You made an investment of $15,000 into an account that paid you an annual interest rate of 3.8 percent for the first 8 years and 8.2 percent for the next 10 years. What was your annual rate of return over the entire 18 years

Answers

Answer 1

Answer: 6.22%

Explanation:

To find the annual rate of return, find the geometric mean of the returns:

= ¹⁸√ (1 + 3.8%)⁸ * (1 + 8.2%)¹⁰ - 1

= ¹⁸√ 2.9638173484126186153 - 1

= 1.0622187633434 - 1

= 6.22%


Related Questions

The Chandler Group wants to set up a private cemetery business. According to the CFO, Barry M. Deep, business is "looking up". As a result, the cemetery project will provide a net cash inflow of $57,000 for the firm during the first year, and the cash flows are projected to grow at a rate of 7 percent per year forever. The project requires an initial investment of $759,000. The firm requires a 14 percent return on such undertakings. The company is somewhat unsure about the assumption of a 7 percent growth rate in its cash flows. At what constant rate of growth would the company just break even?

Answers

Answer: 6.49%

Explanation:

The constant rate of growth where the company would break even will be calculated thus:

Initial investment = Net cash inflow / (14% - g)

759000 = 57,000/(0.14 - g)

where g = growth rate

759000 = 57,000/(0.14 - g)

Cross multiply

759000(0.14 - g) = 57000

106260 - 759000g = 57000

759000g = 106260 - 57000

759000g = 49260

g = 49260/759000.

g = 0.0649

g = 6.49%

The growth rate that would lead the business to breakeven is 6.49%.

At breakeven, the growth rate would lead to the cash inflows from the project being just enough to pay back the initial investment put into the catering business.

This growth rate is calculated by the formula:

Growth rate = ( (Investment * return rate) * - First cash inflow) / Investment

= ( (759,000 * 14%) - 57,000) / 759,000

= 6.49%

The growth rate that would lead the business to breakeven is therefore 6.49%.

Find out more at https://brainly.com/question/13186160.

Hailey Corporation pays a constant $9.45 dividend on its stock. The company will maintain this dividend for the next 13 years and will then cease paying dividends forever. If the required return on this stock is 10.7 percent, what is the current share price?

Answers

Answer:

$64.76

Explanation:

The current share price can be determined by calculating the present value of the dividend

Present value is the sum of discounted cash flows

Present value can be calculated using a financial calculator

Cash flow from year 1 to 13 = 9.45

I = 10.7

PV = 64.76

To find the PV using a financial calculator:

1. Input the cash flow values by pressing the CF button. After inputting the value, press enter and the arrow facing a downward direction.

2. after inputting all the cash flows, press the NPV button, input the value for I, press enter and the arrow facing a downward direction.  

3. Press compute  

what does it mean to be "in the red"

Answers

Answer:

The expression "in the red" is used to describe a business that has negative earnings. This is in contrast to the phrase "in the black" which refers to businesses that are profitable and financially solvent. ... Before the use of computers, accountants recorded income in black ink and expenses in red ink.

Explanation:

I hope it helpedhey buddy can u do a favor to mehey buddy can u do a favor to meif u don't mind ......plz subscribe to my UTube channel - gtron9528

40. Giả sử tỷ giá giao ngay của EUR là 0.9 USD/EUR . Tỷ giá giao ngay dự kiến một năm sau là 0.85 USD/EUR, % thay đổi của tỷ giá giao ngay là :

Answers

Answer:

Sorry I can't understand

What is the internal rate of return of a project costing $3,000; having after-tax cash flows of $1,500 in each of the two years of its two-year life; and a salvage value of $800at the end of the second year in addition to the $1,500 cash flow?a) 13%.
b) 15%.
c) 16%.
d) 19%.

Answers

the answer is B 15%
...
....
....

Holmes Company produces a product that can be either sold as is or processed further. Holmes has already spent $96,000 to produce 2,425 units that can be sold now for $81,500 to another manufacturer. Alternatively, Holmes can process the units further at an incremental cost of $255 per unit. If Holmes processes further, the units can be sold for $415 each. Should Holmes sell the product now or process it further

Answers

Answer: Holmes should process it further to make a profit of $306,496

Explanation:

If Holmes sells now, the selling price would be:

= Amount sold for / No. of units

= 81,500 / 2,425

= $33.61

If the company processes further and sells at $415, they will get a profit per unit of:

= 415 - 255

= $160 per unit

Incremental revenue is:

= (160 - 33.61) * 2,425 units

= $306,495.75

Holmes should process it further.

Tomlinson Packaging Corporation began business in 2018 by issuing 30,000 shares of $5 par common stock for $8 per share and 5,000 shares of 6%, $10 par preferred stock for par. At year end, the common stock had a market value of $10. On its December 31, 2019 balance sheet, Tomlinson Packaging would report:___________

a. Common Stock of $100,000
b. Paid-In Capital of $150,000
c. Common Stock of $200,000
d. Common Stock of $160,000

Answers

Answer:

d. common stock of $150,000.

Explanation:

First and foremost, upon issuance of stocks, the common stock account would be credited with the total par value of the shares issued as shown below:

total par value=par value per share*shares issued

total par value=$5*30,000

total par value=$150,000

The paid-in capital would be credited with the  total amount the cash proceeds from the share issue exceeds the total par value

total cash proceeds=$8*30,000

total cash proceeds=$240,000

paid-in capital=$240,000-$150,000

paid-in capital=$90,000

The correct option is the common stock of $150,00, except that the number of shares issued is 20,000,hence, the common stock of $100,000 would be correct

Check a similar question below to drive home my point:

Kerwin Packaging Corporation began business in 2010 by issuing 30,000 shares of $5 par common stock for $8 per share and 10,000 shares of 6%, $10 par preferred stock for par. At year-end, the common stock had a market value of $10. On its December 31, 2011 balance sheet, Kerwin Packaging would report:

a. common stock of $300,000.

b. paid-in capital of $150,000.

c. common stock of $240,000.

d. common stock of $150,000.

MC Qu. 99 The Work in Process Inventory account... The Work in Process Inventory account of a manufacturing company that uses an overhead rate based on direct labor cost has a $5,220 debit balance after all posting is completed. The cost sheet of the one job still in process shows direct material cost of $2,200 and direct labor cost of $1,000. Therefore, the company's overhead application rate is:

Answers

Answer:

202%

Explanation:

Calculation to determine what the company's overhead application rate is

First step is to calculate the Total manufacturing overhead using this formula

Total manufacturing overhead = Overhead rate - Direct material cost - Direct labor cost

Let plug in the formula

Total manufacturing overhead =5220 - 2,200 - 1000

Total manufacturing overhead =2020

Now let determine the overhead application rate using this formula

Overhead application rate=Total manufacturing overhead/Direct labor cost

Let plug in the formula

Overhead application rate=2020/1000*100

Overhead application rate=202%

Therefore, the company's overhead application rate is:202%

Assume banks are required to hold reserves equal to 20 percent of deposits. Instructions: Enter your responses as a whole number. a. How much excess reserves does the bank hold

Answers

Answer: $100

Explanation:

If the reserve requirement is 20% then the required reserves being held by the company is:

= Total deposits * reserve requirement

= 8,000 * 20%

= $1,600

The reserves held by the company of $1,700 comprise of both the required reserves and the excess reserves. The excess reserves will therefore be calculated as:

Excess reserves = Reserves - Required reserves

= 1,700 - 1,600

= $100

On May 7, Jernigan Company purchased on account 640 units of raw materials at $15 per unit. During May, raw materials were requisitioned for production as follows: 224 units for Job 200 at $13 per unit and 294 units for Job 305 at $15 per unit.

Required:
Journalize the entry on May 7

Answers

Answer:

Date               Account Title                                              Debit               Credit

May 7             Materials                                                 $9,600

                      Accounts Payable                                                            $9,600

Working:

= Units purchased * cost per unit

= 640 * 15

= $9,600

As the goods were purchased on account, they will be sent to accounts payable. Materials are assets so they will be debited when acquired.

Which of the following considerations is related to sociocultural environment

Answers

Answer:

You didn't provide anything for me to choose from, so I can't give you an answer.

In general, increasing price above the market equilibrium price will _______ consumer surplus and ________ producer surplus. Total surplus will _______. Reducing price below market equilibrium will ________ consumer surplus and _______ producer surplus. Total surplus will _______. Thus regulators _______ increase benefits to one group or the other, but the market ______ be efficient.
The tax incidence is the:_____
a. average tax burden borne by buyers and sellers.
b. actual tax burden borne by buyers and sellers.
c. absolute tax burden borne by buyers and sellers.
d. relative tax burden borne by buyers and sellers.

Answers

I say it have to be letter a
C I’m not sure if thts it but yea

Calculate depreciation for year 2 based on the following information: Historical cost $40,000 Useful life 5 years Salvage value $3,000 Year 1 depreciation $7,400

Answers

Answer:

Depreciation for year 2 is also $7,400.

Explanation:

Assuming a straight line method of depreciation in which the depreciation is the same for each year, the annual depreciation can be calculated as follows:

Annual depreciation = (Historical cost - Salvage value) / Useful years = ($40,000 - $3,000) / 5 = $7.400

Since annual depreciation is $7,400, that implies that depreciation for year 2 is also $7,400.

Escareno Corporation has provided its contribution format income statement for June. The company produces and sells a single product.
Sales (8,400 units) $ 764,400
Variable expenses 445,200
Contribution margin 319,200
Fixed expenses 250,900
Net operating income $68,300
If the company sells 8,200 units, its total contribution margin should be closest to:________.
a. $301,000
b. $311,600
c. $319,200
d. $66,674

Answers

Answer:

b. $311,600

Explanation:

Calculation to determine what total contribution margin should be closest to:

Using this formula

Contribution margin per unit=Current contribution margin ÷ Current sales in units

Where,

Contribution margin per unit

=$319,200 ÷ 8,400

Contribution margin per unit= $38

Now let determine the total contribution margin

Total contribution margin= 8,200 × $38

Total contribution margin=$311,600

Therefore total contribution margin should be closest to:$311,600

roject A costs $6,000 and will generate annual after-tax net cash inflows of $2,150 for five years. What is the payback period for this investment under the assumption that the cash inflows occur evenly throughout the year

Answers

Answer:

It will take 2.79 years to cover the initial investment.

Explanation:

Giving the following information:

Project A costs $6,000 and will generate annual after-tax net cash inflows of $2,150 for five years.

The payback period is the time required to cover the initial investment:

Year 1= 2,150 - 6,000= -3,850

Year 2= 2,150 - 3,850= -1,700

Year 3= 2,150 - 1,700= 450

To be more accurate:

(1700/2150)= 0.79

It will take 2.79 years to cover the initial investment.

Your company is estimated to make dividends payments of $2.2 next year, $3.9 the year after, and $4.8 in the year after that. The dividends will then grow at a constant rate of 2% per year. If the discount rate is 9% then what is the current stock price?

Answers

Answer:

$63.01

Explanation:

The share price today is the present value of expected future cash flows which in this case are the expected future dividends and the terminal value of dividends beyond the 3rd year.

Year 1 dividend =$2.2  

Year 2 dividend =$3.9

Year 3 dividend =$4.8

Terminal value=Year 3 dividend*(1+constant growth rate)/(required rate of return-constant growth rate)

constant growth rate=2%

the required rate of return=9%

Terminal value=$4.80*(1+2%)/(9%-2%)

Terminal value=$69.94

Present value of a future cash flow=cash flow/(1+required rate of return)^n

n is 1 for year 1 dividend, 2 for year 2 dividend , 3 for year 3 dividend,  and terminal value(terminal value is stated in year 3 terms)

stock price=$2.2/(1+9%)^1+$3.9/(1+9%)^2+$4.8/(1+9%)^3+$69.94/(1+9%)^3

stock price=$63.01  

Paul’s Pizza Parlor bakes pizza pies according to Q = 3 L – 0.3 L 2. If labor costs $6 and pizza sells for $10, the optimal amount of labor is:

Answers

Answer: 4 units of labor

Explanation:

Optimum amount of labor occurs where marginal revenue equals marginal cost which means:

Marginal revenue product = Cost of labor

Marginal revenue product = Marginal product of labor * Prize of pizza

Marginal product of labor = differentiation of Q

= dQ/dL

= d(3L - 0.3L²)

= 3 - 0.6L

Marginal revenue product = (3 - 0.6L) * 10

= 30 - 6L

Marginal revenue product = Cost of labor

30 - 6L = 6

30 - 6 = 6L

L = 24/6

= 4 units of labor

Liquidity is _________. Question 10 options: equal to the market value of a firm's total assets minus its total liabilities generally most associated with intangible assets a measure of the use of debt in a firm's capital structure valuable to a firm even though liquid assets tend to be less profitable to own equal to current assets minus current liabilities

Answers

Answer:

valuable to a firm even though liquid assets tend to be less profitable to own

Explanation:

Classify the following markets as perfectly competitive, monopolistic, or monopolistically competitive, and explain your answers.

a. wooden no. 2 pencils
b. copper
c. local telephone service
d. peanut butter
e. lipstick

Answers

If you want to answer asked Siri

The price elasticity of gasoline supply in the United States is 0.4. If the price of gasoline rises by​ 8%, what is the expected change in the quantity of gasoline supplied in the United​ States?
A. ​3.2%
B. ​+ 0.32%
C. ​+ 32.0%
D. ​+ 3.2%

Answers

Answer:

a

Explanation:

Price elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded to changes in price of the good.

Price elasticity of demand = percentage change in quantity demanded / percentage change in price

0.4 == quantity / 8  

3.2%

If the absolute value of price elasticity is greater than one, it means demand is elastic. Elastic demand means that quantity demanded is sensitive to price changes.  

Demand is inelastic if a small change in price has little or no effect on quantity demanded. The absolute value of elasticity would be less than one

Demand is unit elastic if a small change in price has an equal and proportionate effect on quantity demanded.  

Infinitely elastic demand is perfectly elastic demand. Demand falls to zero when price increases  

Perfectly inelastic demand is demand where there is no change in the quantity demanded regardless of changes in price.

3. Which of the following is NOT a factor of production?
a. land
d. entrepreneurship
b. output
e. capital
c. inputs

Answers

Answer:

Output.

Explanation:

because it is an effect of production but not a factor.

Output in I think this is right

The company's variable overhead costs are driven by machine-hours. What would be the total budgeted overhead cost for next month if the activity level is 2,400 machine-hours rather than 2,500 machine-hours? Assume that the activity levels of 2,500 machine-hours and 2,400 machine-hours are within the same relevant range. Group of answer choices

Answers

Answer:

$60,380

Explanation:

Missing word "Kerekes Manufacturing Corporation has prepared the following overhead budget for next month. Activity Level - 2500 Machine Hours - Variable Overhead Cost: Supplies 12,250 Indirect Labor ---22,000 Fixed Overhead: Supervisor 15,500 Utilities -- 5500 Depreciation --- 6500 Total Cost --- 61,750"

So, at activity level of 2500

Total variable overhead cost = Supplies + Indirect labor

Total variable overhead cost = $12,250 + $22,000

Total variable overhead cost = $34,250

So, at activity level of 2400

Total variable overhead cost = $34,250 * 2,400/2,500

Total variable overhead cost = $34,250 * 0.96

Total variable overhead cost = $32,880

So, at 2,400 hours

Total overhead cost = Variable overhead cost + Fixed overhead cost

Total overhead cost = $32,880 + Supervisor salary + Utilities + Depreciation

Total overhead cost = $32,880 + $15,500 + $5,500 + $6,500

Total overhead cost = $60,380

Franchises are attractive to business owners because

they have a proven business model.
they are typically inexpensive to buy.
they get to keep all profits.
they come with very little risk.

Answers

A. they have a proven business model.

Franchises are attractive to business owners because they have a proven business model. The correct option is A.

Why are franchises attractive?

Franchises give larger companies the ability to expand and spread out while also allowing entrepreneurs and small business owners the chance to manage their own operations with the assistance and support of a larger organization with a track record of success. Franchising is a seductive strategy for achieving commercial success.

In a franchise, the business owner (the franchisor) sells the right to use its brand, goods, and operational procedures to the franchisee (the person who wants to open a new location) in exchange for a fee.

The fact that the franchisor has previously created and put the business model through testing is one of the key advantages of owning a franchise. As opposed to starting a new company from scratch, the franchisee can take advantage of the franchisor's knowledge and expertise, which lowers the risk of failure.

Thus, the ideal selection is option A.

Learn more about franchises here:

https://brainly.com/question/29376853

#SPJ5

Define Total Quality Management (TQM) and Lean Production.​

Answers

Total Quality Management (TQM) is an on-going improvement management plan. Furthermore, TQM ensures that equipment is properly maintained and a recent type, and workers are well-trained. However, most companies who use Total Quality management also utilize other lean processes, not just TQM.

When purchases of merchandise are made on account with a perpetual inventory system, the transaction is recorded with which entry

Answers

Answer:

debit Merchandise Inventory, credit Accounts Payable.

Explanation:

In the case when the merchandise is purchased on account, so the following journal entry is recorded

Merchandise inventory Dr XXXXX

      To account payable XXXXX

(Being merchandise inventory purchased on account)

Here merchandise inventory is debited as it increased the assets and credited the account payable as it also increased the liabilities

Saving is a leakage in the sense that:______.
a. saving is lost to the economy and ultimately leads to stagnation.
b. it often accompanies a trade deficit.
c. consumers spend less than their total income.
d. the financial system often makes negative profits.

Answers

Answer:

The correct option is c. consumers spend less than their total income.

Explanation:

Saving is simply a portion of the total income that is not spent by the consumers on goods and services.

Saving is a non-consumption use of income which is leaked out of the circular flow of income and expenditure. Saving therefore makes the consumption lower than the total income.

Based on the explanation above, the correct option is c. consumers spend less than their total income.

A refiner produces heating fuel and gasoline from crude oil in virtually fixed proportions. What can you say about economies of scope for such a firm? What is the sign of its measure of economies of scope, SC?

Answers

Answer:

The cost benefits of simultaneous manufacturing do not exist and there are thus no economies as well as range disadvantages. A further explanation is provided below.

Explanation:

Scope savings are environmental impacts if a variety of commodities are produced collectively when producing these commodities collaboratively is far less costly than individually.Throughout this case, the manufacturer can create two items from the main resource although manufacturing takes place in some kind of a set proportion. Therefore includes the amount of production is identical to the expenditure of combined production of the products.

Thus the above is the appropriate solution.

Suppose Torche Corporation has the following results related to cash flows for 2020: Net Income of $10,000,000 Increase in Accounts Payable of $800,000 Increase in Accounts Receivable of $600,000 Decrease in Inventory of $100,000 Assuming no other cash flow adjustments than those listed above, create a statement of cash flows with amounts in thousands. What is the Net Cash Flow from Operating Activities?

Answers

Answer:

9,700,000

Explanation:

Essentially... a lot. I would recommend learning about debits and credits. Short explanation is credits are negative and debits are positive. So an increase to a debit is adding to the net value, just as a decrease to a credit adds net value.

We start with 10,000,000.

We subtract 800,000 from this as we are increasing AP, a credit.

We are now at 9,200,000

We then add 600,000 from AR, a debit that is increasing.

We are at 9,800,000.

Finally, we subtract 100,000 because we are decreasing Inventory, a debit.

Our final value is 9,700,000

Carmichael Inc. has a beginning balance in Accounts Receivable of $100,000 at June 1. On June 24, Carmichael sells $20,000 of merchandise to K. Low, terms 2/10, n/30. Assuming just this one transaction occurred, what is the ending balance in Accounts Receivable at June 30 under the gross method

Answers

Answer:

$120,000

Explanation:

Particulars                                                                   Amount

Beginning balance in accounts receivables A/C    $100,000

Add: Credit sales                                                       $20,000

Ending balance in accounts receivables A/C        $120,000

L. Bowers and V. Lipscomb are partners in Elegant Event Consultants. Bowers and Lipscomb share income equally. M. Ortiz will be admitted to the partnership. Prior to the admission, equipment was revalued downward by $8,000. The capital balances of each partner are $96,000 and $40,000, respectively, prior to the revaluation.
a. Provide the journal entry for the asset revaluation.
b. Provide the journal entry for Ortiz’s admission under the following independent situations:
1. Ortiz purchased a 20% interest for $20,000.
2. Ortiz purchased a 30% interest for $60,000.

Answers

Answer: See attachment and explanation

Explanation:

1. Ortiz purchased a 20% interest for $20,000.

Total capital after the admission of the partner will be:

= ($96000 - $4000) + ($40000 - $4000) + $20000

= $92000 + $36000 + $20000

= $148000

The share of new partner in the capital structure will be:

= Total capital × Interest of new partner

= $148000 × 20%

= $29600

There'll be a deficiency in the profit which the existing partner contributes to and this will be:

= $29600 - $20000

= $9600

Then each partner shares =$9600/2 = $4800

2. Ortiz purchased a 30% interest for $60,000.

Total capital after the admission of the partner will be:

= ($96000 - $4000) + ($40000 - $4000) + $60000

= $92000 + $36000 + $60000

= $188000

The share of new partner in the capital structure will be:

= Total capital × Interest of new partner

= $188000 × 30%

= $56400

Since the share is less than the amount of $60000 bought in, the existing partner will be compensated in the amount of ($60000 - $56400) = $3600. Therefore each partner gets $3600/2 = $1800

Check attachment for the journal entries.

Other Questions
A driveway is in the shape of a rectangle 20 feet wide by 25 feet long.(a)Find the perimeter in feet.(b)Find the area in square feet. f(x+h)-f(x)Find the difference quotienthwhere h# 0, for the function below.f(x) = 4x? --8Simplify your answer as much as possible.f(x + h) - f(x):hOkay During wartime, a number of military aircraft factories expanded their operations and hired many additional employees. As a result of this increased employment, these communities experienced a sudden and unprecedented need for affordable rental housing. In response to this need, Congress passed a law establishing the maximum rent that may be imposed for a two-bedroom apartment within a ten-mile radius of a military aircraft factory.Is this statute likely to be constitutional?A. Yes, pursuant to the congressional war and defense powers provided by Article I, Section 8.B. Yes, because the statute is rationally related to a legitimate governmental interest.C. No, because the statute impermissibly regulates private conduct.D. No, because Congress is not authorized to legislate for the general welfare. How do I do this question You own a stock portfolio invested 30 percent in Stock Q, 25 percent in Stock R, 25 percent in Stock S, and 20 percent in Stock T. The betas for these four stocks are .80, 1.18, 1.19, and 1.36, respectively. What is the portfolio beta Tanks Machine guns Poison gas Flamethrowers AirplanesThese new military technologies resulted in a huge expansion of the military tactic known as trench warfare and made _______ the most deadly war up to that point in history.a.Vietnamb.World War Ic.World War IId.American Civil War A tin of paint covers a surface area of 50m2. Each tin costs 5.60. The entire surface of a solid cylindrical rod with diameter 8m and height 12m needs to be painted. Find the minimum cost of painting the rod. (NO NEED FOR EXLENATION) What is the y-intercept of the line y+11= -2(x+5)? The word "hay" best translates toa. thereb. isc. "here is" or "here are"d. "there is" or "there are"Please select the best answer from the choices provided Question 6 of 25In APQR, m P= 60, m_ Q = 30, and m2 R = 90. Which of the followingstatements about APQR are true?Check all that apply. what is the difference between law and rule? Which of these words has the most similar connotation to tantalized? A. teased B. tortured C. worried D. annoyed Why is it a good idea to reiterate thecontroversy in your conclusionparagraph?A. It reminds your readers of the issues you are addressingand sets up your all-important rebuttal.B. It reminds your readers of the issues of your paper sothey can write a paper like it of their own.C. It reminds your readers of the issues you are addressingso they can focus on the opposition.D. It reminds your readers of the requirements for aresearch report. 1 point (1) Three times a number minus two times a number* Your answer Pls help me? Im struggling In at least 500 words, write a reflective essay on a text or texts you've read that focuses on South Africa. What did you learn and how did the readings change or enlarge your world view? Make sure to reference all of the works you read. Synovec Company is growing quickly. Dividends are expected to grow at a rate of 30 percent for the next three years, with the growth rate falling off to a constant 4 percent thereafter. If the required return is 10 percent, and the company just paid a dividend of $2.65, what is the current share price You have seen this advertisement for a summer job. Summer shop assistants needed for our new arts and crafts shop You need to: be good at working with people . have some knowledge of arts and crafts be able to work during the busy tourist season in July and August Write saying why you would be suitable for the job to: Robert Brown, Manager, The Art of Craft, High Street, Oxford Write your letter. (140-190 words) Need help on this!!! Which equation does the graph represent?A. x^2 + y^2 = 4B. x^2/3^2 + y^2/4^2 = 1C. (X - 1)^2 / 3^2 + y^2/4^2 = 1D.X^2 / 4^2 + (y + 1)^2 / 3^2 = 1