The answer of the given question based on the loop that how many times will the computer process the cout statement in the following code is , the answer is option (a) 0.
What is While loop?A while loop is a programming construct that allows a block of code to be executed repeatedly while a specified condition is true. In other words, while loop repeatedly executes block of code as long as specified the condition evaluates to true. The loop continues until the condition becomes false or until the code inside the loop contains a break or return statement that terminates the loop prematurely.
The while loop is commonly used in situations where you want to repeat a block of code until a certain condition is met. For example, you might use a while loop to read input from a user until they enter a valid value, or to process elements in an array until a certain condition is met.
The while loop condition is numTimes > 5, but the initial value of numTimes is 1, which means the loop condition will be false, and the statements inside the loop will never execute. Therefore, the cout statement inside the loop will be processed 0 times.
So the answer is option (a) 0.
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Which is an example of a unilateral contract?
An example of a unilateral contract is C) A reward offer for information leading to the capture of a fugitive
What is a Unilateral contract?A unilateral contract is a contract in which only one party makes a promise, and the other party can accept the offer only by performing a specific action.
In this case, the reward offer for information leading to the capture of a fugitive is an example of a unilateral contract. The offeror promises to pay the reward to the person who provides the information, and the offeree can accept the offer only by providing the information.
The sales contract, lease agreement, and partnership agreement are examples of bilateral contracts, where both parties make promises and have obligations to fulfill.
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'
Answer choices:
A) A sales contract between a buyer and a seller
B) A lease agreement between a landlord and a tenant
C) A reward offer for information leading to the capture of a fugitive
D) A partnership agreement between two business owners
I am looking for Powershell and Linux learning tools to download and help me with learning commands. Is there such a thing? Currently taking a course for IT Support Certification.
Answer:
Yes, there are a variety of learning tools available for both Powershell and Linux. Depending on your learning style and the type of IT Support Certification you are pursuing, you may want to consider an online course or video tutorial series, an interactive game or practice environment, or a book or e-book. There are also many websites and forums dedicated to helping users learn Powershell and Linux commands.
1. Write a program in java that lets the user play the game of Rock, Paper, and Scissors against the computer. The program should work as follows:
• When the program begins, a random number in the range of 1 through 3 is generated. If the number is 1, then the computer has chosen rock. If the number is 2, then the computer has chosen paper. If the number is 3, then the computer has chosen scissors.
• The user enters his or her choice of “rock”, “paper”, or “scissors” at the keyboard.
• Display the computer’s choice.
• Display the winner.
• If both players make the same choice, then the game must be played again to determine the winner.
The program in java that lets the user play the game of Rock, Paper, and Scissors against the computer is in the explanation part.
What is programming?The process of creating a set of instructions that tells a computer how to perform a task is known as programming.
Computer programming languages such as JavaScript, Python, and C++ can be used to create programs.
Here's a possible implementation of the Rock, Paper, Scissors game in Java:
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class RockPaperScissors {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Random rand = new Random();
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
String[] choices = {"rock", "paper", "scissors"};
while (true) {
// Computer's choice
int compChoiceIdx = rand.nextInt(choices.length);
String compChoice = choices[compChoiceIdx];
// User's choice
System.out.print("Enter your choice (rock, paper, or scissors): ");
String userChoice = sc.nextLine();
// Display computer's choice
System.out.println("Computer chooses " + compChoice + ".");
// Determine the winner
if (userChoice.equals(compChoice)) {
System.out.println("It's a tie. Let's play again.");
} else if (userChoice.equals("rock") && compChoice.equals("scissors") ||
userChoice.equals("paper") && compChoice.equals("rock") ||
userChoice.equals("scissors") && compChoice.equals("paper")) {
System.out.println("You win!");
break;
} else {
System.out.println("Computer wins!");
break;
}
}
sc.close();
}
}
Thus, this program uses a Random object to generate a random number in the range of 1 through 3, which is used to determine the computer's choice of rock, paper, or scissors.
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Which of the following properly handles the side effects in this function? public float Average() { int[] values = getvaluesFromuser(); float total = ; for(int i = 0; i < values.length; i++) { total += values[i]; } return total / values.length; } This function is fine the way it is. There are no side effects. The math in the return statement needs to be fixed, if you don't cast the length to a float, you'll get integer division and a wrong value. Create a new function called Calculate Total that returns the sum of the items in the array. Replace the for loop with it. Change the function to be: public float Average(int[] values) Now values is known and no input is being done in the function
The solution to the given code block would be the fourth option. In order to handle the side effects of the function public float Average(), we need to change the function declaration and use a different method to calculate the total of the elements in the array.
Here, side effects refer to the alterations that occur in variables or objects outside of a method's scope as a result of the method's execution. There are no side effects in the function mentioned above, and the function returns the average of the input values. However, it can be improved to work better and more accurately.The correct method to handle side effects in this function is by modifying it to:public float Average(int[] values)Here, the Average method is being declared with an argument of integer array values, and this argument is being passed as input for the method. Now, in the method, the input is known, and no further input is taken. As a result, any alterations that occur to the integer array values will stay in the method's range and not be impacted by the caller methods.It is advised to use this method instead of the previous one for increased efficiency and better code management
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in data science, is when a data analyst uses their unique past experiences to understand the story the data is telling.
This involves the analyst using their own knowledge, skills and intuition to interpret the data and draw conclusions. They are also able to identify patterns and trends in the data that may not be immediately obvious.
What is Data science?Data science is the study of extracting knowledge from data. It involves the application of mathematics, statistics, and computing to uncover the hidden meanings and patterns in data. Data science is a subset of the broader field of data analytics. Data science is used by companies to gain insights about their customers, markets, products, and operations.
The data analyst’s role in data science is to use their unique past experiences to understand the story the data is telling. This requires the analyst to have a deep understanding of the data and to be able to identify patterns, trends, and correlations in the data. This type of analysis requires the analyst to be creative and open-minded in order to make sense of the data. Analysts must also be able to draw meaningful conclusions from the data and make predictions about the future.
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In the program below, which two variables have the same scope?
def welcome(strName):
greeting = "Hello " + strName
length = len(strName)
print (greeting, length)
def average(numA, numB):
sumNumbers = numA + numB
ave = sumNumbers / 2
return ave
myName = 'Jaynique'
myAverage = average(3, 7)
welcome (myName)
print (myAverage)
sumNumbers and ( choices are 3+7 , ave , strName)
Answer:
sumNumbers and ave have the same scope within the average() function, but are not related to the welcome() function or the myName variable. strName has its own scope within the welcome() function. 3+7 is not a variable, but rather a value that is passed as arguments to the average() function.
the ____ consists of devices and means of transmitting bits across computer networks
The Protocol consists of devices and means of transmitting bits across computer networks
What is Protocol?A protocol is a set of rules for formatting and processing data in networking. Network protocols are similar to a computer language. Although the computers in a network may use very different software and hardware, the use of protocols allows them to communicate with one another.Standardized protocols are analogous to a common language that computers can use, in the same way that two people from different parts of the world may not understand each other's native languages but can communicate using a shared third language. If one computer uses the Internet Protocol (IP) and another computer does as well, they can communicate, just as the United Nations relies on its six official languages to communicate among representatives from all over the world.
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Which of the following would you use to change the element at position array named nums to variable of an nums[e] - 1; numst -e; nums. 1 nums [1] -e; e num[1]: D Question 2 1 pts Which of the following gives the loop header you would usually use to traverse all elements of the array arr? for (int i = 1; i < arr.length; i++) for (int i - 0; i < arr.length; i++) for (int i = 1; i care, length; i++) for (int i = 0; i arr.length; i++) Question 3 1 pts Consider the following method. public static String FindA(String[] arr) for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) { if (arr[i].substring(0, 1).equals("a")) return arri: ] } return } Suppose the array words is initialized as follows: String[] words - {"remain", "believe", "argue", "antagonize"); What is returned by the call find words)? "argue" 'antagonize "remain" "believe
The correct answer is antagonize. The loop header for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) is used to traverse all elements of the array arr.
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Using an Insertion sort, identify which line made an incorrect state change. Bolded items for a row indicate changes made. 0 1 3 4 5 Row Num\Index 1 5 2 3 1 6 2 3 1 6 3 2 1 1 15 2 2 Naaammm 3 5 6 4 5 6 15 1 2 ס| תס| תט| 9 6 6 1 2 16 2
The incorrect state change occurred on line 16 when 6 was changed to 1. This caused the array to be out of order, as 1 should come earlier in the array than 6.
What is array?Array is a data structure which stores a collection of items, arranged in a specific order. It is a powerful tool used in programming to store data, allowing it to be accessed quickly and easily. Arrays are used in many different types of programming, such as storing lists of numbers, strings, characters, objects and even other arrays. Arrays can be used to sort data and to perform mathematical operations on data. They are also used to store data from files, databases and other sources. Arrays allow for efficient access to data elements, and can also be used to store large amounts of information in a small amount of space. Arrays can also be used to store results from calculations, such as statistics and financial calculations. Arrays can be used to speed up processing of data, as they can quickly access and modify the data elements stored in the array.
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which of the following disk maintenance utilities locates and disposes of files that can be safely removed from a disk?
The disk maintenance utility that locates and disposes of files that can be safely removed from a disk is called a disk cleaner. A disk cleaner searches your computer for temporary and unnecessary files, such as temporary internet files, cookies, recently viewed files, and unused files in the Recycle Bin.
Then allows you to remove them. Removing these files can help free up disk space and improve system performance.
The disk maintenance utility that locates and disposes of files that can be safely removed from a disk is Disk Cleanup.Disk Cleanup is a built-in Windows utility that locates and eliminates unneeded files and folders from your hard drive to free up space.
You can use Disk Cleanup to reclaim space on your hard drive by getting rid of temporary files, offline web pages, installer files, and other types of system files that are no longer needed. It's also a good idea to use Disk Cleanup to get rid of files from applications that you're no longer using. By freeing up disk space, you may help your computer run more smoothly.
To open Disk Cleanup on a Windows computer, follow these steps:Open File ExplorerRight-click the drive you want to clean (usually the C: drive) and select Properties. Click the "Disk Cleanup" button on the General tab. In the Disk Cleanup window, select the files you want to delete, and then click OK.
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Note: Upload full question as the question is nowhere available in search engine
The remove function in the following program _____.
>>> aList = [9, 2, 3.5, 2]
>>> aList.remove(2)
removes all occurences of a 2 from a list.
removes the first occurence of 2 from the list
removes the item with an index of 2 from the list
removes all data values from the list
for what values of integer x will branch 3 execute? if x < 10 : branch 1 else if x > 9: branch 2 else: branch 3
For an integer x to execute branch 3, the value of x must be equal to 9. This can be seen by examining the given statement "if x < 10 : branch 1 else if x > 9: branch 2 else: branch 3".
The statement is an example of an if-else statement, which is a type of conditional statement used in programming. This statement is read as: "If the condition 'x < 10' is true, execute branch 1; otherwise, if the condition 'x > 9' is true, execute branch 2; if both of these conditions are false, execute branch 3." As the condition 'x > 9' is false if x is equal to 9, branch 3 will execute when x = 9.
To sum up, for an integer x to execute branch 3, the value of x must be equal to 9.
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what are the manufacturers' specific recommendations for cleaning and maintaining laser printers? (select all that apply.)
Manufacturers' specific recommendations for cleaning and maintaining laser printers include Toner vacuum, Can of compressed air, and Isopropyl alcohol. Therefore the correct option is option A, B and E.
Laser printers are advanced machines that require maintenance to perform at their best. Manufacturers recommend regular cleaning and maintenance to keep these printers in good condition.
Here are the recommendations: Toner vacuum: Toner vacuums are specifically designed for removing toner residue from laser printers. They can pick up fine toner particles without scattering them, preventing toner from getting on other components of the printer.
Can of compressed air: When used properly, a can of compressed air can be an effective way to remove dust and dirt from a laser printer's components. It is not recommended to use compressed air to blow out toner, as it can scatter toner particles.
Isopropyl alcohol: Isopropyl alcohol can be used to clean the rollers and other rubber parts of a laser printer. It is recommended to use a soft cloth, such as a microfiber cloth, to apply the alcohol to the rollers. Be sure to avoid getting any alcohol on plastic parts, as it can damage them. Therefore the correct option is option A, B and E.
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The following question may be like this:
Which of the following tools would be the most appropriate to use for cleaning the inside of a laser printer?
(Select 3 answers)
Toner vacuumCan of compressed airRegular vacuumMagnetic cleaning brushIsopropyl alcoholWhich of the following events or actions has a chance to call an IT security risk with business impact? O a. Infection of computers with a computer virus O b. Putting off antivirus software O c. Sharing a critical business password- encryption O d. All
Answer:
Explanation:
All of the options listed have a chance to call an IT security risk with business impact.
(a) Infection of computers with a computer virus can lead to the loss of data or system functionality, which can disrupt business operations and result in financial losses.
(b) Putting off antivirus software can increase the risk of malware infections, which can lead to data breaches, theft of sensitive information, and other security incidents.
(c) Sharing a critical business password without proper encryption can compromise the confidentiality and integrity of sensitive data, potentially resulting in data breaches and other security incidents.
Therefore, all of these actions have the potential to cause IT security risks with business impact, and organizations should take appropriate measures to mitigate these risks.
you use the commond gmnome-sheel --replace at the command line and receive adn error message from the utility. what doest tshi indicate
The command line utility "gnome-shell --replace" is used to replace the existing user interface with a new user interface. Receiving an error message when running this command indicates that something is preventing the new user interface from loading.
Possible causes include: insufficient memory, incompatible graphic drivers, corrupted system files, or incorrect command syntax. It is important to investigate further to determine the exact cause of the error. If the cause of the error is not immediately apparent, troubleshooting techniques like running a system file check, updating or changing graphic drivers, and using the command line log files can help pinpoint the issue.
Additionally, if the error message includes specific technical information, it is often helpful to research that information to find additional resources. Finally, it is important to be sure to always use the correct syntax when running commands. Ultimately, an error message received when running the command "gnome-shell --replace" indicates that something is preventing the new user interface from loading. Investigating further is necessary to find the cause of the issue and resolve the problem.
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3. A nonentity can best be described as
a. An insignificant person or thing
b. An incorrect answer to a question
c. An incomplete description
d. An angry editorial or essay
The correct answer is option A.
A nonentity refers to an insignificant or unimportant person or thing
What is the meaning of insignificant?
The meaning of "insignificant" is that something or someone is not important, meaningful, or significant. It implies that the object or person in question holds little to no value or significance.
Insignificant refers to something that is unimportant, trivial, or not significant. It can also refer to someone who is unimportant or not influential in any way. When something is described as insignificant, it is often seen as having little or no value, impact, or relevance. However, it's worth noting that what may be insignificant to one person may be significant to another, as perceptions of importance can vary based on individual experiences, values, and beliefs.
The correct answer is option A - "An insignificant person or thing". A nonentity refers to a person or thing that has little or no significance, importance, or influence, and is not well-known or famous. It can also refer to someone who is regarded as unimportant or lacking in talent or ability.
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Which of the following describes a text file containing multiple commands that would usually be entered manually at the command prompt?
It can be used to automate repetitive tasks, elimination the need to manually type in the same commands repeatedly. The commands are stored in the text file, and then the batch file is executed.
This allows the user to perform a task quickly and easily by simply double-clicking on the file. The commands stored in the batch file can include any valid command line instructions, including running programs, copying files, deleting files, and so on. To create a batch file, the user first creates a text file using any text editor. The commands that the user wants to be included in the batch file are then entered into the text file, one line at a time. The file must then be saved in a specific format, usually with a “.bat” file extension. This format tells the computer that the file contains executable commands, as opposed to just a text file. The file is then double-clicked to execute the commands stored in the batch file. Batch files can be used to quickly perform tasks such as creating backups, installing programs, running programs, and so on. They can be used to automate complex or repetitive tasks, saving time and effort. Batch files are also useful for creating shortcuts for frequently used commands.for more such question on elimination
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TRUE/FALSE.Typically, hybrid drives use SSD to store the operating system and applications and hard disks to store videos, music, and documents.
The given statement "Typically, hybrid drives use SSD to store the operating system and applications and hard disks to store videos, music, and documents." is true because a hybrid drive is a combination of solid-state and hard-disk drives.
It aims to provide faster and more efficient performance in contrast to traditional hard-disk drives. An SSD is the key component of a hybrid drive since it improves the boot time of the operating system and speeds up the launch of applications by using the flash storage.
As a result, users experience much quicker system responsiveness and load times. Hard-disk drives, on the other hand, are used to store media files, such as music and videos, as well as personal documents and archives.
Thus, hybrid drives offer the best of both worlds by combining the speed of SSDs and the storage capacity of traditional hard-disk drives.
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now add console.log() statements to test the rest of the functions. is the output what you would expect? try several different inputs.
Yes, you can add console.log() statements to test the rest of the functions and make sure the output is what you would expect. To do this, you'll want to call the function with different inputs and then print out the returned value with a console.log(). This will help you make sure the code is behaving as expected.
For example, if you have a function that adds two numbers together, you might call the function like this:
let result = add Two Numbers(2, 4);
console.log(result); // 6
You can also try using different inputs. For example, if you changed the inputs to addTwoNumbers(5, 7) then the output should be 12.
Testing code with different inputs is a great way to ensure that it is working correctly and producing the expected results. Console logging can help you debug code and identify errors quickly and accurately.
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splunk's processing language, which is all the commands and functions needed to search through data, uses the following keyword to search through data
Splunk's processing language, which is all the commands and functions needed to search through data, uses the following keyword to search through data: search.The Search command is the most important command in Splunk.
It is used to retrieve data from one or more indexes and search for the event data that satisfies the search criteria. The Search command searches for the specified keyword in indexed data, filters out the unneeded data, and displays the results. Plunk's search processing language includes over 140 commands and functions that allow you to modify, manipulate, and format the search results. In addition to the search command, there are many other commands that can be used to modify the search results, including eval, stats, timechart, and chart. The eval command is used to create calculated fields, while the stats command is used to generate statistical summaries of the search results. The timechart command is used to create time-based charts, and the chart command is used to create non-time-based charts. Splunk's search processing language is powerful and flexible, making it an essential tool for analyzing data from any source.
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5. Create a java application that uses nested loops to collect data and calculate the average rainfall over a period of years. First the program should ask for the number of years. The outer loop will iterate once for each year. The inner loop will iterate 12 times, once for each month. Each iteration of the inner loop will ask the user for the inches of rainfall for that month, the program should display the number of months, the total inches of rainfall, and the average rainfall per month for the entire period.
Input validation: Do not accept a number less than 1 for the number of years. Do not accept negative numbers for the monthly rainfall.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the attached.
TRUE/FALSE. when you get and transform data from an external source, you must add it to a worksheet without any changes.
The statement "when you get and transform data from an external source, you must add it to a worksheet without any changes" is false.
When you import and transform data from an external source, you can add it to a worksheet with or without modifications.The following are the steps to add the transformed data to a worksheet.
Step 1: To transform the data, choose a data source and transform the data to fit your specifications in the Power Query Editor.
Step 2: Choose Close & Load from the Close & Load drop-down list in the Close & Load drop-down list in the Close & Load group on the Home tab on the Power Query Editor ribbon.
Step 3: The Load To page is where you can specify how the query results are displayed in the Excel workbook. Select Table, PivotTable Report, or PivotChart Report from the options.
Step 4: Select Existing worksheet and choose the location on the worksheet where the data should be placed from the options available.
Step 5: To finish the wizard and add the transformed data to the worksheet, click OK.This process saves a lot of time and helps to keep the data up to date with the source. Data should be updated on a regular basis to keep it current and to aid in making critical decisions based on accurate and current data.
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Which statement is valid with respect to configuring the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) API Gateway?
A single gateway can only be deployed in a private OCI VCN subnet.
A single gateway can be deployed in both a public and private OCI Virtual Cloud Network (VCN) subnet.
A single gateway can be deployed in either a public or private OCI VCN subnet.
A single gateway can only be deployed in a public OCI VCN subnet.
The statement that is valid with respect to configuring the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) API Gateway is: "A single gateway can be deployed in either a public or private OCI VCN subnet."
What is OCI Gateway?OCI API Gateway can be deployed in either public or private subnets within a Virtual Cloud Network (VCN). Deploying the gateway in a public subnet allows the gateway to be accessible from the internet, while deploying it in a private subnet restricts access to the gateway only from resources within the same VCN or through a VPN connection. The choice of subnet type depends on the specific use case and security requirements.
Internet, NAT, service, and dynamic routing gateways are examples of gateways in OCI. Data can move from one network to another with the help of a gateway, a network component. It serves as a gate between two networks, as suggested by its name, as all data entering or leaving a network must pass through it.
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Use the factorial operation to evaluate 4!.
4 x 3 x 2 x 1
4 + 3 + 2 + 1
4.321
4 - 3 - 2 - 1
Answer:
4! = 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 24. . .. . . . . . ... . . . . .
Differentiate between ICT and ICTs
ICT refers to the field of information and communication technologies as a whole, while ICTs refer to the individual technologies within that field such as computers, smartphones, and the internet.
What is internet?
The internet is a global network of interconnected computers and servers that communicate with each other using standard communication protocols, allowing people to access and share information and communicate with each other across geographical distances.
ICT stands for Information and Communication Technology, which is a term used to describe the combination of technologies used to manage and communicate information.
ICTs, on the other hand, stands for Information and Communication Technologies, which refers to the specific devices, tools, and technologies used for communication and information management, such as computers, smartphones, the internet, and various software and applications.
In summary, ICT is a broader term that encompasses various technologies used for managing and communicating information, while ICTs are specific technologies that fall under the ICT umbrella.
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TRUE/FALSE. Limited characteristics make it impossible for hash functions to be used to determine whether or not data has changed.
The given statement "Limited characteristics make it impossible for hash functions to be used to determine whether or not data has changed" is False because hash functions can be used to identify whether data has been altered, and their use is not restricted by limited characteristics.
A hash function is a method for creating a unique fixed-size digital fingerprint for a message of arbitrary length. The output, which is typically a short string of characters or numbers, is referred to as a hash, fingerprint, or message digest. It's worth noting that the hash function's output is always the same size regardless of the input's size. The hash function is used to validate the integrity of the transmitted data.
The hash function can quickly detect any changes made to the original data by recalculating the hash value and comparing it to the initial hash value. Hash functions can be used to detect whether or not data has been altered. It works by comparing the hash value of the original data with the hash value of the new data. If the hash values are the same, the data has not been altered. If the hash values are different, the data has been altered. Hash functions are widely used in computer security to ensure the integrity of data.
Hence, the given statement "Limited characteristics make it impossible for hash functions to be used to determine whether or not data has changed" is False.
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12. Which function converts a text string to uppercase, or capitalization, for all the text in a string?
A. RIGHT
B. UPPER
C. LOWER
D. MID
The Answer: B. UPPER
A display device is an output device that visually conveys text, graphics, and video information. Which of the following can be considered as a display device?
Answer:
Explanation:
The following can be considered as display devices:
Computer monitors
Television screens
Projectors
Smartphones
Tablets
Electronic billboards and digital signs
Virtual and augmented reality headsets
E-readers
Wearable devices with screens (such as smartwatches)
Interactive whiteboards and touchscreens.
All of these devices can visually convey text, graphics, and video information to the user.
Show that 4n3 + 10n – 20 is O(n3).
4n3 + 10n – 20 = O(n3), since 4n3 is the highest order term.
Proof that the function is an O(n3) function in Big O notationLet f(n) = 4n3 + 10n – 20
f(n) can be rewritten as:
f(n) = 4n3 + 10n – 20
f(n) ≤ c·n3
where c is a constant
For any n ≥ 1
f(n) ≤ 4n3 ≤ c·n3
Let c = 4
f(n) ≤ 4·n3
Therefore, f(n) = O(n3).
Big O notation is a way to describe the complexity of an algorithm. It expresses the upper bound of a function's growth rate, which measures the amount of resources (such as time or memory) an algorithm requires as the input size increases. Big O notation is used to express the worst-case and average-case time complexity of an algorithm.
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Upload the software you wish to review for this project's submission and the detailed, professional-quality code review for the case study that you chose. You can upload a PDF, a program source file, a zip of several source files, or a URL to this assignment GitHub repository.
Prepare a detailed code review and analysis of the code that you have selected. The syllabus contains the details and requirements for this (see the CASE STUDY section). Be sure to cover, at minimum, each bullet point shown in the syllabus. Your submission must be in Microsoft Word format.
The case study involves a detailed, professional-quality code review. Students should take some time to find source code (not written by them) they wish to review. (This is a great opportunity to participate in open source development; you can review some code found on GitHub (or elsewhere), and if you find any improvements, you can submit them as pull-requests.)
