Consider the following simple regression model y = 0 + 1 x 1 + u. Suppose z is an instrument for x.
Which of the following statements is true?
a.
The condition Cov( z, u) = 0 can be tested statistically.
b.
The condition Cov( z, x) 0 cannot be tested statistically.
c.
The ordinary least squares estimator is unbiased if Cov( x, u) =/ 0 .
d.
None of the above

Answers

Answer 1

Consider the following simple regression model y = 0 + 1 x 1 + u. Suppose z is an instrument for x. The condition Cov( z, u) = 0 can be tested statistically. Option A

What is a  simple regression model?

Generally,  The condition Cov( z, u) = 0 can be tested statistically.

This statement is true. The condition Cov( z, u) = 0 is known as the "exclusion restriction" in the context of instrumental variable regression, and it can be tested statistically using methods such as the Sargan test or the overidentification test. These tests are used to determine whether the instrument is valid, i.e., whether it satisfies the exclusion restriction and can be used to estimate the causal effect of x on y.

The condition Cov( z, x) 0 cannot be tested statistically.

This statement is false. The condition Cov( z, x) ≠ 0 can be tested statistically using methods such as the overidentification test or the exclusion restriction test. These tests are used to determine whether the instrument is valid, i.e., whether it satisfies the exclusion restriction and can be used to estimate the causal effect of x on y.

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Related Questions

Which of the following statements is false?To be relevant, a cost must occur in the future.To be relevant, a cost must be an opportunity cost.Sunk costs are never relevant.Sunk costs are costs that occurred in the past.

Answers

B. To be relevant, a cost must be an opportunity cost statement is false.

Relative costing is a costing method used in management accounting to assist managers in making business choices. It is crucial while deciding which option to evaluate and go with.

Option A, "A cost must arise in the future to be relevant," is untrue. It is accurate to state that costs that will arise in the future are relevant costs.

Option B, "A cost must be an opportunity cost to be relevant," is correct option. A cost must differ between two or more options that are precisely different from the idea of opportunity cost in order to be meaningful.

Sunk costs are never relevant, which is Option C , is incorrect  A sunk cost is a previous expense that will never be taken into account when choosing an appropriate costing strategy, it is true.

Option D, which states that sunk costs are expenses from the past, is incorrect. Sunk costs are expenses that have already been incurred in the past since they are historical expenditures.

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the end product of a team effort is often a written report, a series of multimedia slides, and an oral presentation that is delivered live. working in teams can be challenging if members do not carry their weight or cannot resolve conflict. however, if your group establishes successful team processes, you are more likely to produce an effective presentation. successful teamsencourage flexibility in meeting attendance .

Answers

It is true to say that successful teams when planning a multimedia slide and oral presentation should profile the audience.

How to plan an oral presentation?

It is essential that the speaker prepares himself prior to the date of the oral presentation, developing oral and visual communication methods and techniques that achieve the central purpose of engaging his target audience.

For this, it is necessary to align the topics to be discussed in the presentation with the public's profile, that is, the language, tone and techniques used must be compatible and develop the public's attention.

Therefore, a successful oral presentation is one that generates interest, attention and manages to capture the listeners' attention, leading them to ask questions, participate in some way, reflect and provide positive feedback on the topics discussed.

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For a sport organization to deliver engaging content through social media, should social media managers listen to and learn from consumers rather than just disseminate information?YesNo

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For a sport organization to deliver engaging content through social media, should social media managers listen to and learn from consumers rather than just disseminate information Yes. it allows them to know how to target their market.

Keep fanatics up to date on group information like new signings, contracts, bulletins and occasions. Foster fan engagement with unique content material from leagues, teams, coaches, and players. Promote occasions or teams.

On pinnacle of the quantity of interest you doubtlessly have get right of entry to to, extra fan engagement is a key benefit of social media as a sports activities advertising and marketing channel as well.

The conventional nature of a game may be lost, for example, guidelines and timings are tailored to in shape the needs of television. The media controls the vicinity of occasions, in addition to kick-off instances and in a few instances gambling seasons.

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aggregate information as part of an analytics package may include the total number of visits but not the total revenue the total revenue but not the total number of visits the total number of visits and the total revenue none of the above

Answers

An aggregate information as part of an analytics package may include the total number of visits and the total revenue.

Thus, the correct option is C.

What is total revenue?

In other words, businesses utilize this statistic to assess how effectively their primary sources of revenue are generating profits.

Total revenue is directly correlated with marginal revenue.

An indefinitely elastic demand curve is presented to a corporation that is perfectly competitive. In other words, the market price is the only price at which it may be sold.

At any lower price, it could sell the same quantity at the going rate and yet make more money, whereas at any higher price, nobody would purchase any quantity.

The market price multiplied by the amount that the business decides to manufacture and sell equals total revenue.

Total revenue is the amount of money generated by a company's sales of goods and services.

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Based on the following cost data, what conclusions can you make about the costs of Product A and Product B?

Answers

While the price of Product B is set, the price of Product A is flexible. For a corporation to precisely assess profit versus costs each period, meticulous cost tracking is essential.

A cost data is what?

Cost data refers to precise information on specifics, such as anticipated costs for labor, materials, overhead, and other pricing elements that the contractor has included or will include as part of fulfilling the contract.

Why are cost data collected?

Cost information assists you in estimating the expenses of resources like labor, materials, and equipment needed to carry out a project, provide a service, or engage in another activity.

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This procedure involves the crediting of one account through the abstraction of money from another account. A) Kiting B) Lapping C) Force balancing D) Stolen statements

Answers

B) Lapping this procedure involves the crediting of one account through the abstraction of money from another account.

What is crediting?

Credit is the trust that permits one party to give money or resources to another party, wherein the second party does not immediately reimburse the first party (thereby creating a debt), but instead promises to pay back or return those resources (or other materials of equal value) at a later time. Credit is derived from the Latin verb credit, which means "one believes." Credit is a strategy for formalizing reciprocity, making it enforceable by law, and extending it to a sizable number of unrelated parties.

The resources offered may be material (such as issuing a loan) or financial, or they may be in the form of commodities or services (e.g. consumer credit). Any deferred payment arrangement is considered credit. A creditor, sometimes referred to as a lender, extends credit to a debtor, also referred to as a borrower.

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Policymakers who control monetary and fiscal policy and want to offset the effects on output of an economic contraction caused by a shift in aggregate supply could use policy to shift
Aggregate demand to the right

Answers

Policymakers who control monetary and fiscal policy and want to offset the effects on output of an economic contraction caused by a shift in aggregate supply could use policy to shift Aggregate demand to the right.

Which of the following policy options best exemplifies a blend of monetary and fiscal measures intended to lift the economy out of a slump?

Expansionary policy aims to generate demand through monetary and fiscal stimulus in order to stimulate an economy. Economic downturns and recessions are expected to be avoided or at least moderated through expansionary policies.

How do monetary and fiscal policies impact the economy?

Fiscal and monetary policies are both employed to control economic activity over time. They can be used to either regulate growth and activity when an economy starts to overheat or to boost growth when it starts to slow. Fiscal policy can also be used to redistribute wealth and income.

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True or false: Speculators are especially interested in financial futures because price volatility can lead to potentially highly profitable outcomes.

Answers

The primary participants in the futures market are speculators, Therefore the given statement is true.

Who are speculators?Speculators are sophisticated investors or traders who buy assets for short periods of time and use strategies to profit from price changes. Speculators are important to markets because they provide liquidity while also taking on market risk.A speculator is someone who is willing to risk losing a large sum of money in exchange for the possibility of making even more money. A speculator, for example, may invest in a risky stock in the hope of eventually selling it for a profit.Investors grow their wealth in a systematic manner, purchasing assets with reasonable levels of risk in exchange for long-term growth. Speculators, on the other hand, purchase assets that may experience rapid growth but may also lose their entire value if they are not properly managed.

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Suppose that North Cantina is producing 2 units of capital goods and 17 units of consumer goods while South Cantina is producing 2 units of capital goods and 21 units of consumer goods. We can conclude that:

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Suppose that North Cantina is producing two units of capital goods and 17 units of patron items whilst South Cantina is producing 2 gadgets of capital items and 21 devices of consumer goods.

We can conclude that: South Cantina is wholly and successfully using its resources, but North Cantina is not.

What are capital goods?

Capital items are the property used by using agencies in the direction of producing their products and services, and can include buildings, machinery, equipment and equipment

The main export subsectors of the capital items sector are heavy electrical and strength equipment, earthmoving and mining machinery, and manner plant equipment – together accounting for 85% of India's complete capital items exports.

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private companies, professional organizations, colleges, employers, and individuals are all sources of .

Answers

scholarships . ( Houses of worship, unions, school districts, chambers of commerce, and charities are all excellent sources of college scholarships.)

What is the common types of scholarships?

Executive and academic scholarships are the two most common types of scholarships awarded by universities. Leadership Scholarships are awarded for participation in curricular and extracurricular activities and academic excellence.

What are the best types of scholarships?

A full-ride scholarship is a ride to college that covers all costs and is the most desirable of the different types of scholarships. Most fully funded scholarships are school-specific, but some organizations do not limit the use of funds to specific schools.

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in its first year of operations, cloudbox has credit sales of $240000. its year-end balance in accounts receivable is $14000, and the company estimates that $3500of its accounts receivable is uncollectible a. Prepare the year-end adjusting entry to estimate bad debts expense. b. Prepare the current assets section of Cloudbox's classified balance sheet assuming Inventory is $32,000, Cash is $24,000, and Prepaid Rent is $4,000. Note: The company reports Accounts receivable, net on the balance sheet. Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below. Required A Required B Prepare the current assets section of Cloudbox's classified balance sheet assuming Inventory is $32,000, Cash is $24,000, and Prepaid Rent is $4,000. Note: The company reports Accounts receivable, net on the balance sheet. CLOUDBOX Balance Sheet Assets Current assets Cash Accounts receivable, net Inventory Prepaid rent $ 24,000 32,000 4,000 Total current assets $ 60,000 < Required A Required B

Answers

CLOUD BOX Balance Sheet Assets Current assets Cash Accounts receivable, net Inventory Prepaid rent $ 24,000 32,000 4,000 Total current assets 70,500

Date Account Title and Explanation Debit Credit

31-Dec Bad debts expense                  $3,500  

         Allowance for doubtful debts          $3,500

                                  Cloud box

                                 Balance Sheet

                               As of December 31

Assets    

Current Assets    

Cash                                         24,000  

Accounts Receivable, net         10,500 =14,000-3500

Inventory                                  32,000  

Prepaid Rent                                  4,000  

Total Current Assets                  70,500

A balance sheet is an annual financial statement that contains information about a company's assets or liabilities at a particular point in time.

In financial accounting, a balance sheet is a summary of the financial balance of an individual or organization, whether it is a sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation, limited liability company, or other organization such as a government or non-profit organization.

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When economists use the term ___________ in its broadest sense, it applies to blue and white-collar workers, professional individuals such as lawyers, professors, and dentists, as well as small business owners.
labor

Answers

When economists use the term labor in its broadest sense, it applies to blue and white-collar workers, professional individuals such as lawyers, professors, and dentists, as well as small business owners.

the ending raw materials and finished goods inventories at december 31, 2021, follow the same percentage relationships to production and sales that occur in 2022. three pounds of raw materials are required to make each unit of finished goods. raw materials purchased are expected to cost $4 per pound.

Answers

The total production costs for goods that have been finished but haven't been sold are included in finished goods inventory.

A production budget is frequently created by businesses on a monthly or quarterly basis. Based on anticipated sales and planned ending inventory levels, the Production Budget sets the number of units to create within a specific time period.

The third and final category of inventory that manufacturing companies employ for accounting purposes, which includes the products that are sold to customers, is finished goods inventory. Raw materials are used to create manufactured goods, which subsequently enter the work-in-progress (WIP) stage as they are produced.

Everything from apparel to food to electronics is considered a finished commodity. Since it has finished the process and is prepared to be sold to clients directly or to other businesses, this term simply refers to the finished product.

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look at the table. how does the government in a free enterprise system, such as the one in the united states, differ from the role of government in a communist system regarding these market forces

Answers

In a free enterprise system, the government does not control any of these market forces.

In a free enterprise economic system, what function does the government serve?

Maintaining law and order, defending the freedom of individuals to own property, and upholding voluntarily entered into agreements are all things that the government has the coercive authority to do. Essentially, the free enterprise system is supported by the government by providing a framework.

How does the government function in a free-market system?

A free market economy with a few restrictions, rules, and protections from the government. Tax income is money the government gets from people's homes and businesses. This money is used to purchase products and services on the product market as well as supplies on the factor market.

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The two broad categories into which capital budgeting decisions fall are ___ decisions and ___ decisions.
screening
preference

Answers

Considerations about screening and preferences are the two major areas of capital budgeting decisions.

What is capital budgeting decisions ?Choosing the best alternative long-term investment opportunity is what capital budgeting is all about. Where to put corporate funds is indicated. The years it will take to recoup investment, the return on a plan, and the net present value of the resulting cash flows are all calculated as part of the capital budgeting process. Considerations about screening and preferences are the two major areas of capital budgeting decisions. Whether a project proposal meets a particular accepted standard is the subject of screening judgments. Choosing between conflicting actions is governed by preference decisions.The several capital budgeting approaches are covered in this chapter, including internal rate of return, net present value, deferred payback, payback, and accounting rate of return. In addition, the study takes into account contingent proposals, capital rationing, nondiscretionary initiatives, and the inclusion of risk.

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here we preferred two stage construction as it has lesser present worth of cost. calculation of the selection of the construction plan: for single stage construction pw of cost

Answers

When determining a single investment's attractiveness using its present worth, ZERO is utilized as the comparison value.

What is construction and its types?

The construction industry is split into two main segments: non-residential, which includes three sub-divisions (heavy industrial, institutional and commercial, engineering), and residential. Each industry has advantages of its own and offers a diverse and satisfying choice of work projects. From the Latin constructio and the Old French construction, construction is a generic phrase that refers to the art and science of forming things, systems, or organizations. The noun construction refers to the process of building something, whereas the verb to construct refers to the act of building.

What is the most important thing in construction?

Planning. The key to managing construction projects successfully is thorough and strategic planning. More planning will be needed the more complicated the project. A well-planned project increases productivity and offers a detailed road map for finishing the work on time and under budget. The knowledge and skills necessary to perform manual labor on construction sites, such as machine operation, masonry, carpentry, and project management, are known as construction worker skills.

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nathan noticed that a company that has great potential just declared a because its stock price was getting too high for the small investor to buy the stock. the company will substitute more shares for the existing shares of stock without increasing the market value of the firm. group of answer choices claim on income stock repurchase stock split dividend yield

Answers

The organization will replacement extra stocks for the prevailing stocks of inventory with out growing the marketplace price of the firm  stock split.

The required details about stock split is mentioned in below paragraph.

A  stock split up takes place whilst a organization will increase the range of its stocks to reinforce the inventory's liquidity. Although the range of stocks extraordinary will increase via way of means of a particular multiple, the whole greenback price of all stocks extraordinary stays the equal due to the fact a cut up does now no longer essentially alternate the organization's price. The maximum not unusualplace stock split ratios are 2-for-1 or 3-for-1 (on occasion denoted as 2:1 or 3:1). This approach for each percentage held earlier than the cut up, every stockholder may have or 3 stocks, respectively, after the cut up.

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Employers can look for high ________ scores to specifically hire workers who perform welt, are liked by their supervisors, and are resilient. Multiple Choice a. openness to experience b. emotional stability c. extroversion d. agreeableness e. conscientiousness

Answers

Employers can look for high conscientiousness scores to specifically hire workers who perform well, are liked by their supervisors, and are resilient.

Define conscientiousness?Being watchful or diligent is a quality of conscientiousness. A desire to complete a task successfully and a serious attitude toward one's social obligations are both indications of conscientiousness. In contrast to laid-back and disorganized individuals, conscientious people are typically effective and organized.Conscientiousness is characterized as individual variances in a person's predisposition to adhere to socially imposed norms for impulse control, to be goal-directed, planful, able to postpone satisfaction, and to adhere to norms and rules (Roberts, Jackson, Fayard, Edmonds, & Meints, 2009).One of the crucial five elements is scrupulosity. Both tenacity and orderliness make up this quality. It undoubtedly is a strength from one angle of view. Success in both life and the workplace is correlated with diligence.

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in the circular flow diagram, which of the following is true in resource (factor) markets? in the circular flow diagram, which of the following is true in resource (factor) markets? business firms sell goods and services to households. households buy resources from business firms. households sell resources to business firms. households sell products to business firms.

Answers

A homeowner selling resources to a company is option C. Only two marketplaces are present in the circular flow model, which includes both families and companies. One is for resources, the other is for products.

In a circular flow model, what exactly is the factor market?

Which of the following is true for resource (factor) markets as shown in the circular flow diagram? What is true about resource (factor) markets, according to the circular flow diagram? Businesses sell products and services to homes. From commercial entities, households purchase resources.

In the circular flow diagram, what are the production factors?

Land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship are the components of production. Rent, labor, and profit are the costs of production that are corresponding to these components.

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____ are structured training programs that mandate that each beginner serve as an assistant to a fully trained worker before gaining full credentials to work in the field.

Answers

Before receiving full credentials for work in the industry, participants in structured programmes called apprenticeships are required to work like an assistant to a worker who has received the necessary training.

What credential means?

1. something that lends credibility or assurance. additionally: qualification 3a. the candidate with the strongest qualifications. Credentials are testimonies or official records that attest to a person's ability to exert authority or be given credit.

What are examples of credentials?

Doctorate levels (PhD, DrPH, Ids, EdD, Np), master's degree (Msc, MS, MA), requires a bachelor ’s degree (BS, BSN, BA), or bachelor degrees are examples of educational credentials (AD, ADN). RN and LPN certifications are required for licensure.

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True of False. Cost of goods available for sale is always the same regardless of the inventory cost flow assumption in use.

Answers

This statement is False. The cost of goods available for sale will differ depending on the inventory cost flow assumption in use. The cost of goods available for sale is an important figure in the calculation of a company’s net income or profit. This figure is calculated by taking the cost of beginning inventory plus the cost of any goods purchased during the period, then subtracting the cost of any goods sold during the period.

The cost flow assumptions used by a company will determine how the cost of goods available for sale is calculated. The three most common cost flow assumptions are the First-in, First-out (FIFO), Last-in, First-out (LIFO), and Average Cost methods.

The FIFO cost flow assumption assumes that the first goods purchased are the first goods sold. The LIFO cost flow assumption assumes that the last goods purchased are the first goods sold. Therefore, the cost of goods available for sale is calculated by taking the cost of beginning inventory plus the cost of goods purchased throughout the period, minus the cost of any goods sold during the period.

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suppose there are 5 million unemployed workers seeking jobs. after a period of recession, the economy is now recovering, hence 1 million of discouraged workers start to look for work. as a result of this, all else equal, the official unemployment rate would .

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discouraged workers start to look for work. as a result of this, all else equal, the official unemployment rate would decline

The percentage of the labour force without a job is known as the unemployment rate. It is a lagging indicator, which means that rather than foretelling changes in economic conditions, it often rises or decreases in response to them.

The unemployment rate is likely to increase when the economy is struggling and there are few open positions. It is reasonable to anticipate a decline in it when the economy is expanding healthily and there are plenty of available jobs.

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19.A major criticism of CEOs and boards during the 1980s, when corporate takeovers were regularoccurrences, wasa.not trying to get the best price they could for shareholders.b.focusing on "making deals" instead of running the business.c.trying to run up the price of their company's stock in preparation for the sale.d.being obsessed with self-preservation instead of making optimal decisions on behalf ofshareholders.

Answers

When corporate takeovers were common in the 1980s, a significant charge against CEOs and boards was that they were preoccupied with self-preservation rather than making the best choices for shareholders.

What is a corporate takeover?

When control of an organization is transferred from one party to another, it is called a corporate takeover. Depending on whether or not the management of the target firm is a willing participant, corporate takeovers are either classed as hostile or friendly. According to the Williams Act's regulations, every entity that acquires more than 5% of a corporation's outstanding stock must file a report with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) stating whether they intend to start a takeover or not.

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industrial unions are typically composed of individuals who perform the same type of work - machinists, pipefitters, etc.

Answers

Industrial unions are organizations comprised of people all of whom work in the same industry or provide a similar type of industry service, Therefore the given statement is false.

What is industrial unions?Industrial unionism is a trade union organizing method in which all workers in the same industry, regardless of skill or trade, are organized into the same union, giving workers in one industry, or all industries, more bargaining and strike leverage.A type of union organizing in which all workers in a specific industry are organized into the same union regardless of their skill or trade. As a result, workers in one or more of the industries gain more bargaining and strike leverage.A trade union brings together experienced workers who do the same jobs. The industrial union is an organization of workers who work in the same industry.

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it is possible to meet all project specifications and not meet client expectations or fail to meet one or more specifications and still meet or exceed a client's expectation.

Answers

The assertion is accurate. It is possible to adhere to all project specifications but yet falling short of or failing to achieve a client's expectations, or vice versa.

Describe specification and provide an example:

A specification is a need that is unambiguously specified, such as the characteristics that must be included in a product's design. I want to purchase a piece of land and have a house constructed to my specifications.

We utilize specifications because:

they provide clear instructions on the project's goal, performance, and construction. It could act as a reminder of the requirements for quality and standards to be met. It is possible to clearly specify materials and create things. It is possible to establish the prerequisites for installation, testing, and handover.

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for a certain firm, the 100th unit of output that the firm produces has marginal revenue of $10 and a marginal cost of $11. it follows that the

Answers

It follows that the firm should not produce the 100th unit of output because the marginal cost is greater than the marginal revenue. Marginal revenue is the increase in total revenue when one additional unit is produced and sold.

Marginal cost is the increase in total cost when one additional unit is produced. In this example, the marginal cost of producing the 100th unit of output is greater than the marginal revenue, meaning that the firm would lose money if they produced and sold the unit. The firm should instead find ways to reduce their marginal cost in order to make the production and sale of the 100th unit of output worthwhile.

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The marginal revenue curve for a monopoly tells us that as the monopolist sells one more unit, the marginal revenue per unit will fall.
True or False

Answers

Above statement is correct. The marginal revenue in a monopoly is always equal to or less than the average revenue since the price fluctuates as the amount sold fluctuates.

What Is Marginal Revenue?

The additional money made from the sale of one more unit of output is referred to as marginal revenue. The law of diminishing returns dictates that marginal revenue will eventually begin to decline as output level rises, even though it can remain constant above a certain threshold of output. According to economic theory, businesses that are completely competitive keep on producing goods until marginal revenue and marginal cost are equal.

What is Marginal Revenue Curve?

Due to the frequently economically negative relationship between price and quantity, the marginal revenue curve frequently has a downward slope. Demand for a product will almost certainly increase as a company lowers the price, while demand typically declines as prices are raised.

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If a consumer could pay $100 for a new pair of jeans or $100 toward asteroid deflection,
what would that consumer likely choose?
I. purchase the jeans
II. purchase asteroid deflection
III. purchase both the jeans and asteroid deflection
A) I only
B) II only
C) III only
D) I and II only

Answers

If a consumer could pay $100 for a new pair of jeans or $100 toward asteroid deflection, would that consumer likely choose purchase the jeans I only.

Which of the following products can be both excluded and competed with?

A private good is one that is both excludable and competitive in consumption.

Is reducing smog a public good?

Option c) is erroneous since pollution reduction, a lighthouse, and national defense are all public goods rather than rival goods.

Which of the following describes why fish from the ocean, like tuna, are a valuable resource?

Because it is hard to stop people from fishing in the ocean and because every time someone takes tuna, there is less tuna for the next person, tuna in the ocean is a common resource.

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natural monopoly analysis the following graph gives the demand (d) curve for water services in the fictional town of streamship springs. the graph also shows the marginal revenue (mr) curve, the marginal cost (mc) curve, and the average total cost (atc) curve for the local water company, a natural monopolist. on the following graph, use the black point (plus symbol) to indicate the profit-maximizing price and quantity for this natural monopolist. monopoly outcome 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 40 36 32 28 24 20 16 12 8 4 0 price (dollars per hundred cubic feet) quantity (hundreds of cubic feet) d mr mc atc 3.5, 26 which of the following statements are true about this natural monopoly? check all that apply. it is more efficient on the cost side for one producer to exist in this market rather than a large number of producers. the water company is experiencing diseconomies of scale. the water company must own a scarce resource. in order for a monopoly to exist in this case, the government must have intervened and created it. true or false: without government regulation, natural monopolies always earn zero profit in the long run. true false

Answers

The truth about the monopoly is that :

The electricity company is experiencing economies of scale because ATC is decreasing as quantity increasesIt is more efficient on the cost side for one producer to exist in this market rather than a larger number of producers.

It is false that  natural monopolies always earn zero profit in the long run.

What is meant by natural monopoly?

If one business can service a market more affordably than any combination of two or more enterprises, that market is said to have a natural monopoly.

When there is just one company that is the most productive in an industry, a natural monopoly results. It is unfeasible to have more than one company manufacturing the item under a natural monopoly since fixed costs are usually quite high. Tap water is an illustration of a natural monopoly.

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If a company distributes stock to employees by granting stock options, employees exercise the option when they???sell the stock. liquidate the stock. distribute the stock. purchase the stock. retain the stock

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If a company distributes stock to employees by granting stock options, employees exercise the option when they purchase the stock.

Stock in the context of finance refers to each share of ownership in a corporation or business. A single share of stock represents a portion of the corporation's ownership in relation to the total number of shares. This usually entitles the shareholder to that portion of the business's earnings, cash from the sale of firm assets, or voting power, generally allocating these in accordance with the sum that each stockholder has invested. Not all stock is created equal. For instance, some classes of stock may be issued with improved voting rights, without voting rights, or with a specific priority to collect profits or proceeds from liquidation before or after other classes of shareholders.

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The correct answer to the question is that employees exercise the option when they " Purchase the Stock " When a company distributes stock to employees by granting stock options, employees are given the right to buy a certain number of shares of the company's stock at a predetermined price, known as the Exercise price.

When employees choose to exercise the option, they are essentially choosing to purchase the stock at the exercise price. This is typically done because the employee believes that the stock will be worth more than the exercise price in the future, allowing them to make a profit when they sell the stock. Employees may also choose to retain the stock after purchasing it, holding on to it as an investment in the company.

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