frame shadeation are at the X chromosome of Drosophila, however now no longer at the Y.
Red eye shadeation (w+) is dominant to white eye shadeation (w), and tan frame shadeation (y+ ) is dominant to yellow frame shadeation (yDrosophila melanogaster has pink eyes. Scientists had been curious approximately the biosynthesis of the pink eye pigments and feature finished some of investigations on those compounds. Scientific contributions made during the last 50 years have stepped forward our know-how of the pink eye pigments.
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The DNA polymerases are positioned over the following DNA segment (which is part of a
much larger molecule) and moving from right to left. If we assume that an Okazaki fragment is
made from this segment, what will be the fragment's sequence? Label it's 5' and 3' ends.
5' - ...CCTTAAGACTAACTACTTACTGGGATC... - 3'
3' - ...GGAATTCTGATTGATGAATGACCCTAG... - 5'
The bottom strand will serve as a template for the okazaki fragment, so the fragment's sequence will be:
5' - ...CCTTAAGACTAACTACTTACTGGGATC... - 3'
The Okazaki fragment will use the bottom strand as a template, hence its sequence will be: 5' -...CCTTAAGACTAACTACTTACTGGGATC... - 3'
The largest subunit has polymerization activity. DNA polymerases position themselves on the next segment of DNA which is part of a much larger molecule and move from right to left. The active site of the enzyme has two parts. At the insertion site, nucleotides are added. After adding, the newly formed base pair migrates to the post-insertion site. There are five DNA polymerases identified in E.coli. All DNA polymerases differ in structure, functions, rate of polymerization, and processivity. DNA polymerase I remove the RNA primer by 5'→3' exonuclease activity and replace the primer by its lagging strand polymerase activity. Explore more. The replication process is a huge task and is important in maintaining the integrity of the genome.
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WILL MARK BRAINLIEST
The presence of the mineral iridium in Earth's rocks gives evidence to what events in Earth's history?
Question 3 options:
Solar storm activity
Increased volcanic eruptions
Asteroid impacts
Reversed polarity
The presence of the mineral iridium in Earth's rocks gives evidence to asteroid impacts. Option C
What is Iridium?The element that is called iridium is one of the elements that are contained in the earth's crust. Many of the isotopes of iridium have been found to be radioactive. This is why we can be able to talk about iridium as we are looking at the history of the earth.
The mineral iridium is often present in large amounts and has been part of the geological history of the earth. It has taken part in all the earth events that have been taken place over the geological time scale of the earth and this explains why a study of the element is important as we are looking at the geological timescales of the earth in which we live and carry out activities.
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Categorize the following neurotransmitter/neuromodulator as to its ef belong to more than one category fect on the postsynaptic neuron. Some neurotransmitters may GABA Excitatory Inhibitory Glutamate 00-59-47 Dopamine Glycine Norepinephrine Nitric Oxide Acetylcholine Substance P
A neurotransmitter is a signaling molecule secreted by way of a neuron to have an effect on any other cell across a synapse. The mobile receiving the sign, any major body element or goal cellular, can be any other neuron, but could also be a gland or muscle cell.
Excitatory Inhibitatory
Glutamate - Helps in learning and memory. GABA - Reduces the Activity of neurons.
Dopamine - When it binds to D1 receptors Dopamine - When it binds to D2 receptors.
Glycine Glycine
Norepinephrine - Raises heartbeat and alertness.
Nitric Oxide - Increases blood flow to the brain and reduces oxidative stress there.
Acetylcholine - Activates the motor neurons to move and control muscles.
Substance P - Activates the vomiting center in the Medulla, regulates mood disorders and stress in the body.
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Cultivation analysis is based on five assumptions. Which of the following is NOT one of those assumptions? The major cultural function of TV is to destabilize social patterns The measurable contributions of TV to the culture are relatively small TV is different from other mass media TV is the central cultural arm of US society
As it does not fit into the assumptions of cultivation analysis, the major cultural function of television is to destabilize social patterns is the correct answer.
Postulated by George Gerbner in the 1960s, cultivation analysis or cultivation theory discusses the effect of television on the social reality perception of viewers. As per Gerbner, television is not a representation or reflection of the world, but rather a world in and of itself. Individuals who engage more time glued to the television may develop an exaggerated belief in a cruel and frightening world.
The following are the major assumptions of cultivation analysis:
Television is a distinct medium that is profoundly distinguished from other types of mass media.
Television provides a centralized platform of story-telling.The primary cultural function of television is to maintain social patterns and to foster resistance to change.The influence of television extends beyond observable behavioral changes. It gradually alters the viewer's perception of the surrounding environment.As a result, with the exception of the first option, that is The major cultural function of TV is to destabilize social patterns, all of the other options accurately describe the assumptions of cultivation analysis.
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Aquatic ecologist David Strayer of the Institute of Ecosystem Studies and a team of researchers from New York State's Department of Ecological Conservation (DEC) took an in-depth look at populations in the Hudson River, which zebra mussels had invaded in 1991. Using data from before and after the zebra mussel invasion, Strayer and his team observed different trends in plankton and invertebrate populations in the river's open water versus the shallow water in the littoral zone near the shore.
In the open water, zooplankton and invertebrate populations declined by 70% after the zebra mussel invasion.
In the littoral zone, bottom-dwelling invertebrate populations increased after the zebra mussel invasion. This was likely due to the mussel shells providing habitat structure and hiding places for these creatures on the river bottom, and also because the feces of zebra mussels enriched the river bottom with nutrients. Also, the improved water clarity that results from mussel feeding enables more light to reach the bottom. This promotes the growth of underwater plants, which provide food and shelter for littoral invertebrates.
These contrasting trends in the open deep water and the shallows of the littoral zone led Strayer's team to propose hypotheses and predictions about fish populations in the Hudson.
In the open water, zooplankton and invertebrate populations declined by 70% after the zebra mussel invasion. In the littoral zone, bottom-dwelling invertebrate populations increased after the zebra mussel invasion.
This was likely due to the mussel shells providing habitat structure and hiding places for these creatures on the river bottom, and also because the feces of zebra mussels enriched the river bottom with nutrients. Also, the improved water clarity that results that zooplankton from mussel feeding enables more light to reach the bottom. This promotes the growth of underwater plants, which provide food and shelter for littoral invertebrates. These contrasting trends in the open deep water and the shallows of the littoral zone led Strayer's team to propose hypotheses and predictions about fish populations in the Hudson.
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In 3-5 sentences, explain how the environment may be a factor that helps determine adaptations. Use deer as an example.
the environment may be a factor that helps determine adaptations for example If a deer is living in a hot temperature area, it's coat will thin out to keep it cooler in that condition while if a deer is in a cold place, it's coat will thicken to keep it warm.
What is adaptation?Three definitions of adaptability are connected. A natural selection, a dynamic evolutionary process, adapts organisms to their environments, improving their evolutionary fitness is what one knows as adaptation. Second, it is a state that the populace has attained throughout that process.The process by which a species becomes adapted to its environment; it is the outcome of natural selection operating upon heritable variation over a number of generations. An organism can alter to adapt to its immediate surroundings.To know more about adaptation visit
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A mother with brown eyes (BB) has a child with a blue-eyed father (bb). Note: you may use answers more than once or not at all.
What is the probability that their child will have brown eyes?
What is the probability that their child will have blue eyes?
What is the probability that their child will be homozygous dominant?
What is the probability that their child will be homozygous recessive?
What is the probability that their child will be heterozygous?
The probability that their child will have brown eyes 50%. Thus, option A is the correct option.
What is heterozygous?According to the given information, the woman is heterozygous for blue eyes. It means that the blue eye color is a dominant trait over brown eyes since heterozygous carrier genotypes are present for dominant alleles only.
The allele for blue eye color is "B" and the one for brown eye color is "b". Therefore, the genotype of heterozygous woman would be "Bb" and the genotype of the homozygous recessive male would be "bb".
Therefore, A cross between Bb x bb gives following phenotype ratio = 50% brown eye : 50% blue eye. There is 50% probability of their child to have blue eye color.
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The high concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in wildlife and humans living in the Arctic are not associated with which one of the following? Select one a. POPs are not easily broken down into harmless compounds b. POPs tend to bioaccumulate c. POPs have a high potential for long-range transport d. POPs are very soluble in water
The high concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in wildlife and humans living in the Arctic are not associated with d. POPs are very soluble in water.
According to UNEP/GPA 2006a, a group of toxic chemicals known as POPs can persist in the environment for several years before breaking down. POPs are found all over the world, and the repeated evaporation and deposition of chemicals released in one region can deposit them far away from where they came from.
Mines, military installations, smelters, power plants, and a variety of other sources can produce and release POPs. However, the Arctic is only the source of a small number of pollutants. They are transported from farther south over long distances by air, water, and, to a lesser extent, migratory species. In contrast to warmer environments, the unique environmental conditions of the Arctic tend to "trap" pollutants because the cold encourages their persistence. Bioaccumulation is a method by which POPs are also stored and concentrated in the fatty tissues of animals. POPs are by and large profoundly lipophilic in this way not soluble in water. As a result, it is thought that POPs transfer to water at a relatively slow rate.
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treatment for an ntd will depend on whether it is caused by a prokaryote or a eukaryote. in this section, place each organism in the appropriate bin.
Eukaryotes frequently have several cells, but prokaryotes are invariably unicellular. Eukaryotic cells are also between 100 to 10,000 times bigger and more complicated than prokaryotic cells.
The most common infectious cause of blindness in the world is trachoma. Chlamydia trachomatis, an obligatory intracellular bacteria, is the culprit. Direct skin-to-skin contact, such as shaking hands, grappling, or other skin contact, is how MRSA is transmitted. The most common avoidable cause of blindness in the world is trachoma. 85% of those with active illness live in deprived parts of Africa, where trachoma occurrences are most common. Trachoma infection rates among children under 5 might reach 60% or higher in regions where the disease is widespread. Trachoma problems may be avoided with early treatment. Cataract. The most common cause of blindness globally and of vision loss in the United States is cataract, which is a clouding of the eye's lens.
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Unit 4 FRQ: Question #1
Read each question carefully. Write your response in the space provided for each part of each question. Answers must be written out in paragraph form. Outlines, bulleted lists, or diagrams alone are not acceptable and will not be scored.
Growth hormone and insulin are protein hormones that regulate carbohydrate metabolism by hepatocytes (liver cells) through the activation of intracellular signaling pathways. Researchers investigated whether the two hormones trigger the same or different intracellular signaling pathways in hepatocytes. The researchers added either growth hormone or insulin to parallel cultures of hepatocytes. At several time points after the hormone addition, they purified total intracellular protein from the cells and quantified the level of the phosphorylated forms of two proteins involved in two different signaling pathways (Figure 1, A and B).(a) Describe the first interaction that triggers signaling to begin in a target cell.
(b) Identify a dependent variable in the experimental design. Identify a negative control for the effects of hormone addition. Identify a likely reason why the researchers continued their experiment for 240 minutes.
(c) Describe the hormone and signaling protein combination that produced the greatest and most prolonged response. For the phosphorylated STAT5 response that reached 100 percent at 10 minutes in Figure 1A , calculate the rate of decrease (percent decrease per minute) in the detected level of phosphorylated STAT5 from 10 to 30 minutes.
(d) The researchers claim that the similar regulation of carbohydrate metabolism by hepatocytes when the cells are treated with growth hormone or insulin results from the activation of different signaling pathways. Use the data from the researchers’ experiment to support their claim.
a) The STAT receptor dimerizes, resulting in the adhesion of these attributes to response elements in the nucleus.
b) The introduction of the Growth hormone receptor or insulin to the hepatocyte culture is the dependent variable in the experiment. The negative control for the additament of insulin in the hepatocyte cell will be the assessment of the accumulation of the STAT5 protein inside the cell. The experiment lasted 240 minutes in order to investigate and perceive the signaling cascade activation mechanism within the cell.
c) The rate of decrease in phosphorylated STAT5 protein levels from 10 to 30 minutes is equal to 3 minutes.
d) The increase in insulin levels causes the transformation of glucose molecules to glycogen, which is stored within the liver. This is insulin's effect on carbohydrate metabolism. The addition of growth hormone leads to an increase in fat degradation and the generation of triglycerides and fatty acids, while inhibiting the intake and utilization of glucose molecules within human body cells.
The linkage of the growth hormone to the growth factor receptor activates the protein phosphorylation cascade. The JAK2 protein is phosphorylated, which induces activation, and the STAT5 protein is phosphorylated, which is required for adhesion to the glucocorticoid response elements in the promoter region of the gene. The STAT receptor dimerizes, resulting in the adhesion of these factors to response components in the nucleus.
When insulin is introduced to the hepatocyte culture, it binds to the insulin receptors on the cells, activating the various cell signaling mechanisms. This results in tyrosine receptor phosphorylation and activation of the IRS protein phosphorylation signaling mechanism.
The inclusion of the Growth hormone receptor or insulin to the hepatocyte culture is the dependent variable in the experiment. The stimulation of the cell signaling cascade, as well as the degree of contamination of these proteins inside the cell prior to degradation, determine the experiment's half life. The analysis of the levels of the phosphorylated kinase protein B in the growth hormone added hepatocyte cell will be the negative control, and the analysis of the concentration of the STAT5 protein inside the cell will be the negative control for the addition of insulin in the hepatocyte cell. The experiment lasted 240 minutes in order to analyze and perceive the signaling cascade activation mechanism within the cell.
The increase in insulin levels induces the transformation of glucose molecules to glycogen, which is stored in the liver. This is insulin's effect on carbohydrate metabolism. The addition of growth hormone leads to an increase in fat degradation and the production of triglycerides and fatty acids, while inhibiting the intake and utilization of glucose molecules within human body cells. Growth hormone also tends to increase glycogen breakdown to release glucose molecules within the human body. Both insulin and growth hormone action causes the secretion and production of the insulin-like growth factor IGF-I, which leads to an increase in the amino-acid biosynthesis pathway.
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Circulation is vital because it
A. supplies oxygen and nutrients to and removes wastes from tissues.
B. keeps the heart pumping.
C. delivers carbon dioxide to tissues and removes excess oxygen.
D. keeps the blood vessels supple.
E. inflates the lungs.
Answer:
A
Explanation:
The blood cells are supplied with oxygen and waste materials get removed from the cell which is toxic
Ingesting large quantities of bicarbonate prior to aerobic exercise results in all of the following except
A. Greater lactate tolerance
B. Decreased renal functioning
C. Improved endurance
D. Increased pH
B. Decreased renal functioning. Prior to aerobic activity, consuming substantial amounts of bicarbonate has little effect other than on the kidneys' ability to operate.
Through the ERK1/2 pathway, quercetin increases insulin production & protects INS-1 pancreatic β against oxidative damage. The left ventricle of the heart is the area that adjusts the fastest to repeated endurance exercise. Chronic endurance exercise causes the left ventricle's myocardial wall thickness to thicken, its contraction force to rise, and the size of the ventricle's chamber to expand. Prior to aerobic activity, consuming substantial amounts of bicarbonate has little effect other than on the kidneys' ability to operate.The greatest method to translate the advantages of acclimatization into enhanced aerobic performance is to live and exercise at altitude. A recent study found that people with excess abdominal fat had a higher chance of developing heart disease and cancer than people with identical body mass indexes who carry their fat in other parts of the body.
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T/F: Kelps with air bladders are common along the western and northwestern Pacific coasts of the United States
Kelps with air bladders are common along the western and northwestern Pacific coasts of the United States it is a true statement
The primary moisture-bearing and rain-producing air mass throughout the year is the maritime Tropical (mT). It moves toward the pole in the winter and is cooled by the earth's surface. As a result, it has low stratus or stratocumulus clouds, drizzle, and poor visibility.
Due to the high-pressure areas that are prominent there, warm, humid maritime tropical (mT) air develops over tropical and subtropical ocean waters. On the other hand, just south and east of the substantial winter oceanic low-pressure regions, cool, moist maritime polar (mP) air develops over the colder subpolar ocean waters.
Humans have long been concerned with forecasting and predicting future weather conditions as a result of the variability of weather phenomena.
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The correct answer is True with air bladders are common along the western and northwestern Pacific coasts of the United States.
The middle intertidal zone is where the tides ebb and flow twice daily and where a wider range of flora and animals, such as sea stars and anemones, may be found. The intertidal zone is home to a variety of creatures, many of which have evolved to thrive in this continuously shifting environment. Mollusks (clams and mussels) and arthropods (crabs) have shells to prevent drying out and being crushed against the rocks by waves. TRUE: The majority of soft-bodied creatures and marine algae live in the low tide zone. The majority of creatures with shells are located in the spray zone.
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