The virus attaches itself to the host cell by binding to specific receptors on the cell surface. : The virus enters the host cell by either fusing with the cell membrane or being taken up by endocytosis.
What is a membrane ?A membrane is a thin layer or sheet of material that separates and/or surrounds different areas or components of a system. In biology, membranes are critical components of cells and organelles, serving as barriers that control the movement of molecules and ions into and out of these structures.
Biological membranes are typically composed of a lipid bilayer, which consists of two layers of phospholipid molecules arranged tail-to-tail. The hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids face inward, while the hydrophilic heads face outward, forming a hydrophobic barrier that only allows certain molecules to pass through.
In addition to phospholipids, biological membranes may also contain proteins, carbohydrates, and other lipids, such as cholesterol. These components can interact with each other to form a variety of membrane structures with different functions, such as ion channels, receptors, and transporters.
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In mammals, which of the following vessels transports oxygenated blood from the lung back to the heart?
A. pulmonary artery
B. superior vena cava
C. coronary artery
D. pulmonary vein
(d) is the correct option. The pulmonary veins enter the left atrium and re-circulate the oxygenated blood back to the heart. Blood is pumped into the left ventricle from the left atrium.
The aorta, which carries the oxygenated blood to every area of the body, receives blood from the left ventricle. Only one type of vein carries oxygenated blood, which is the pulmonary vein. Oxygenated blood is transported from the lungs by the pulmonary veins. The heart's major artery (aorta), which supplies blood to the entire body, is directly used in coronary circulation. Deoxygenated blood travels from tissue capillaries back to the right atrium of the heart through a network of veins.
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what do microbiologists do? why are their contributions so important to science?
Answer: they try to understand how organisms live, grow and interact with their environments
) the process called by which molecules move across a barrier,
Answer:
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration of the molecules to an area with a lower concentration. For cell transport, diffusion is the movement of small molecules across the cell membrane.
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Which of the following images are prokaryotic cells? Justify your choice(s).
Which are autotrophic?
Can you explain please I don't understand
The image that is a prokaryotic cell is image B.
The images that are autotrophic are images D and F.
What are prokaryotic cells?The prokaryotic cells are those cells that belong to unicellular organism which lack a true nucleus and other membrane bound organelles.
A typical example of a prokaryotic cell is image B
The autotrophic are those organisms that are able to manufacture their own food using energy from sunlight through the presence of chlorophyll in their cells.
A typical example of autotrophic cell is the plant cell and euglena which are images D and F respectively.
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fill in the blank. ___ an example of a place in the tree where a speciation event occurred is represented by the shaded area numbered
Gene g is an example of a place in the tree where a speciation event occurred is represented by the shaded area numbered.
Phylogenetic methods are affected in a number of significant ways by the idea of incomplete lineage sorting. Inadequate lineage sorting may result from the persistence of polymorphisms throughout various speciation episodes.
Consider two successive speciation occurrences where an ancestor species produces species A first and species B and C second. While examining a single gene, it is possible to find various variations (alleles) that result in the appearance of various features (polymorphisms).
We can observe that where the gene G contains two variations (alleles), G0 and G1. Gene G initially only existed in one form, G0, in the ancestor of A, B, and C. The ancestral population became polymorphic at some point due to a mutation, with some individuals having G0 and others G1.
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Darwin is famous for his observations of the Galapagos Finches. Explain why these birds all had different lengths and shapes of beaks.
Answer:
The Galapagos Finches are a group of small birds native to the Galapagos Islands, which are located off the coast of Ecuador in South America. These birds are perhaps most famous for their unique beak shapes and sizes, which vary significantly from species to species. The reason for these differences in beak shape and size has to do with the ecological niches in which these birds live.
Each species of Galapagos Finch is adapted to a particular ecological niche, which is a specific role or position that an organism occupies within an ecosystem. For example, some species of finch feed primarily on insects, while others feed on seeds. Still others have evolved to feed on the nectar of flowers. These different food sources require different beak shapes and sizes to efficiently extract the food.
Darwin observed that the beak shapes and sizes of the finches varied from island to island, and that this variation was closely related to the available food sources on each island. For example, the finches on islands with primarily seed-based diets had larger, stronger beaks that were better able to crack open tough seed casings. On islands where insects were the primary food source, the finches had thinner, more pointed beaks that were better able to probe into crevices to extract insects.
The concept of ecological niches and adaptation is not unique to the Galapagos Finches. In fact, it is a fundamental principle in evolutionary biology. Organisms that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on their advantageous traits to future generations. Over time, this can result in the evolution of new species.
The Galapagos Finches are a perfect example of this process in action. By adapting to different ecological niches, these birds have evolved a remarkable diversity of beak shapes and sizes. This diversity has helped them to thrive in the unique environment of the Galapagos Islands, and it serves as a powerful illustration of the adaptive power of natural selection.
[tex]\large\underline{\red{ \textsf{ Darwin's observation on Galapagos Islands :-}}}[/tex]
Darwin during his voyage in ship HMS Beagle went to Galapagos islands . There he observed some birds which were similar except the shape and size of the beaks , later those birds were called Darwin's finches.
He observed that the birds had different feeding habits, some of them were insectivorus , and some were frugivorous , he conjectured that all the birds had evolved from the original seed eating finches .
Due to adaptive radiation ( Darwin's finches are one of best examples ) there beaks got modified for different feeding habits , so they had different lengths and shapes of the beaks .
Which is a kingdom ?
A. Mollusca
B. Arthropoda
C. Plantae
D. Mammalia
Answer:
C. Plantae is a kingdom.
Critically discuss why a school leavers might decide to pursue work directly after school instead of applying for higher education
as a result of the non-selectivity of the mammalian kidney's filtration of small molecules, .
Essential nutrients may be lost through the urine due to the non-selectivity of the human kidney's filtration of tiny molecules. Here option A is the correct answer.
The mammalian kidney's filtration system is non-selective towards small molecules, which means that many small molecules such as water, ions, and waste products can pass through the glomerulus and into the tubules for excretion. However, this also means that essential nutrients, such as glucose and amino acids, can be lost through urine as well.
Option B is incorrect because harmful substances are typically filtered out by the kidney and not retained in the body. Option C is also incorrect because the kidney's filtration system is designed to handle a large volume of fluid and small molecules. Option D is not directly related to the non-selectivity of the kidney's filtration system.
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Complete question:
As a result of the non-selectivity of the mammalian kidney's filtration of small molecules ________.
A - Essential nutrients can be lost through urine
B - Harmful substances can be retained in the body
C - The kidney's filtration system becomes overwhelmed
D - The body's pH balance is disrupted
E - All of the above
theorists who attribute some of the causes of deviant behavior to biology are employing ___ theories.
Those that use biological theories to explain some of the biological factors that contribute to abnormal behaviour do so.
What are biological explanations for abnormal behaviour?According to a biological hypothesis of deviance, a person's deviation from social standards is mostly a result of their biological make-up. Although it can be extended to informal deviance, the theory focuses primarily on formal deviance and uses biological explanations for criminality.
Which biological theories are there?With a focus on the conceptual unification provided by evolutionary and developmental approaches, the journal Biological Theory is devoted to theoretical developments in the disciplines of evolution and cognition.
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Rotenone (An Insecticide) Blocks The Protein That Accepts Electrons From NADH. Rotenone Blocks ATP Synthesis By:
Rotenone (an insecticide) blocks the protein that accepts ele
Rotenone inhibits the electron transport chain (ETC) in the mitochondria, which is how it prevents ATP generation.
Rotenone specifically binds to the protein complex known as complex I (NADH dehydrogenase), which is responsible for transferring electrons from NADH to ubiquinone, a mobile electron carrier in the ETC. Rotenone blocks the flow of electrons through the ETC by interacting with complex I and preventing the transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone. As a result, the proton motive force (PMF), which is typically produced by the passage of electrons through the ETC across the mitochondrial inner membrane, decreases.
The PMF is required for ATP synthase, a protein complex that harnesses the PMF's energy to drive the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP, to produce ATP. Rotenone's suppression of the ETC consequently causes a reduction in ATP synthesis.
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complete question -
"Rotenone is an insecticide that is known to block the protein that accepts electrons from NADH. What is the mechanism by which rotenone blocks ATP synthesis?"
FILL IN THE BLANK when a receptor is taken into the cell by endocytosis, the cell becomes ____ to the action of the receptor.
When a receptor is taken into the cell by endocytosis, the cell becomes desensitized to the action of the receptor.
The internalized, active receptor is then moved to the lysosomes and late endosomes for destruction. The active involvement of receptor-mediated endocytosis in the transmission of signals from the cell periphery to the nucleus is noteworthy, nevertheless. Endocytosis, in which certain areas of the plasma membrane invaginate and pinch off to produce endocytic vesicles, allows cells to take up liquid, molecules, and particles. Many of the chemicals and particles that are endocytosed end up in lysosomes where they are broken down.
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Photosynthesis is the process through which plants produce sugar and oxygen. Photosynthesis can also take place in single-celled organisms like phytoplankton and other microorganisms.
The process of photosynthesis occurs differently from one organism to the next, but several features remain the same. In short, photosynthesis takes in water and carbon dioxide, uses sunlight as a catalyst, and produces oxygen and sugar. The plants release the oxygen through respiration. They digest or store the sugar.
Although the process seems simple, it is the most important event on the planet as far as animal life is concerned. Oxygen is a byproduct of photosynthesis. Animals would not be able to breathe if it was not for this process. Herbivores live off these fruits and vegetables and form the basis of any food chain. Carnivores and omnivores would not be able to find food if it were not for these sugars. Were it not for the simple process of photosynthesis, the Earth would be an uninhabited planet.
1
Select the correct answer.
Read the following sentence from the passage.
Animals would not be able to breathe if it was not for this process.
How does this sentence help to develop the idea that photosynthesis is essential to animal life?
A.
It suggests that photosynthesis takes place in the lungs.
B.
It suggests that photosynthesis occurs in all animals.
C.
It shows that animals depend on this process for food.
D.
It shows that animals depend on this process for oxygen.
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Structure of an Informational Text: Mastery
Answer: D. It shows that animals depend on this process for oxygen
Explanation:
Animals need oxygen. And photosynthesis produces glucose and oxygen. Oxygen is a waste product for plants, therefore, they release it into the air.
However, animals and us, we do need oxygen, to survive, so we breathe for oxygen. We need oxygen to respire.
In conclusion, if plants didn't do photosynthesis, they won't produce oxygen, so we won't have a supply of oxygen, therefore we would die.
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To which side of the kidney does the ureter connect?
A. Proximal
B. Superior
C. Medial
D. Axial
The ureter connects to the C.) medial side of each kidney.
What is the function of kidney?Kidneys' primary function is to remove toxins from the blood and convert waste products into urine. The average kidney weighs 160 grammes and excretes 1.5 litres of urine every day. Every 24 hours, two kidneys work together to filter 200 litres of fluid.
The kidneys aid to maintain the body's chemical balance by excreting waste and excess water from the blood as urine and removing excess salt, potassium, and calcium. Additionally, they produce hormones that encourage bone marrow to produce red blood cells, which is referred to as renal function. They also assist manage blood pressure.
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Frequency of dominant allele: 0.99
Frequency of recessive allele: 0.01
% homozygous dominant: 98.01%
% homozygous recessive: 0.01%
% heterozygous: 1.98%
What is Hardy -Weinberg equation?The Hardy-Weinberg equation is a mathematical model that describes the relationship between the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population. It is based on the assumptions of a large population size, random mating, no migration, no mutation, and no natural selection.
The equation is:
p² + 2pq + q² = 1
where:
p = frequency of the dominant allele
q = frequency of the recessive allele
p² = frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype
q² = frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype
2pq = frequency of the heterozygous genotype.
Given that cystic fibrosis is a homozygous recessive condition that affects 1 in 10,000 of the Hispanic population in the US, we can assume that the frequency of the recessive allele is q = √(1/10000) = 0.01.
To calculate the frequency of the dominant allele, we can use p = 1 - q = 1 - 0.01 = 0.99.
Now we can use the Hardy-Weinberg equation to calculate the frequencies of the different genotypes:
p² = (0.99)² = 0.9801 = 98.01% homozygous dominant
2pq = 2(0.99)(0.01) = 0.0198 = 1.98% heterozygous
q² = (0.01)² = 0.0001 = 0.01% homozygous recessive
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draw or explain the difference between the extinction of a species and a mass extinction. use evidence to support your answer.
There is a constant "turnover" of the species that exist on Earth as a result of extinctions. Background extinction refers to this typical process.
A mass extinction is an event where extinction rates unexpectedly increase for a brief period of time. The clear signs that mass extinctions occurred were first found in the fossil record. The younger layer directly above is sparse in compared to the lower, older rock layer in the strata corresponding to these time periods, which has a wide variety of fossilised living forms. Because marine fossils have a better fossil record and stratigraphic range than those of land species, they are primarily utilised to calculate extinction rates.
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c| If you raise your toes, which muscle contracts?
Answer:
calf muscle
Explanation:
The calf muscle is in the back of your lower leg, behind your shin bone. It actually includes three muscles. Together, the muscles help you walk, run, jump, stand on your toes and flex your foot
The tibialis anterior muscle contracts when you raise your toes. This muscle is part of the anatomy of the lower leg.
which of the following is not a final product of the complete breakdown of glucose during cellular respiration
Pyruvate is not a final product of the complete breakdown of glucose during cellular respiration. Here option D is the correct answer.
The breakdown of glucose during cellular respiration occurs in three stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. In glycolysis, glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate. Pyruvate then enters the Krebs cycle, where it is further broken down and ultimately produces ATP, carbon dioxide, and water.
The electron transport chain also produces ATP and water. Therefore, ATP, carbon dioxide, and water are the final products of the complete breakdown of glucose during cellular respiration. Pyruvate is an intermediate product and is further metabolized during the Krebs cycle.
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Complete question:
Which of the following is not a final product of the complete breakdown of glucose during cellular respiration?
A. ATP
B. Carbon dioxide
C. Water
D. Pyruvate
E. None of the above
fill in the blank. to create a dopamine deficient (dd) mouse that retains the ability to produce ne, the gene for___is selectively restored in noradrenergicc neurons
To create a dopamine deficient (dd) mouse that retains the ability to produce ne, the gene for dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) is selectively restored in noradrenergic neurons.
DBH is an enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine (ne), and its expression is critical for the production of ne. By restoring DBH expression specifically in noradrenergic neurons, researchers can create a mouse that lacks dopamine but still produces ne.
This can be a useful tool for studying the effects of dopamine deficiency on behavior, as well as the specific roles of dopamine and ne in various physiological processes. Additionally, this technique could potentially be used to develop new treatments for disorders that involve abnormalities in dopamine or ne signaling, such as Parkinson's disease or depression.
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the last stage of one complete turn of the calvin cycle involves regeneration of . group of answer choices sugar co2 g3p rubp
Regeneration of rubp occurs in the last phase of a single calvin cycle rotation. RuBP is renewed at the last step of the Calvin Cycle, allowing the system to get ready to fix additional CO2. Option 4 is Correct.
The light-independent processes are started and carbon dioxide is fixed in the first phase of the Calvin cycle. The C3 cycle's second step involves the reduction of 3PGA to G3P by ATP and NADPH. After that, ATP and NADPH are changed into ATP and NADP+. RuBP is renewed in the last phase.
Three phases make up the Calvin cycle. Stage 1 of the process involves the enzyme RuBisCO adding carbon dioxide to an organic molecule. The organic molecule is decreased in stage two. RuBP, the cycle's initiator molecule, appears in stage 3. Hence, Option 4 is Correct.
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Correct Question:
The last stage of one complete turn of the calvin cycle involves regeneration of . group of answer choices
1. sugar
2. co2
3. g3p
4. rubp
Needddddd answerrrr asappp
The main topic of traditional techniques of biotechnology would be the use of living organisms and their derivatives to produce useful products or processes.
What are the subtopics of these traditional techniques?Fermentation: The process of using microorganisms to convert raw materials into useful products such as alcohol, vinegar, and cheese. Subtopics under fermentation could include different types of fermentation processes, the role of microorganisms in fermentation, and the history of fermentation in various cultures.Plant breeding: Subtopics under plant breeding could include techniques such as cross-breeding and hybridization, the role of genetic variation in plant breeding, and the use of traditional knowledge in plant breeding.Traditional medicine: The use of plant extracts and other natural products to treat diseases and promote health. Subtopics under traditional medicine could include the use of medicinal plants in different cultures, the scientific basis of traditional medicine, and the challenges of integrating traditional medicine into modern healthcare.Bioprospecting: The search for new natural products with potential applications in medicine, agriculture, and other fields. Subtopics under bioprospecting could include the use of traditional knowledge to guide bioprospecting efforts, the legal and ethical issues surrounding bioprospecting, and the challenges of sustainable use of biodiversity.Biocontrol: The use of parasites, and pathogens to control pest populations. Subtopics under biocontrol could include the ecological principles underlying biocontrol, the use of biocontrol agents in different agricultural systems, and the potential risks and benefits of biocontrol.To find out more about biotechnology, visit:
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Assignment sports leadership news paper article
Scenario You are working in a small, but developing, coaching company. You have contacted a local newspaper to discuss how to develop interest in volunteering in sports leadership. The editor has asked you to write an article that explores the requirements of becoming a successful sports leader, using examples of successful sports leaders to demonstrate attributes and responsibilities required.
Task 1
Carry out research into successful sports leaders using textbooks, the internet and journals. You may also consider sports leaders who have led sporting events that you have taken part in and/or sports leaders who coach professional or national sports teams.
Prepare a two-page article for the newspaper about the attributes and responsibilities of sports leaders. (2A.P1, 2A.P2, 2A.M1, 2A.M2)
Within the feature you should compare and contrast the attributes of two successful sports leaders. (2A.D1)
Checklist of evidence required
Article for a newspaper or web article.
Criteria covered by this task:
Unit/Criteria reference
To achieve the criteria you must show that you are able to:
6/2A.P1
Describe, using relevant examples, the attributes required for, and responsibilities of, sports leadership.
6/2A.P2
Describe the attributes of two selected successful sports leaders.
6/2A.M1
Explain the attributes required for, and responsibilities of, sports leadership.
6/2A.M2
Evaluate the attributes of two successful sports leaders.
6/2A.D1
Compare and contrast the attributes of two successful sports leaders.
In pea plants, green pods are dominant to yellow pods. If a green pea pod plant, that had a yellow pea
pod parent, is crossed with a yellow pea pod plant, what percentage of the offspring will have green pea
pods?
Answer:
Explanation:
Assuming the green pea pod plant is heterozygous (Gg) and the yellow pea pod plant is homozygous recessive (gg), the Punnett square for the cross can be set up as follows:
G g
g Gg gg
g Gg gg
The possible genotypes of the offspring are: Gg and gg.
Therefore, 50% of the offspring will have green pea pods (Gg) and 50% will have yellow pea pods (gg
bacterial infection that was likely confirmed by which of the following Lillian was diagnosed with a Gram- negative biotechnology applications? Choose one: A Restriction digest with endonuclease B. Hybridization with a labeled probe C. Polymerase chain reaction D. Making a chimera plasmid O E. None of these is possible
Lillian was diagnosed with a bacterial infection that was likely confirmed by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR).PCR is a laboratory technique used to generate millions of copies of a specific DNA sequence.
It is often used to diagnose bacterial infections because it can detect even small amounts of bacterial DNA in a sample. PCR involves three basic steps: denaturation, annealing, and extension. In the denaturation step, the sample is heated to separate the two strands of DNA. In the annealing step, primers are added to the sample to bind to the specific DNA sequence of interest. In the extension step, DNA polymerase is used to build a new strand of DNA from the primers. The result is millions of copies of the specific DNA sequence, which can be analyzed to detect the presence of the bacteria causing the infection. Restriction digests with endonuclease B is not used to diagnose bacterial infections. It is a laboratory technique used to cut DNA into smaller fragments. Hybridization with a labeled probe is another laboratory technique that can be used to detect the presence of bacterial DNA. However, PCR is more sensitive and specific and is therefore the preferred method for diagnosing bacterial infections. Making a chimera plasmid is not a laboratory technique used to diagnose bacterial infections. It involves combining DNA sequences from different sources to create a hybrid molecule. None of these is possible is not the correct answer as PCR is a possible method for diagnosing bacterial infections.
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which cell is not a phase of mitosis
Answer:
Interphase is not a phase of mitosis. It is a phase prior to mitosis during which the cell does not divide but makes preparations to divide.
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Move the descriptions into the correct boxes to assess your understanding of the differences between endospores and vegetative cells.
The endospore can be viewed as a dormant form of the cell, whereas the vegetative cell, which is the active form for bacterial cells (growing, metabolizing, etc.), is the active form.
Although it enables survival in difficult circumstances, it prevents the cell from expanding or procreating. A vegetative cell is a cell that is active and capable of procreation. An endospore is a spore in a capsule that can survive under difficult circumstances. Although being alive or active, it cannot create offspring or ATP (metabolize).
Vegetative cells that have lost their pigment pick up the counterstain and take on a pink hue; endospores are light green. Endospores are typically light green oval or spherical structures after staining; they can be seen inside or outside of the vegetative cells, which are pink.
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Correct Question:
What are the differences between vegetative cells and endospores?
if conjugation was succesful and you produced a strain of bacteria that was resistant to both antibiotics, would this
If conjugation was successful and you produced a new strain of bacteria that was resistant to both antibiotics, the new strain would most likely be F+ (F-positive).
The F factor, also known as the fertility factor, is a plasmid that contains genes that enable bacterial conjugation. Bacteria that contain the F plasmid are called F+ (F-positive), while bacteria that lack the F plasmid are called F- (F-negative).
During conjugation, the F plasmid is transferred from the donor F+ bacterium to the recipient F- bacterium, converting it into an F+ bacterium. The transferred F plasmid also carries the antibiotic resistance genes that confer resistance to the two antibiotics. Therefore, the new strain of bacteria that is resistant to both antibiotics would most likely be an F+ bacterium that acquired the F plasmid and the antibiotic resistance genes through conjugation.
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Full Question: If conjunction was successful and you produced a new strain of bacteria that was resistant to both antibiotics, would the new strand by F+ or F-? Why?
which of the following are among the first carbohydrates formed by algae and green plants when exposed to light?
The first carbohydrates formed by algae and green plants when exposed to light are typically simple sugars such as glucose and fructose.
These sugars are produced during the process of photosynthesis, which occurs in specialized organelles called chloroplasts. In photosynthesis, light energy is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. Glucose is then used as a source of energy for the plant or stored as starch for later use.
Fructose can also be produced from glucose through a series of chemical reactions. These simple sugars are essential building blocks for the more complex carbohydrates that plants and algae produce as they grow and mature.
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which of the following are among the first carbohydrates formed by algae and green plants when exposed to light?
How does acid rain affect plants and animals?
Answer:
Dead or dying trees are a common sight in areas effected by acid rain. Acid rain leaches aluminum from the soil. That aluminum may be harmful to plants as well as animals. Acid rain also removes minerals and nutrients from the soil that trees need to grow.
Weathering by abrasion, could
occur with what
Moving water causes abrasion as particles in the water collide and bump against one another.
