As succinate transports electrons to the respiratory chain downstream complex I, it may be a substrate to maintain the Krebs cycle and ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation when mitochondrial activity is compromised.
Succinate dehydrogenase catalyses the oxidation of succinate to fumarate, which results in the reduction of FAD to FADH2. The initial oxidative phosphorylation (ATP formation) step, NADH -> CoQH2, is skipped by the FADH2 electrons when they enter the electron transport chain at CoQ. Thus, the electron chain from CoQ to O2 uses just 2 steps to create ATP. The electrons from NADH, on the other hand, pass through the three ATP-forming complexes in the electron transport chain as a result of the process that turns malate into OAA.
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Use the chemical equation to answer the question that follows.
C+0₂ → CO₂
What type of reaction occurs when carbon dioxide is formed from carbon and oxygen?
O synthesis
O decomposition
O single displacement
O double displacement
Answer:
when carbon dioxide is formed from carbon and oxygen it's synthesis
Mendells theory of
genetics aplys to what
organism
Answer:
Pea plants
Explanation:
Mendelian Theory of Genetics In the 1860s, Mendel introduced theories of inheritance, based on his experimental work with pea plants. Before Mendel, most people believed inheritance was due to a blending of parental ‘essences’, much like how mixing blue and yellow paint will produce a green color.
How many of the following can be used to distinguish a nematode worm from an annelid worm?
1. type of body cavity
2. number of muscle layers in the body wall
3. presence of segmentation
4. number of embryonic tissue layers
5. shape of worm in cross-sectional view • a) one of these
• b) two of these
• c) three of these
• d) five of these
Answer: three of these
Explanation: hope this helps :)
Answer:
C: Three of these
Explanation:
I looked it up.
Describe one environmental advantage and one environmental disadvantage of using gm crops.
After being genetically modified, crops are more resistant to disease and drought and use less water and fertilizer. A major drawback of GM crops is the threat they pose to native species.
What is one benefit of utilizing GM crops for the environment?Additionally, GMOs increase the number of crops that are accessible for consumption and sale while concurrently lowering the amount of pesticides that must be applied. GMOs have contributed to a 22% rise in crop yields over the past 20 years and an 8.2% decrease in pesticide applications.
What are the negative environmental effects of using GM crops?The transfer of genes to non-engineered crops may have an influence on the diversity of native plant species. Increased yields per acre frequently result in higher input costs (fertilizer, etc.) as well as greater soil erosion.
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a group of organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring is known as a ...
A group of organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring is known as a specise.
A species is a collection of unique organisms that interbreed and give birth to healthy offspring. This definition states that two species are distinct from one another when, in the wild, it is impossible for individuals of the two species to mate and have fruitful offspring.
When a group of organisms can interbreed or exchange DNA and consists of individuals with similar traits, that group of organisms is referred to as a "species." The species, which also functions as a taxonomic rank, is the most fundamental classificational unit in biology. The biological classification system's second taxonomic rank after an individual is called a genus.
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How can alcohol use among teens permanently affect the white matter of the brain and the prefrontal cortex?
Alcohol and drug use are mainly unfavorable to the white count of the brain, which means that the efficiency of statistics glide is compromised. particularly, substance use results in a decrease in white counted extent and disorganization of white remember the structure.
Alcohol and drug use are especially detrimental to the white remember of the mind, which means that the performance of records flow is compromised. particularly, substance use results in decreased white matter quantity and disorganization of white remember the structure.
The sooner a person begins drinking alcohol at dangerous tiers the more the chance of changing the improvement of the brain this could lead to problems with reminiscence and learning and will increase the chance of getting alcohol-associated problems later in life.
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ighlight
Reading Diagnostic Assessment
Select the correct text in the passage.
Which sentence describes a limitation of tidal power as an energy source?
Tidal Power
Renewable energies harness power from natural resources. These technologies are useful because natural resources, such as
sunlight and wind, continually replenish over time. Solar panels and wind turbines are examples of renewable energy sources.
Tidal power is another lesser-known renewable energy source that harnesses power from ocean tides. The tides occur based on
the location and movement of the Moon around the Earth. Because the Moon and the oceans are constants, people can use
energy from tides indefinitely. As with other renewable energies, tidal power is a promising future energy source.
A tidal power plant looks and functions similar to a wind turbine. With wind power the wind rotates a turbine to produce
electricity, whereas with tidal power water rotates a turbine to produce electricity. Other than the installation and occasional
maintenance, tidal turbines can produce abundant amounts of energy from ocean tides. Local governments and companies have
teamed together to install tidal turbines. A group of these tidal turbines can power entire towns.
Reader Tools
Before governments or companies install tidal turbines, the local tides and geography must be studied extensively. Not every
coastal region experiences tides large and powerful enough to warrant building tidal turbines. Nevertheless, numerous regions
around the world have the tides and geography suitable for this fascinating power source. For example, areas of Canada, Western
Europe, and Australia have large tides where tidal power stations could harness energy and create electricity.
Reset
Submit
The sentence that describes a limitation of tidal power as an energy source is:
Not every coastal region experiences tides large and powerful enough to warrant building tidal turbines.Why are there no more nations utilizing tidal power?Although tidal power is a promising renewable energy source, its development is constrained by high production costs, a shortage of suitable locations, and technical difficulties.
Even though they claim to be low-carbon, tidal farms can be bad for the local ecosystem. Marine animals may be hurt by turbines, and migratory species cannot move freely due to barrages. Concerns about the electromagnetic fields and noise produced are also raised, especially with regard to creatures that employ echolocation.
Therefore, the following are some other a few drawbacks of tidal energy:
High construction costs for tidal power plants. Detrimental effect on marine life. Place restrictions. Turbine placement is challenging since the enormous machines disturb the tide they are seeking to harness.Learn more about energy source from
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you have generated antibodies that recognize the extracellular domain of the ca2 -pump. adding these antibodies to animal cells blocks the active transport of ca2 from the cytosol into the extracellular environment. what do you expect to observe with respect to intracellular ca2 ? group of answer choices ca2 -pumps in vesicle membranes will keep cytosolic calcium levels low. ca2 -pumps in the golgi apparatus will keep cytosolic calcium levels low. ca2 -pumps in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane will keep cytosolic calcium levels low. ca2 concentrations in the cytosol will increase at a steady rate.
It is expected to observe with respect to intracellular calcium that calcium pumps in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane will keep cytosolic calcium levels low (option 2).
What are receptors in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane?Receptors in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane can be defined as certain integral membrane proteins that are able to recognize a given ligand and they are located on the membrane of this organelle.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that receptors in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane are able to pump calcium ions in order to perform different metabolic activities.
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Which of the following best describes the result of meiosis? Select 3 that apply.
WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST
The result of the process of meiosis is that it produces increased genetic diversity due to crossing over.
The correct option is C.
What is meiosis?Meiosis is a type of cell division that results in the production of gametes or sex cells. Hence. meiosis is a form of cell division that occurs only during sexual reproduction.
During meiosis, the cells of the parent organism which have a pair of chromosomes or diploid number or 2n of chromosomes divide to produce the gametes which have the haploid number or n number of chromosomes.
Hence, the sex cells or gametes produced can fuse to form a zygote that has a pair of chromosomes or diploid number or 2n of chromosomes.
The process of meiosis results in genetic variation as it allows for the crossing over of genes, such that the genes of the offspring show a variation to that of the parents as well as among the offspring.
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Which list correctly identifies characteristics that protists share with animals?answer choicesFGHJ
The following is a list of traits that protists and animals have in common: C. Motile, Eukaryotic, Reproduce Sexually.
Animals and protists are categorized as eukaryotic organisms because they contain a distinct nucleus. Both are hence eukaryotic.
Almost all protists possess the ability to move thanks to features like pseudopodium, flagella, or cilia. Additionally, animals have highly developed skeletal systems and musculature. Animals and protists are hence mobile.
Male and female gametes are fused to create offspring during sexual reproduction in animals. Some protists, like Plasmodium, also engage in sexual reproduction.
Therefore, the following list accurately identifies the traits that protists and animals have in common: C. Motile, Eukaryotic, Reproduce Sexually.
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Complete Question :-
Which list correctly identifies characteristics that protists share with animals?
A. Motile, Reproduce sexually, Photosynthetic
B. Motile, Multicellular, Photosynthetic
C. Motile, Eukaryotic, Reproduce Sexually
D. Motile, Prokaryotic, Multicellular
after a fracture, during which stage or phase of bone healing is devitalized tissue removed and new bone reorganized into its former structural arrangement?
Remodeling, When does new bone get restructured into its original structural configuration throughout the stage and phase or bone healing after fracture?
New bone: What is it?Fundamentally, "fine bone china" is made with the addition of bone ash. Although new bone products are not as light or translucent as fine bone china, they are whiter, finer, and more enduring than porcelain or fine china due to their calcium oxidecalcium oxide in them.
What making new bone called?The process by which bones are formed is known as osteogenesis or bone ossification. The start of this process occurs during the sixth and seven weeks early embryonic development, and it lasts until roughly age twenty-five, however the exact age varies slightly depending on the person.
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how are atp and nadph produced during the light reactions? what is an electron transport chain (etc)?
This is accomplished by the use of two different photosystems in the light reactions of photosynthesis, one to generate ATP and the other to generate NADPH. Electrons are transferred sequentially between the two photosystems, with photosystem I acting to generate NADPH and photosystem II acting to generate ATP.
The high-energy electron travels down a short second leg of the electron transport chain. At the end of the chain, the electron is passed to NADP +start superscript, plus, end superscript (along with a second electron from the same pathway) to make NADPH.
The light-dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid membrane. They require light, and their net effect is to convert water molecules into oxygen while producing ATP molecules from ADP and Pi and NADPH molecules via the reduction of NADP+.
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Passive transport is the movement of molecules across the cell membrane without requiring an input of cellular energy. identify which of these options are examples of passive transport.
a. do not require cellular energy to allow molecules to pass through the cell membrane.
b. do not require cellular energy because the kinetic energy of the molecules' movement will drive the movement down the concentration gradient.
c. do not require cellular energy because the molecules are small enough to fit through the membrane.
d. All of the above.
e. a and b
f. None of the above.
Answer:The correct answer is D. None of the above
Explanation:
the placement of the operator sequence between the promotor and the structural genes is critical to the proper function of the lac operon. view available hint(s)for part c the placement of the operator sequence between the promotor and the structural genes is critical to the proper function of the lac operon. true false
True - The structural genes cannot be translated by RNA polymerase when the repressor binds to the operator.
Several repressors permit RNA polymerase to attach to the promoter simultaneously, but they obstruct the succeeding steps of the initiation process, ultimately preventing transcription start.
The operator gene attaches to the repressor, which stops it from starting the synthesis of the protein required by the operon. The operon is either turned on or off depending on the presence or absence of specific repressor molecules.
High tryptophan levels allow the trp repressor to transform into its active (DNA-binding) form by binding to it. In order to prevent RNA polymerase from attaching to the promoter and stopping transcription of the operon, the tryptophan-bound trp repressor connects to the operator.
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Design a test for a package of yogurt. Define your criteria for a successful package. Include in your criteria that it can be broken down by decomposers. List the tasks the test would include.
Answer:
Criteria for a successful package:
- Easy to open and close
- Attractive design
- Reusable
- Biodegradable, can be broken down by decomposers
Tasks for Test:
- Observe ease of opening and closing the package
- Assess overall design to determine if it is attractive
- Test if the package can be reused
- Place package in the environment to observe decomposition rate
Explanation:
(03.03 MC)
The diagram below shows two waves. At which letter (A-D) on the diagram is constructive
interference going to occur?
a
b
c
d
A and C is the letter where constructive interference going to occur.
What is constructive interference?
Constructive interference is a phenomenon that occurs when two waves of the same frequency meet and combine to create a single, larger wave. This larger wave is the result of the two waves amplifying each other due to their identical frequency. When this occurs, the combined wave is larger in magnitude than either of the individual waves. This can be observed when ripples of water come together on a body of water, or sound waves combine to create a louder sound. Constructive interference can also be seen in optics when light waves combine to create a more intense beam of light.
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Answer:c
Explanation:
because the highest point of the graph is c
bipedalism is one of the most important characteristics of hominin evolution. the appearance of bipedalism led to anatomical changes that are considered to be distinguishing characteristics of hominin fossils. the evidence for bipedalism is supported by fossil evidence from more than 4 million years ago and 3.6-million-year-old footprints in volcanic ash. recently, however, scientists have focused on the link between tooth structure and diet in the evolution of the early hominins, specifically in australopithecus species. detailed studies of hominin dental features have provided evidence of an important dietary shift that led to adaptive radiation within this genus. most of the evidence comes from analyses of tooth size and shape, microscopic wear patterns on teeth, and jaw structure. the evidence suggests that fibrous plant materials became more important through the pliocene, perhaps as critical components in the diet of some species. what is the most likely evolutionary link between bipedalism and changes in the diet of early hominids?
The evolution of human bipedalism, which started in primates about four million years ago, or as early as seven million years ago with Sahelanthropus.
About twelve million years ago with Danuvius guggenmosi, has resulted in morphological alterations to the human skeleton, including changes to the arrangement, shape, and size of the bones of the foot, hip, knee, and leg, as well as the vertebral column. These modifications made it possible for the upright gait to be more energy-efficient overall than that of quadrupeds. There are a number of theories that relate to global environmental changes on the evolution factors that caused these changes.
To produce and use tools effectively, reach for fruit in trees, and move around more easily when bipedal, hominids needed their arms to be entirely free, use their hands for social display and communication.
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what is the difference (if any) between the structure of atp and the structure of the a nucleoside triphosphate used to make dna?
The difference between ATP and the nucleoside triphosphates used during DNA replication is that the nucleoside triphosphates used during replication have the sugar deoxyribose while ATP has the sugar ribose.
At the cellular level, energy is used and stored as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Adenine, ribose sugar, and three serially bound phosphate groups make up the structure of ATP, which is a nucleoside triphosphate.Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), guanosine triphosphate (GTP), cytidine triphosphate (CTP), thymidine triphosphate (TTP), and uridine triphosphate are examples of natural nucleoside triphosphates (UTP). These words apply to ribose-containing nucleotide triphosphates.
The principal energy source for vital biological processes like muscular contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and protein synthesis is ATP generated in mitochondria.
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in terms of making biofuel, which farm crop would result in the largest amount of oil produced per acre of crop?
In terms of making biofuel, Soyabeans would result in the largest amount of oil produced per acre of crop.
Soybeans are the world's biggest crop of oilseed, with a production of about 56 % of the world's total oilseeds.
What are biofuels?
A type of sustainable energy made from living materials is known as biofuels. The most popular biofuels are biodiesel, biogas produced from organic byproducts, and corn-based ethanol. The limited supply of fossil fuels, which are regarded as nonrenewable resources, is less strained by energy from renewable resources.
What are biofuels made from?
Typically, biofuels are made from plant components that cannot be consumed by people, like wood chips, grass, and maize stalks. Plant resources used to create biofuels are also referred to as biomass.
What is the biggest source of biofuels?
The largest source of biofuel at the moment is corn plants. Extracting fuel from sources requires using organized, modern processes in the manufacturing of biofuel. They are manufactured in the USA. Grain-based ethanol is the biofuel that is obtained from the corn plant.
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when a person is stressed, the hypothalamus secretes , which eventually results in the release of cortisol quizet
A person is stressed, the hypothalamus secretes , which eventually results in the release of cortisol quizet . Cortisol prevents the release of substances in the body that cause inflammation.
It is used to treat conditions resulting from an overactive B-cell mediated antibody response. These include, for example, inflammatory and rheumatoid diseases as well as allergies.
Low-potency hydrocortisone, available as an over-the-counter medicine in some countries, is used to treat skin problems such as rashes and eczema.
Cortisol can weaken the immune system. Cortisol prevents T-cell proliferation by making interleukin-2-producing T-cells unresponsive to interleukin-1 (IL-1) and unable to produce T-cell growth factor (IL-2). Cortisol also has a negative feedback effect on interleukin-1.
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what is the meaning of reproduction
An organism reproduces an offspring that is biologically similar to the organism through the biological process of reproduction. Generation after generation, reproduction enables and ensures species continuity. It is the primary aspect of life.
There are basically two types of reproduction:
1. Asexual Reproduction
Due to the fact that asexual reproduction does not require the fusing of gametes, the children born are genetically identical to their parents. Asexual reproduction results in less diversified natural creatures. Unicellular organisms frequently use this method of reproduction. There is no need for mating in the procedure, which includes a quick population increase. A lack of genetic variety, however, makes organisms more prone to illnesses and nutritional shortages.
Additional categories for asexual reproduction include:
Binary Fission: The cell divides into two in a process known as binary fission, with each cell retaining a copy of the DNA from the parent cell. Eg - amoeba.Budding: In this process, a tiny bud-like protrusion develops into a new person. Up until it reaches maturity, the protrusion stays connected to the organism. It lives alone as a detached creature. Eg - HydraFragmentation: The parent organism breaks into numerous pieces in a process known as fragmentation, and each piece develops into a new individual. Eg - Planaria. Sporogenesis: A new organism develops from spores in this kind of reproduction. Without fertilization, they can grow and spread by the wind and animals.2. Sexual Reproduction
Male and female gametes are generated to create offspring during sexual reproduction. Either the same person or different people of the opposite sex create these gametes.
Compared to asexual reproduction, this process is typically slow and complex. The resulting organisms are genetically varied. They can therefore change in response to shifting climatic conditions. Many multicellular organisms, including humans, have a sexual form of reproduction.
Reproduction occurs in both Plants and Animals:
1. Plants
Plants can reproduce sexually or asexually. The primary method of plant reproduction is vegetative reproduction. Various types of roots, including corms, stem tubers, rhizomes, and stolons, are vegetatively propagated. Pollination, in which pollen grains from the anther of a male flower are transferred to the stigma of a female flower, is the process by which plants reproduce sexually.
2. Animals
Both sexual and asexual reproduction is common in animals. In order to reproduce sexually, male and female gametes must fuse. Fertilization is the name for this process. You can fertilize internally or externally. The procedure by which the male sperm fertilizes the female egg outside of the female is known as external fertilization. On the other hand, internal fertilization involves the union of male and female gametes within the female body.
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the process during meiosis that mixes genetic material in both the fathers and mothers germ cells is called
the process during meiosis that mixes genetic material in both the fathers and mothers germ cells is called recombination.
What do independent assortment and recombination in meiosis mean?Recombination, a process that breaks and recombines bits of DNA to create new combinations of genes, takes place during meiosis. Maternal and paternal genes are fragmented during recombination, ensuring that genes assort independently of one another.
What is the recombination process?DNA fragments are broken and recombined during the recombination process to create novel allele combinations. The genetic variety that results from this recombination process at the gene level reflects variations in the DNA sequences of various species.
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which of the following represents the most likely sequence of the evolution of plants? seedless vascular plants, angiosperms, gymnosperms, bryophytes, charophyceans charophyceans, seedless vascular plants, bryophytes, angiosperms, gymnosperms bryophytes, charophyceans, gymnosperms, seedless vascular plants, angiosperms bryophytes, charophyceans, seedless vascular plants, angiosperms, gymnosperms charophyceans, bryophytes, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, angiosperms
Unlike angiosperms, or flowering plants, whose seeds are encased by fully developed , or fruits, gymno, or any vascular plant, reproduce by the use of an exposed seed, or ovule. Many gymnobear their seeds in cones, which are known as " seeds" because they are not visible until they are fully developed.
Tracheophyte predecessors, Rhynia-type plants, Psilophyton, and Gymnosperms are all descendants of chlorophytes. This is the right order. Because they discovered a method of moving materials throughout the plant body, seedless vascular plants achieved a significant advancement in plant evolution. Phloem is used by plants to transport sugars from photosynthesis, and xylem is used to carry water and minerals throughout the plant body. About 420 million years ago, the first vascular plants began to emerge. They most likely descended from bryophyte ancestors that resembled mosses, but their life cycle was dominated by the formation of diploid sporophytes. Early vascular plants changed over time, becoming more like plants in other ways as well.
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Which of these
describes
humoral immunity?
A. our body remembering pathogens it has fought off or
learning from vaccines
B. obtaining immunity from an outside source, like
mother to baby
C. the binding of antigen and antibody triggering a
response of plasma and memory b-cells to attack
D. t-cells and macrophages fighting infected cells that
are non-self or cancerous
The humoral immunity is the binding of antigen and antibody triggering a response of plasma and memory b-cells to attack. The correct option is C.
What is humoral immunity?Humoral immunity is the methodology of adaptive immunity manifested by the production of antibodies by B lymphocytes.
It grows in the bone marrow. B cells may be stimulated to proliferate and become plasma cells. Antibodies are produced by plasma cells.
The primary distinction between humoral and cell-mediated immunity is that humoral immunity generates antigen-specific antibodies while cell-mediated immunity does not.
T lymphocytes, on the other hand, kill infected cells by triggering apoptosis.
These innate proteins, as soluble plasma components, play critical roles in disease prevention and control.
The humoral immunity is the binding of antigen and antibody triggering a response of plasma and memory b-cells to attack.
Thus, the correct option is C.
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Will give brainlist
What is osmosis? When does water move into a cell?
Osmosis is a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane.
If a cell is short of water, the solution inside it will become quite concentrated (i.e. there'll be a low concentration of water molecules). This usually means the solution outside the cell is more dilute (higher concentration of water) and so water will move into the cell by osmosis.
According to the phylogeny of various plant species depicted here, which species is the most recent common ancestor of species K and J?
-species H
-species B
-species E
-species D
species is the most recent common ancestor of species K and J Is species D.
What is the phylogenetic tree's most recent common ancestor?Follow every taxon's lineage through time (toward the tree's base) until all of the lineages converge to determine the most current common ancestor of the a group of taxa.Their most commonly involving ancestor is represented by that node.
What organisms existed before plants?Contemporary algae, cyanobacteria, and lichens would have been the first photosynthetic organisms on land, followed with bryophytes .The term "bryophytes" refers to non-vascular, seedless plants.
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in multiple sclerosis the myelin sheaths around the axons of the brain and spinal cord are damaged and demyelination results. how does this disease manifest at the level of the action potential? i) action potentials move in the opposite direction on the axon. ii) action potentials move more slowly along the axon. iii) no action potentials are transmitted. in multiple sclerosis the myelin sheaths around the axons of the brain and spinal cord are damaged and demyelination results. how does this disease manifest at the level of the action potential? i) action potentials move in the opposite direction on the axon. ii) action potentials move more slowly along the axon. iii) no action potentials are transmitted. only i only ii only iii only ii and iii request answer
This attack causes inflammation and injury to the nerve sheath and ultimately to the surrounding nerve fibers. The process can result in multiple areas of scarring.
When the myelin sheath is damaged, the nerves do not conduct electrical impulses normally. Sometimes nerve fibers are also damaged. If the sheath can be repaired and regenerated, normal nerve function can return. However, if the sheath is severely damaged, the underlying nerve fiber may die. Your bodys immune system produces inflammatory substances that damage myelin and eventually kill the cells, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells that produce myelin. Where the myelin is attacked determines your symptoms. The destruction of the myelin sheath is called demyelination. Axonal demyelination leads to an increase in the refractory period for propagation of the action potential. Computer simulations were used to investigate the mechanism by which changes in the passive properties of the internodal membrane increase the refractory period.
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5. Pick one food chain (with at least 3 organisms) and draw a trophic pyramid below. Include the organism
name, trophic level name and number, and the percentage of energy available at each level.
A trophic level is a place, level, or position within a food web, a food chain, or an ecological pyramid. The producers create the first trophic level as they generate food.
The main consumers make up the second trophic level.
The secondary consumers make up the third trophic level.
The tertiary consumers make up the fourth trophic level.
A food chain example is:Sun, grass, a grasshopper, an owl, a shrewThe grass is the producer in this instance, and the grasshopper is the main consumer.The shrew, or secondary consumer, further consumes the grasshopper.The owl, or the tertiary consumer, in turn eats up the shrew.For more information on food chain kindly visit to
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in gene cloning, what is the next step after the vector and chromosomal dna are cut with a restriction enzyme?
The egg develops into an embryo that contains the same genes as the cell donor. The embryo is then implanted in the uterus of an adult woman to grow.
To make a clone, scientists transfer DNA from an animals somatic cell into an egg from which the nucleus and DNA have been removed. Isolating the gene of interest is the first step in isolating the gene of interest for cloning. This can be done by isolating the DNA from the cell that contains it and cutting it out with specific restriction enzymes. Restriction enzymes are bacterial enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences. Molecular cloning refers to the isolation of a DNA sequence from any species, often a gene, and its insertion into a vector for propagation, without alteration of the original DNA sequence. The purified DNA and the vector of interest are cut with the same restriction enzyme. This gives us the excised piece of DNA and the excised vector, which is now open.
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which enzyme would be required for the entry of hexadecanoic acid into both fatty acid degradation and fatty acid elongation pathways
The pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme complex present in mitochondria catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA.
Acetyl CoA carboxylase is the key enzyme in the regulation of fatty acid synthesis because it provides the building blocks necessary for fatty acid carbon chain elongation. A fatty acid desaturase is an enzyme that removes two hydrogen atoms from a fatty acid, creating a carbon or carbon double bond. Acetyl CoA carboxylase is the key enzyme in the regulation of fatty acid synthesis because it provides the building blocks necessary for carbon chain elongation of fatty acids. The liver releases bile, which contains lecithin, bile salts, and emulsifiers that help break down even more fat. Bile sticks to fat, and emulsifiers increase its surface area, facilitating the action of digestive enzymes. After this, enzymes break down the fatty acids.
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