The human body has several defense systems to deal with both generalized and specific infections. Specific defenses are targeted responses that identify and eradicate particular diseases, while nonspecific defenses are general processes that protect the body against a variety of pathogens.
What are Specific and Non-specific defenses?Physical barriers such as skin and mucous membranes, which prevent infection from entering the body, are examples of nonspecific defenses. Additional general protections include:
1. Inflammation:
A local response to injury or infection, known as inflammation, involves the mobilization of immune cells to the site of injury or infection to get rid of pathogens and encourage tissue healing.
2. Fever
Fever is an increase in body temperature that can aid in the fight against infection by slowing the growth of certain bacteria and increasing immune cell activity.
3. Phagocytosis
Pathogens are engulfed and destroyed by immune cells through a process called phagocytosis.
Specific pathogen exposure leads to specific immune responses known as specific defenses. These defenses require immune cells to recognize pathogens and mount a focused attack to destroy them. Special defenses include:
1. Production of Antibodies: Specialized immune cells make antibodies that can recognize and combat particular infections.
2. T cell activation is the process through which specialized immune cells known as T cells activate and kill cells that are infected with particular diseases.
3. Immune memory is the ability of the immune system to remember and respond more successfully to particular infections it has previously encountered.
When you don't wash your hands enough, you introduce viruses into your body and weaken both non-specific and specific defense mechanisms. For example, if you touch your face after touching a contaminated surface, you may introduce pathogens through your mouth, nose, or eyes, bypassing physical defenses against infection. By making the body's defenses less efficient and increasing the risk of infection, it can make it easier for microorganisms to cause disease.
Therefore, the human body has several defense systems to deal with both generalized and specific infections.
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Describe how the Richter scale is used to identify
earthquake's strength.
Answer:
The Richter scale uses a formula based on amplitude of the largest wave recorded on a specific type of seismometer and the distance between the earthquake and the seismometer.
Hope this helps!
Please help with this
Answer:
pepsins
Explanation:
Answer:
A
Explanation:
Any of a group of compounds with varying hormone-like effects, notably the promotion of uterine contractions. They are cyclic fatty acids.
Two short-tailed Manx cats are bred together. They produce 3 kittens with long tails 5 short tails and 2 without tails. From these results, how do you think tail length in these cats are inherited? Show the genotypes for both the parents and the offspring to support your answer.
Answer and Explanation:
There are three phenotypes, so it seems that this an example of incomplete dominance, with the short tail being the intermediate form between long-tail and no-tail. Incomplete dominance is a condition where neither of the alleles completely dominates over the other one. Dominant alleles cannot completely cover up the recessive alleles. Descendents possess an intermediate phenotype between the two parental phenotypes and not the dominant one, which would appear if this would be the case of complete dominance.
Available data:
Two short-tailed Manx cats are bred together. F1: 3 kittens with long tails, 5 short tails, and 2 without tails.The T gene might express the tail trait. T allele expresses long the tail and is dominant over t allele which expresses the absence of the tail.
So, homozygous dominant individuals, TT, are long-tailed animals
homozygous recessive individuals, tt, have no tail
Heterozygous individuals, Tt, are short-tailed animals, the intermediate form.
Cross: Two short-tailed Manx cats are bred together
Parental) Tt x Tt
Gametes) T t T t
Punnet Square) T t
T TT Tt
t Tt tt
F1) 1/4 TT = Long-tailed animals
2/4=1/2 Tt = Short-tailed animals
1/4 tt = untailed animals
The ratio 3:5:2 of the progeny in the example is close enough to the Mendelian ratio 1:2:1.
Answer:
This is a case of incomplete dominance. Consider the genotypes below:
LL - long tailed
Ll - short tailed
ll - no tail
The parent genotype is Ll. This means they have the ability to produce offspring with either of the 3 given phenotypes depending on the combination of alleles that get passed down. The cross would be the following way:
L l
L LL Ll
l Ll ll
There's a 25% chance of long-tail, 50% chance of short-tail and 25% chance of no-tail.
Hope that answers the question, have a great day!
How do automatic stabilizers help counter the ups and downs of the business cycle ?
A capital letter indicates a/an ______ allele. A) inferior
B) dominant C) superior D) recessive E) mutant
Answer:
(B)
Explanation:
Most people working with Punnett squares mark a capital letter as a dominant allele.
A recessive allele would be marked by a lowercase letter.
11. What are the three main reasons air pressure changes?
1.
2.
3.
A species can develop genetic diversity______
A. Immediately
B. over a short period of time
C. over a long period of time
D. over any penod of time
Please help!! I am doing unit test! Should give 40 points!! Please help!!!!
Answer:
C. over a long period of time
Explanation:
The top, exposed layer a has undergone
A. an uncomformity
B. erosion
C. tilting
D. folding
P.S. I NEED THIS LIKE NOW!
I WILL MARK BRAINLIEST
How is a food web a more accurate representation of the feeding patterns that occur in nature than a food chain?
Answer: Food webs give the bigger picture.
Explanation:
A food chain is a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten.
A food web is a network of feeding interactions.
A food web will show you all the interactions and relationships between animals and gives the feeding scenario.
New Deal Agency
Goal
Reduce unemployment
Works Progress Administration
Social Security Administration
Prevent poverty among the elderly
Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation
Protect citizens from bank failures
?
Securities and Exchange
Commission
Which item best completes the chart?
A. Provide nutritious food for the unemployed
B. Ensure mortgages against economic recession
C. Protect again future economic crises
D. Promote foreign trade for American businesses
Answer: Protect against future economic crises
Explanation:
New Deal Agency in which unemployment is reduced and Social Security Administration prevents poverty among the elderly, protects against future economic crises again, hence option c is correct.
What is New Deal Agency?The Social Security Administration was founded in 1935 as a separate organization. Its main responsibilities were for public assistance, unemployment insurance, and old-age insurance.
Payroll taxes help to support Social Security, it covers medical expenses, medication, and in some situations, a stipend for the elderly, with New Deal Agency.
Therefore, protection from future crises in the New Deal Agency for Social Security completes the chart, hence option c is correct.
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Erosion is the process by which soil and sediments are moved by gravity, wind, and water. Erosion occurs naturally, but it can be accelerated by human activity. Which of these human activities most contributes to soil erosion? Group of answer choices A.biking on forest trails B.boating on a lake C.cutting down trees .D.fertilizing a lawn (its a science question)
Answer:
A.) Biking on forest trails will most contribute to soil erosion
Explanation:
The soil will move when the bike moves over the area, or it can stick to the wheels and move from one place to another.
PLEASE HELP I WILL BE GIVING THE BRAINLIEST AND 15 POINTS!!!!!!!!
Mary Anning reconstructed the fossil skeletons of many animals new to science. During her studies, she discovered that some species have become extinct.
Which of the following is one main reason a species becomes extinct?
A. overproduction
B. increased variation
C. decreased competition
D. climate change
Answer:
Hello There. The correct answer is D. Climate change.
Because it shows that Anning continued to support herself selling fossils. Her primary stock in trade consisted of invertebrate fossils such as ammonite and belemnite shells, which were common in the area and sold for a few shillings. Vertebrate fossils, such as ichthyosaur skeletons, sold for more, but were much rarer.
Hope It Helps! .ω.
Heart muscle cells remain in the Go stage. Why might this be important for
cardiac function?
Answer:Cardiac Myocyte Cell Cycle Control in Development, Disease and Regeneration
Explanation:hope it helps
Explore: Use the Gizmo to create three more carbon paths, each starting and ending in the atmosphere. Label each location with A for atmosphere, B for biosphere, G for geosphere, or H for hydrosphere. (You can also use P for the anthroposphere if you like, or just include it in the biosphere.)
Carbon-dioxide gas is essential for maintaining life on earth.
Carbon-dioxide present in the atmosphere comes from breathing of animals and volcanic eruption. this carbon-dioxide absorb by the plants (biosphere) in the process of photosynthesis. This carbon-dioxide is incorporated in the soil (geosphere) with the dead bodies of plants and animals and decomposition of these bodies occurs and carbon-dioxide gas again releases in the atmosphere. Carbon-dioxide gas is also dissolved in the water bodies where it is required by the plants for photosynthesis and made food for the marine animals.
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Which two organ systems work together to provide a structural framework for movement?
A. skeletal and muscular
B. muscular and endocrine
C. integumentary and skeletal
D. endocrine and integumentary
Answer:
Skeletal and Muscular
Explanation:
They help work together to provide support to maintain the body together and to help move.
PLZ MARK BRAINLIEST!!!
Answer:
A. Skeletal and Muscular
Which paragraph in the section "Speciation" BEST supports the idea that animals can adapt in ways that allow multiple species to survive together in a common area?
Question 2 options:
A) Sometimes, an organism develops an adaptation or set of adaptations that create an entirely new species. This process is known as speciation.
B) The wide variety of marsupials in Oceania is an example of how organisms adapt to an isolated habitat. Marsupials, mammals that carry their young in pouches, arrived in Oceania before the land split with Asia. Placental mammals, animals that carry their young in the mother's womb, came to dominate every other continent, but not Oceania.
C) Koalas, for instance, adapted to feed on eucalyptus trees, which are native to Australia. The extinct Tasmanian tiger was a carnivorous marsupial and adapted to the niche filled by big cats like tigers on other continents. Marsupials in Oceania are an example of adaptive radiation, a type of speciation in which species develop to fill a variety of empty ecological niches.
D) The cichlid fish found in many of Africa's lakes exhibit another type of speciation, sympatric speciation. Sympatric speciation is the opposite of physical isolation. It happens when species share the same habitat. Adaptations have allowed hundreds of varieties of cichlids to live in Lake Malawi. Each species of cichlid has a unique, specialized diet: One type of cichlid may eat only insects, another may eat only algae, another may feed only on other fish.
Answer:
I will say C
Explanation:
Sorry if I am wrong.
Paragraph in the section "Speciation," BEST supports the idea that the Koalas, for instance, are adapted to feed on eucalyptus trees, which are native to Australia, and that this is present in the option C.
What is the significance of the koalas?They have various importance, such as being culturally significant in Australia, bringing economic benefits to the area, being important for scientific research and understanding marsupials, and so on. They are considered a vulnerable species due to habitat destruction, but they play an important role in the ecosystem as they are herbivores and help control the growth of eucalyptus trees.
As a result, paragraph in the section "Speciation," BEST supports the idea that the Koalas, for instance, are adapted to feed on eucalyptus trees, which are native to Australia, and that this is present in the option C.
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List one property that water and oil do not share.
Answer:
Water is polar and Oil is non-polar.
Explanation:
Why do some traits only have 2 phenotype's.
Answer:
The phenotype really only depends on the parents phenotype.
Explanation:
21. Which group of plants evolved first?
A_____ can rush downhill as a huge mass of soil,water,and rock,leaving a bare scar in the hillside
Answer:
Landslide.
Explanation:
Answer:
landslide
Explanation:
Examine the diagram of the carbon cycle shown above. Through which of the following processes is carbon removed from the atmosphere?
Answer: photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide is naturally removed from the atmosphere by photosynthesis, and trees are particularly skilled at storing the carbon that is removed from the atmosphere by photosynthesis.
What processes is carbon removed from the atmosphere?Respiration and photosynthesis are polar opposites of one another. Through photosynthesis, CO2 is taken from the atmosphere and exchanged for O2. During respiration, O2 is taken from the surrounding air and replaced with CO2. However, none of these processes are in balance.
Plants use photosynthesis to transfer atmospheric carbon into the biosphere and transport it up the food chain. They make sugar molecules by chemically combining water's hydrogen and oxygen with carbon dioxide using energy from the sun.
Therefore, Plants open small pores on the surfaces of their leaves during photosynthesis in order to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and create their own sustenance.
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In what ways did Charles Lyell impact Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution? What type of relationship did Darwin have with Charles Lyell? How did Darwin learn about Charles Lyell's ideas?
Answer:
They both believed that continuous and gradual change is law of nature
Explanation:
Charles Lyell's “Principles of Geology “ encouraged Charles Darwin to think of evolution of living organisms as a slow process just like the slow geological processes taking place since millions of years. As per Charles, the slow and little contribution of continuous geological events shaped the present geological attributes of the earth. Likewise Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution also earmarked accumulated effects of small gradual changes over immense spans of time. They both believed that continuous and gradual change is law of nature.
why did the aliens come to earth
A. someone is trying to kill them
B. someone has accused them of murder
C. they wish to take over planet earth
D. they are ambassadors from their planet.
Answer:D
Explanation:
Can bottled water go bad?
(NEED A PARAGRAPH PLZ)
**20 points**
Answer:
No, bottled water cannot go bad.
Explanation:
It is impossible for any sort of water to "expire". But, when in the bottle for to long, the plastic does become dangerous. The bottle begins to leak chemicals into the water. This doesn't make the water toxic, but it can alter the taste of your water.
What is the name of the organ?
Some mammals have an organ that connects the mother
and developing offspring, allowing for the exchange of
materials like nutrients, gases, and wastes.
mammary gland
placenta
pouch
crop
Answer:
the placenta is your answer
Explanation:
the placenta provides the nutrients and oxygen to the fetus.
For steps 1-4 what are the answers? It is plant reproduction steps H,A,E,C,G I already put and those are correct where i put it
Answer:
step 1: I
step 2: F
step 3: D
step 4: B
step 5: H
step 6: A
step 7: E
step 8: C
step 9: G
I hope this helped you
;)
What
was the main reason for this change in the classification system?
A Unlike the other single-celled organisms, bacteria lack DNA.
B. Unlike the other single-celled organisms, bacteria are eukaryotes
C. Unlike the other single colled organisms, bacteria reproduce only sexually,
D. Unlike the other single-celled organisms, bacteria lock a nucleus
Answer:
A.
Explanation:
In pea plants, green seeds (G) are dominant and yellow seeds (g) are recessive. Two heterozygous plants are crossed. If 60 offspring are produced from this cross, how many of them would you expect to have green seeds? *
Answer:
I dont know like 120???? use google or socratic
As water passes into the guard cells, the pore opens. explain why.
Answer:One of the most important functions of guard cells is to control the closing and opening of the stoma/pores. While the opening of these pores allows water to be released into the environment, it also allows carbon dioxide to enter the cell for photosynthesis (as well as the release of oxygen into the environment).
Explanation:
Answer: guard cells are a pair of cells that surround each of the stoma openings. to open the cells, they have to be triggered by one of many possible environmental or chemical signals. these can include more sunlight or higher than normal levels of carbon dioxide within the cell.
Explanation:
they open to regulate the gas and moisture exchange, hope that this is what you were looking for :)
what is the outer covering of a plant consist of?
Answer:
Dermal Tissue
Explanation:
The outer covering of a plant consist of dermal tissue, which is typically consists of a single layer of epidermal cells.
