One of the members of the Supreme Court who expressed strong opposition to the decision rendered in the Plessy v. Ferguson case of 1896 was Justice John Marshall Harlan.
Justice Harlan was the sole dissenter in the Plessy v. Ferguson case, in which the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of segregation laws. The case arose when Homer Plessy, a Louisiana man who was one-eighth black, refused to leave a whites-only train car and was arrested.
Plessy argued that Louisiana's segregation laws violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, but the Supreme Court ruled against him, saying that "separate but equal" facilities were constitutional. Justice Harlan wrote a powerful dissenting opinion in which he argued that segregation laws were inherently unequal and violated the principle of equal protection.
He wrote: "Our Constitution is color-blind, and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens. In respect of civil rights, all citizens are equal before the law."Despite the Supreme Court's ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson, Justice Harlan's dissenting opinion was important because it laid the groundwork for future challenges to segregation laws and helped to inspire the Civil Rights Movement.
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In the 1920s how many U.S. workers were annually replaced by machines?
During Industrialization, 200,000 American employees were displaced by machines as the speed of technical advancement advanced drastically in the 1920s.
Mass manufacturing methods, including the assembly line, were used, enabling producers to make things more swiftly and effectively than ever before. Several skilled individuals who were no longer required for the industrial process were displaced as a result.
Almost 5 million American employees lost their employment between 1923 and 1930, according to one estimate, as a result of technical developments. Due to the fact that many employees were compelled to retrain for new occupations or risk long-term unemployment, this had a significant effect on the economy and society.
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how does a block of data on a blockchain get locked?
A block of data on a blockchain gets locked through a process called "mining."
The process occurs like this:
1. Transaction Validation: The first step is to validate the transactions within the block, ensuring they are legitimate and follow the rules of the blockchain network.
2. Block Creation: Next, the validated transactions are grouped together into a new block, which is added to the existing chain of blocks.
3. Proof of Work: To lock the block, a miner needs to solve a complex mathematical puzzle called Proof of Work (PoW). This requires significant computational power and energy.
4. Adding Nonce: The miner adds a random number, called a "nonce," to the block. This nonce is used as an input in the mathematical puzzle.
5. Hashing: The miner then calculates the hash (a unique string of characters) of the block using a cryptographic hash function. The hash should meet certain criteria set by the network, usually a specific number of leading zeros.
6. Puzzle Solution: If the hash meets the criteria, the miner has successfully solved the puzzle. If not, the miner changes the nonce and tries again until they find a valid hash.
7. Block Verification: Once the puzzle is solved, the block is considered locked. Other nodes in the network verify the block's validity by checking the hash and confirming it meets the required criteria.
8. Consensus: If the majority of the network nodes accept the block as valid, it gets added to the blockchain, and the miner is rewarded with newly minted cryptocurrency or transaction fees.
In summary, a block of data on a blockchain gets locked through the mining process, which involves solving a mathematical puzzle (Proof of Work) and obtaining consensus from the network nodes.
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Congress struck a blow against organized labor with the passage of the 1947 Taft-Hartley Act. Which of the following were features of this legislation?
feature of the Taft-Hartley Act
-granted the president the ability to suspend strikes
-forced union officials to swear that they were not communists
-prohibited mandatory union membership in unionized workplaces
Last option . The features of the Taft-Hartley Act: prohibited mandatory union membership in unionized workplaces
What did the Taft-Hartley Act do?The Taft-Hartley Act, also known as the Labor Management Relations Act, was passed by the U.S. Congress in 1947. The legislation was designed to restrict the power of labor unions and strengthen the position of employers in labor disputes. Some of the key features of the Taft-Hartley Act included:
Prohibition of mandatory union membership in unionized workplaces: This meant that workers could not be forced to join a union in order to work in a unionized workplace.
Granting the president the ability to suspend strikes: The act allowed the president to order a cooling-off period of up to 80 days in cases where a strike threatened national security or the public welfare.
Forcing union officials to swear that they were not communists: The act required union officials to sign an affidavit stating that they were not members of the Communist Party or any other organization that advocated the overthrow of the U.S. government.
The Taft-Hartley Act was controversial at the time it was passed and remains a contentious issue today. Supporters of the act argue that it helped to balance the power between employers and unions, while opponents argue that it unfairly restricted the rights of workers to organize and bargain collectively.
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