Option B is correct. In the second half of the 19th century, emphasis shifted from reform schools to the cottage system.
About Reform Schools
A reform school was a type of prison that mostly served minors between the years of 1830 and 1900. From 1854 forward, reformatories, sometimes known as reform schools, were established in the United Kingdom as well as its colonies for children who were found guilty of a crime as an alternate to an adult jail. Parallel to this, "Industrial schools" for stray children and those in need of protection were established. Now 1857, both have been "certified" by the government. After the two systems combined in 1932, both have been "authorised" and have since become approved schools.
They were a result of societal worries about urbanisation, poverty, immigration, & vagrancy in both the United Kingdom & the United States as well as a change in social attitudes from vengeance and punishing the misbehaving to reforming.
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A decision that forms a potential basis for deciding the outcomes of similar cases in the future; a by-product of decisions made by trial and appellate court judges, who produce case law whenever they render a decision in a particular case
That would be the state's supreme court or the court of equal standing; it is the highest court in that specific state. There are numerous levels of courts, including trial courts, appellate courts, and supreme courts.
These courts have different levels of authority. In a hierarchical organization, the decisions of the upper court have an impact on the lower level courts. The supreme court is often the highest court, followed by the courts of appellate , trial, and special jurisdiction. As a result, the supreme court would not be the only one affected by the appellate court's ruling. All High Courts must abide by a Supreme Court ruling. The law announced by the Supreme Court shall be binding on all courts located within the territory of India, according to Article 141 of the Indian Constitution. The judge hears the evidence, determines whether evidence is pertinent, and makes binding decisions about which facts have been proven. Since the legislation already in place contains all the information necessary for appellate , judges cannot create new laws. A court does not make a decision about a case in a legal vacuum, but rather on the basis of current regulations, which both express and guide underlying legal principles.
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in dred scott v. sanford, the supreme court ruled that african americans could not be citizens of the united states. t or f
which of the following allows convicts to serve their sentences outside prisons, but under varying degrees of supervision?
Under the supervision of probation officers, they may be released on probation. allows convicts to serve their sentences outside prisons.
On the condition that they promise to behave properly, offenders may be released on probation without the monitoring of probation officers. The supervision of the offender during the remaining portion of their sentence upon release from jail is a crucial component of parole. Convicts who have been granted parole are typically subject to a number of restrictions about their lifestyle, including where they can live and work. They may also be compelled to undergo medical or mental treatment as well as drug testing. If these supervision are not met, the parole may be revoked and the offender may be sent back to jail. as well as the conditions' supervision since a probation or parole officer, to whom the released prisoner is compelled to return at set intervals, is typically in charge of probation aid and counselling. To achieve a minimum level of fairness, regular due process processes must often be followed.
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FILL IN THE BLANK. researchers discovered that many ministers who supported desegregation in little rock, arkansas did not use their pulpits to air their (unpopular) views for fear of losing contributions and church members. this is a real world example of the power of___to exacerbate prejudice and discrimination.
Researchers discovered that many ministers who supported desegregation in little rock, arkansas did not use their pulpits to air their (unpopular) views for fear of losing contributions and church members. this is a real world example of the power of normative conformity to exacerbate prejudice and discrimination.
In general, conformity refers to the act of acting in accordance with how other people are acting in order to blend in. It can be normative or informational (when you want to be accurate about what you're saying) (when you want to be liked or accepted by the society around you, which is the case here).
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when deciding marbury v. madison (1803), which of the following excerpts from the federalist no. 51 could best be used to help chief justice john marshall write the argument in favor of judicial review?
Chief justice John marshall's argument in favour of Judicial review was inspired from the words "Greatest safeguard, against progressive consolidation of various functions in one department is to equip each department's administrators with legal tools"
What was held in Marbury v. Madison?
The notion of judicial review was established in the United States by the famous Marbury v. Madison decision, which means that American courts have had the authority to invalidate statutes and laws that they determine to be in violation of the US Constitution. Marbury, which was decided in 1803, is recognised as the key ruling in American constitutional law. The Supreme Court's landmark decision formed that the United States Constitution is actual law and not just a declaration of political principles and ideals. It also helped define the line separating the executive & judicial branches of the government, which are constitutionally distinct.
As part of the political and intellectual battle between departing President John Adams & incoming President Thomas Jefferson, the lawsuit first surfaced in early 1801.
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T/F. reform groups were very important for politicizing women since they encouraged militant activities that sought to achieve suffrage and other ambitious aims in the shortest possible time.
False. Since they supported aggressive efforts that aimed to attain suffrage and other ambitious goals in the shortest amount of time, reform organizations were crucial for politicizing women.
Politicization is a term used in political science and theory to describe the process by which concepts, objects, or collections of facts acquire a political tone or character and are subsequently associated with the ideologies and strategies of a specific group or party, whereupon they become the focus of debate. Politicization, which is associated with political polarization, has been described as weakening objectivity. On the other hand, it has been demonstrated to increase the responsiveness of supranational organizations like the European Union and can have a democratizing influence and improve political choice. When arguments for political violence are accepted by a society or when there are no norms that forbid violence, a group is more likely to become politicized.
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Under the traditional marital share will, half of your estate is taxed at your death and half at your spouse's death. True.
Answer:
This is not necessarily true. The traditional marital share will, also known as a "bypass trust" or "credit shelter trust," is a type of estate planning tool that can be used to reduce or eliminate federal estate taxes on a couple's combined estate. Under this type of will, a portion of the decedent's estate is placed in a trust, and the surviving spouse has the right to use the assets in the trust for their benefit during their lifetime. Upon the surviving spouse's death, the assets in the trust are distributed to the trust's beneficiaries, which may include the couple's children or other heirs.
One of the primary benefits of a traditional marital share will is that it allows the surviving spouse to use the assets in the trust without paying federal estate taxes on those assets at the time of the decedent's death. The surviving spouse is also not required to pay federal estate taxes on the assets in the trust at their death, as the assets are not included in their taxable estate. However, the assets in the trust may be subject to state estate or inheritance taxes, depending on the laws of the state where the couple resides.
It is important to note that the traditional marital share will is just one of many estate planning tools that a couple can use to manage their assets and minimize taxes. The best course of action will depend on a variety of factors, including the size of the couple's estate, their tax situation, and their personal goals and objectives. It is recommended that couples consult with an experienced estate planning attorney to determine the most appropriate approach for their situation.
a small state government successfully makes major changes to its public education policy out of belief that it is the best thing for the people, even though the public largely opposes the new policy. at the same time, the state proves largely incapable of maintaining law and order or providing food and medical care in a region that is suffering through a drought. in which of the following ways could this state be categorized?
The correct answer Highly autonomous but low capacity state.
Education and Public Policy is a multidisciplinary program that critically evaluates how society fosters equity and excellence through education. Courses explore the deep cultural meanings of concepts such as democracy and citizenship, and our faculty encourage active problem-solving skills by using real world examples of government-initiated policies and programs.
Through readings, case studies and conversations with your peers, you will uncover the practical effects that policies have on students, teachers, school leaders, families, and the community as a whole. You will also have the opportunity to identify education policies and practices that matter to you and consider various strategies that could be effective in solving emerging problems.
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The ____ has stated that, unlike attorneys, expert witnesses do not owe a duty of loyalty to their clients. •
A. HTCIA • B. IACIS • C. ISFCE • D. ABA
The ABA has stated that, unlike attorneys, expert witnesses do not owe a duty of loyalty to their clients. Therefore, the option D holds true.
The ABA, or also known as the Anticipatory Bail Application, can be referred to or considered as a method of making an application in the court for getting bail even before getting arrested for performance of an activity involving a bailable arrest. Under the concept of such bail applications, it has been recommended that the attorneys and expert witnesses do not have a sense towards the clients.
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The Democratic National Committee (DNC) and Republican National Committee (RNC):
are both unable to force state and local parties to share their positions on issues.
The United States Democratic Party is led by the Democratic National Committee (DNC). In addition to working to build a "party brand," the committee organizes strategies to assist Democratic Party candidates around the nation for local, state, and national office.
The White House has influence over the Committee under a Democratic president. Political scientists have always characterized the national committees of the parties as unimportant but unbiased service providers, according to Boris Heersink. The committee chooses the chairperson. To finance its operations, it organizes fundraisers. The Democratic National Committee of 1848 led to the creation of the DNC. The Republican National Committee is the DNC's principal rival. The Republican National Committee (RNC) is a political organization in the United States that supports the Republican Party of the country. In addition to helping with fundraising and election strategy, it is in charge of creating and promoting the Republican brand and political program. Additionally, it is in charge of planning and managing the Republican National Convention. the time when a Republican is in office.
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Under the Davis-Bacon Act of 1931 and the Walsh-Healy Public Contracts Act of 1936, employees of federal contractors must receive rates less than the prevailing wages in the area.T/F
Under the Davis-Bacon Act of 1931 and the Walsh-Healy Public Contracts Act of 1936, employees of federal contractors must receive rates less than the prevailing wages in the area.- False.
The Davis-Bacon Act of 1931 is a federal law of the United States that stipulates the need for paying laborers and mechanics the local prevailing wages on public works projects. It covers "contractors and subcontractors performing on federally sponsored or aided contracts over $2,000 for the construction, alteration, or repair (including painting and decorating) of public buildings or public works." The legislation bears the names of its supporters, Representative Robert L. Bacon of Long Island, New York, and Senator James J. Davis of Pennsylvania, a former secretary of labor for three presidents.
On March 3, 1931, President Herbert Hoover signed into law the Davis-Bacon Act, which had been approved by Congress.
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in prosecutions initiated by the postal service, the government is free to choose the venue in which to try the case.
It is completely inappropriate for the government to choose the venue in which a trial will be conducted for the prosecutions initiated by the postal service. Therefore, the statement given above is false.
A court trial can be referred to or considered as the one wherein the hearing of a case is held. Moreover, the venue or the city is a big determinant for prosecutions under postal services. The government has to keep in mind that the trials are undertaken in the cities that have a direct connection or involvement with the case related thereto.
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which celebrity attorney was sentenced last week to 14 years in prison for tax evasion and stealing from clients?
Michael Avenatti celebrity attorney was sentenced last week to 14 years in prison for tax evasion and stealing from clients.
California's SANTA ANA - For stealing millions of dollars from his clients, one of whom was a paraplegic with mental health issues, and for obstructing the IRS's efforts to collect more than $3 million in payroll taxes from an Avenatti-owned coffee shop, suspended plaintiffs' attorney Michael John Avenatti was sentenced today to 168 months in federal prison. United States District Judge James V. Selna gave Avenatti, 51, a sentence and noted that the former Newport Beach homeowner "has done significant wrong for which he must respond." Judge Selna sentenced the defendant to 14 years in prison, with the stipulation that the sentence run concurrently with two prior convictions totaling five years in the Southern District of New York.
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true or false : the authority of the president and Congress in the United States is based on traditional authority, according to the classification system developed by Max Weber.
The authority of the president and Congress in the United States is based on traditional authority, according to the classification system developed by Max Weber. Given Statement are False.
According to the Max Weber Theory of Bureaucracy, all work must be distributed among the employees. Competencies and functional specializations should serve as the foundation for task division. The employees will be fully aware of their position within the company, their value, and what is expected of them as a result.
According to Max Weber's three-part theory of stratification, social difference is based on class, status, and power.
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the purpose of the privacy function is to provide a user protection againsts discovery and misuse of identity by other user
It is completely appropriate to mention that the purpose of the privacy function is providing the users a protection against the discoveries and misuse of their identities by third parties. Therefore, the statement given above holds true.
A privacy function can be referred to or considered as the one wherein the utmost level of privacy is provided to a user depending upon the use-case of each individual user. It can also be stated that the primary intention of the privacy function is to safeguard the interests of the user identity and providing due protection from misuse related thereunder.
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The Supreme Court in 2005 held that cable television systems may deny competing Internet service providers access to their high-speed lines. The case: _____.
The Supreme Court in 2005 held that cable television systems may deny competing Internet service providers access to their high-speed lines. The case: NTCA v. Brand X Internet.
In National Cable & Telecommunications Association v. Brand X Internet Services, 545 U.S. 967 (2005), the United States Supreme Court ruled that Chevron's deference should be accorded to the FCC's determinations regarding how to regulate Internet service providers. Despite the fact that the case included ordinary FCC regulatory procedures and applied to interpretations of the Communications Act of 1934 and Telecommunications Act of 1996, the decision has significant ramifications for how network neutrality is governed in the United States.
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is empowered to enforce regulations against new businesses, goods, and services in the telecommunications industry by categorizing them into one of several categories as defined by the Telecommunications Act of 1996 and its predecessor, the Communications Act of 1934.
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Question 12
Strict constructionists argue that the Constitution:
Oshould be abolished altogether.
O should be implemented exactly as written.
O is meant to be a living document that evolves with the times.
O is meant to only apply to citizens.
Strict constructionists argue that the Constitution: should be implemented exactly as written. Option B
What are the beliefs of the strict constructionists?The Constitution should be severely read in light of its original meaning when it was drafted, according to judicial conservatives, commonly referred to as originalists or strict constructionists.
Strict construction is a concept of constitutional interpretation that maintains that the Constitution should be studied carefully and should be the exclusive source for all interpretations and applications.
Since the national bank was not mentioned in the constitution, strict constructionists said that the government should not establish one.
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After the Civil War, the growth of large industrial trusts led to a public outcry for legislation designed to: _______.
A public outcry for legislation to protect competitive market systems and avoid the concentration of significant economic power in the hands of a few corporations arose after the Civil War as a result of the rise of big industrial trusts.
American Civil War, a civil war that raged within the United States. Fighting took place between the Union and the Confederacy, the latter of which was made up of seceding states. Confederate soldiers began firing on Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, around 4:30 in the morning on April 12, 1861. Less than 34 hours had passed when Union soldiers gave up. Historically, this event has been used to mark the outbreak of the Civil War.
The Civil War was brought on by disputes over federal vs. state rights, Abraham Lincoln's election, and economic factors. The Civil War officially began with the Battle of Fort Sumter after the South seceded following Lincoln's election in 1861.
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alternative dispute resolution refers to any method for resolving a dispute outside the court system
Alternative Dispute Resolution ("ADR") refers to any means of settling disputes outside of the courtroom. ADR typically includes early neutral evaluation, negotiation, conciliation, mediation, and arbitration.
In policy debate (also known as go-examination debate in some circuits, specifically the college Interscholastic League of Texas), the Affirmative is the crew that affirms the resolution and seeks to uphold it through growing, offering, and advocating for a coverage plan that satisfies the mandates of the resolution beyond an inexpensive doubt. by way of asserting the resolution, the Affirmative (frequently abbreviated "AFF" or "Aff") incurs the burden of proof, which should be met if the Affirmative's policy plan is to be successful. The negative facet, in evaluation, is the team that negates the confirmation. more especially, the negative (abbreviated "NEG" or "Neg") refutes the coverage plan this is supplied by the Affirmative.
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The ADA does not require that employers accommodate the needs of job applicants with disabilities that are not otherwise qualified for the job. But if they are qualified except for the disability, the employer must accommodate.
*If the employer does not accommodate to the disability, they must prove undue hardship.
Title 1st of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) makes it unlawful for an employer to discriminate against a qualified employee with a disability.
The Americans with Disabilities Act ADA applies to private employers with 15 or more employees and state and local government employers. The United State Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) enforces the employment provisions of the ADA.
The ADA defines an individual with a disability as a person who has:
1. a physical or mentally impairment that substantially limits a major life activity
2. a record or history of a substantially limiting impairment
3. is regarded or perceived by a patron as having a substantially limiting impairment.
An applicant with a disability, like all other applicants, must be able to meet the employer's requirements for the job, such as education, training, employment experience, skills, or licenses.
In inclusion, an applicant with a disability must be able to perform the essential functions of the job the fundamental duties either on her own or with the help of reasonable accommodation.
Yet, an employer does not have to provide a reasonable accommodation that will cause undue hardship, which is significant difficulty or expense.
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A written code defining a criminal act and providing the standard punishment for the crime defines which of the following?
answer choices
Statute
Case law
Federal constitution
Administrative rules
Option first is correct. A written code defining a criminal act and providing the standard punishment for the crime defines a Statute.
About Statute
A law is a formal written enactment of such a legislative body that, with the cooperation of other parties, controls the legal entities of just a city, state, or nation. Statutes often establish policy, order or prohibit certain actions. In contrast to case law or precedent, which would be decided by courts, as well as regulations issued by government agencies, statutes are rules enacted by legislative bodies.
Newly adopted legislation are issued and publicised in almost every nation so that anybody may check them up. This can be done with in shape of a government gazette, which may also contain other official government announcements, or in the form of a collection of books, the content of which is restricted to legislative actions.
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(T/F) legislation regarding personnel practices has been primarily in the ares of employee rights, job safety, and elimination of discrimination.
The statement, legislation regarding personnel practices has been primarily in the areas of job safety, employee rights, and elimination of discrimination, is true.
The laws and regulations at the federal, state, and the local levels tend to regulate that how the companies would conduct staffing. Thus, the title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act is said to ban most of the discrimination which was done while.
However, such legislation which is regarding personnel practices has been primarily in the certain areas. There are several other laws which tend to impact staffing practices as well.
Hence, the given statement is true.
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which of the following serves as key evidence in many legal cases today and provides a faster, easier way to search and organize paper documents? group of answer choices confidentiality digital information privacy policies information ethics
Digital information serves as key evidence in many legal cases today and provides a faster, easier way to search and organize paper documents
Hence, Option B is correct.
Digital information, which can be saved on these devices or in the cloud, is typically defined as data that is produced by or prepared for electronic systems and devices, such as computers, displays, calculators, communication devices, and so on.There are many ways that digital information can be used to teach people. Digital information systems provide for the storage and retrieval of data, but only when the data can be accessed and utilised by other process participants do they improve process efficiency.To know more about Digital information here
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which of the following best describes earned income? all income from whatever source derived, unless excluded from taxation by law. income less reductions that are allowable, regardless of whether personal deductions are itemized. income received for services performed, including wages, commissions, tips, and generally, farming and other business income. income that is not earned, including money received for the investment of money or other property, such as interest, dividends, rents, and royalties. it also includes pensions, alimony, unemployment compensation, and other income that is not from performing services.
The statement that best describes earned income is an Income received for services performed, including wages, commissions, tips, and, generally, farming and other business income. The Option B is correct.
What is an earned income?An earned income refers to the money received as pay for work performed, such as wages, salaries, bonuses, commissions and net earnings from self-employment. The income also includes the long-term disability, union strike benefits and payments from certain deferred retirement compensation arrangements.
An examples of income that is not considered earned income are government benefits such as payments from the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program. unemployment, workers’ compensation, and Social Security.
Also excluded are the disbursements from pensions and retirement plans, alimony, capital gains, interest income from a bank account, stock dividends and salaries paid to inmates who work in a penal institution.
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Police officers who have a working knowledge of forensic science make fewer mistakes and collect evidence at crime scenes that is more scientifically useful.
True
False
Police officers who have a working knowledge of forensic science make fewer mistakes and collect evidence at crime scenes that is more scientifically useful. TRUE
Forensic technology technicians aid crook investigations via gathering and studying evidence. Many technicians specialise in both crime scene research or laboratory evaluation.
A forensic science degree takes either or four years to complete and prepares graduates for diverse careers. precise effects depend upon the selected awareness. capability concentrations include forensic anthropology, digital forensics, and forensic toxicology.
Forensic technological know-how is the determine direction that has numerous sub-fields. even as Forensic science consists of Toxicology, Serology, Ballistics to Psychology, Forensic medication is a branch that deals in civil or crook criminal cases (investigation). Forensic medication is likewise known as Forensic Pathology.
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A literary work is not protected by federal Copyright Law unless the author of work places a “©” on the work.
Based on federal law regulation copyright, it is False that A literary work is not protected by federal Copyright Law unless the author of workplaces a “©” on the work.
What is Copyright law?Copyright law is the law that describes the form of intellectual property law, and protects original works of authorship.
Generally, copyright law covers artistic works including literary, dramatic, musical, and artistic works, such as poetry, novels, movies, songs, computer software, and architecture.
Usually, copyright law does not necessarily require the author to place the sign © before it can be protected under the law. The most important thing is the process of carrying out copyright is taken.
Things that cannot be protected under copyright are:Titles, names, short phrases, and slogans; familiar symbols or designs; mere variations of typographic ornamentation, lettering, or coloring; mere listings of ingredients or contents.Hence, in this case, it is concluded that the correct answer is False.
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this article discusses the duties and powers of congress. it also details the process for impeachment.
According to the American Constitution, the House of Representatives "shall have the sole Power of Impeachment" (Article I, section 2)
This congressional power is an essential part of the constitutional system of "checks and balances," as it was adopted by the framers. Congress accuses a federal government official of "Treason, Bribery, or other High Crimes and Misdemeanors" and then brings them to trial.Articles of impeachment must be approved by the House of Representatives with a majority vote in order to bring charges against a federal official. Before the Senate, a group of representatives known as the "managers" serve as the prosecution.The Senate acts as a High Court of Impeachment, hearing testimony, deliberating on the evidence, and then voting to exonerate or convict the impeached official. The chief justice of the United States preside over presidential impeachment trials.Therefore, The duties and authority of congress are covered in article 1. Additionally, it describes the impeachment procedure.
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Tchaikovsky's Sixth Symphony
A) has five movements.
B) ends with a slow, despairing finale.C) is in the usual four-movement form.
D) was left unfinished by the composer.
Option B is correct. Tchaikovsky's Sixth Symphony ends with a slow, despairing finale.
About Tchaikovsky
The well-known Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky is most known for his symphonies, which profoundly affected the listeners' emotions. This includes his Sixth Symphony, sometimes known as "The Passionate Symphony," which had four movements or divisions and lasted for around 45 minutes.
The last movement, "adagio lamentoso," concentrates on a melancholy mood by employing a slow tempo and instruments like cellos, tuba, and basses. Each of the movements also has a distinct tone. There are also some quicker parts in this portion, but the symphony finishes as the music frantically fades away. This suggests that the phrase "end with a lingering, sad conclusion" sums up this symphony the best.
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Signs of addiction may include...
A. stealing money to obtain more drugs.
B. working more to obtain more drugs.
C. asking for money to obtain more drugs.
does the following statement refer to a comman and control regulation, a pollution tax/charge, or neither? the government imposes cpstly fines for non compliance pf all minimal transportaion standard for gazardous waste companies
The fine is a penalty for not complying with the command and control standard.
Command and Control Regulation can be defined as “the direct regulation of an industry or activity by legislation that states what is permitted and what is illegal”. This approach differs from other regulatory techniques, e.g. the use of economic incentives, which frequently includes the use of taxes and subsidies as incentives for compliance. The ‘command’ is the presentation of quality standards/targets by a government authority that must be complied with.
The ‘control’ part signifies the negative sanctions that may result from non-compliance. For example here the government imposes fines. Here at first government commands minimal transportation standards and then fines for its non-compliance. Hence it is a command and control standard.
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