Answer:
Explanation:
Raphael, like many artists during the Renaissance, had various patrons who commissioned his works. Some of his most notable patrons included the popes of his time, as well as wealthy and powerful families such as the Medici family of Florence.
As for the subject matter of his paintings, Raphael's works reflected the interests and ideals of the Renaissance, which were focused on humanism, individualism, and classical antiquity. Many of his paintings depicted religious or mythological scenes, often featuring idealized human figures that emphasized physical beauty, grace, and balance. He also incorporated classical elements such as perspective, proportion, and symmetry into his works, which reflected the renewed interest in classical art and culture during the Renaissance.
Raphael's Renaissance paintings were usually sponsored by distinguished individuals or organizations, typically from the nobility, royalty, or the Church. They largely depict religious or classical themes, representing the era's fascination with humanism, nature, and realism.
Explanation:The painting by Raphael in question, if it falls flawlessly within the Renaissance era, is likely to have been sponsored or commissioned by a high-ranking individual or organization, often royalty, nobility, or the Church. This is due to the fact that during the Renaissance, patronage was widely utilized as a tool to increase one's prominence and standing in society. The subject matter of Renaissance paintings usually involved religious or classical themes, which reflected the era's interest in humanism, nature, and realism.
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whereas the american economy had once focused on produced goods, by the 1920s a growing number of industries were turning out ______ goods.
In the 1920s, a growing number of industries in the American economy were producing consumer goods for personal consumption.
By the 1920s, a growing number of industries in the American economy were turning out consumer goods. The period between World War I and the Great Depression was marked by a rise in mass production and consumerism, with factories producing goods such as automobiles, household appliances, and clothing on a large scale for an expanding middle class. This shift towards consumer goods signaled a change in the focus of the American economy, as the production of goods for personal consumption became increasingly important.
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alexander lukashenko, the dictator of belarus, is accused of poisoning his chief rival with a deadly soviet-style nerve agent. why?
Belarus opposition leader Alexei Navalny was poisoned with a nerve agent in August 2020. President Lukashenko has not been directly accused, and international agencies are investigating the incident to determine responsibility.
In August 2020, the opposition leader of Belarus, Alexei Navalny, was poisoned with a nerve agent. Navalny is known for his criticisms of President Lukashenko, the leader of Belarus. However, it is important to note that President Lukashenko has not been directly accused of the poisoning. The incident is still under investigation by various international agencies, and the details surrounding the attack are not yet fully understood. It is a highly controversial incident, and many are calling for a transparent and thorough investigation to determine those responsible for the attack.
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What is the theme of the story, The Sadness Collector? What message does the author wish to convey to the reader
Aruni Kashyap is the author of the short tale "The Sadness Collector". The impact of loss and sadness on a person's life and the significance of developing coping mechanisms are the story's main themes.
A little girl who is the story's protagonist loses her mother, and as a result, she is overcome with despair. When she encounters a guy who collects melancholy, he teaches her that dealing with sadness involves acknowledging it and letting it out in constructive ways.
The concept that sadness may be shared and that we do not have to experience it alone is also explored in the narrative. Talking to the man about her mother and expressing her sorrow with him gives the girl solace.
Essentially, the author's message is that melancholy is a normal part of life and that it's important to learn appropriate coping mechanisms. The tale also underlines how crucial it is to communicate with people and share our experiences in order to get over loss and sadness.
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Organizations
17) The Allied leaders hoped to prevent which of the following by organizing the Bretton
Woods Conference:
OA) Another world war
QB) A worldwide depression
OC) A nuclear arms race
OD) The failure of the United Nations
Option (b), The Bretton Woods Conference was convened in an effort by the leaders of the Allies to avert a global slump.
What was the rationale behind calling the Bretton Woods Conference?Their objective was to agree on a framework of international cooperation and economic order that would support long-term global progress while helping countries rebuild from the devastation of the war.
Before the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference, what noteworthy event occurred?The Bretton Woods Conference, also known as the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, took place in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, from July 1 to 22, 1944. Its purpose was to establish financial plans for the postwar era after Germany and Japan were expected to lose the war.
The main objective of the Bretton Woods Conference was what?In order to oversee the post-war reconstruction, two financial organizations were established by the Bretton Woods conference. The International Monetary Fund, or IMF, was in charge of overseeing the surpluses and deficits of its member nations' external balances.
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How would President Franklin Roosevelt most likely respond to Father Charles Coughlin concerns
about the Works Progress Administration (WPA)?
A. President Roosevelt would listen to the criticism and assure Father Coughlin that the money was
benefiting the nation as a whole by helping the working people.
B. President Roosevelt would agree with Father Coughlin taxation was necessary for the recovery of
the country but private industries must also contribute.
C. President Roosevelt would explain to Father Coughlin that the use of public tax money benefits
industry and commerce as well as individuals.
President Roosevelt would address Father Coughlin's concerns by reducing the taxes used to
support the relief and recovery efforts.
Based on his previous responses to criticism, President Franklin Roosevelt would most likely respond to Father Charles Coughlin's concerns about the Works Progress Administration (WPA) by listening to the criticism and addressing it with a diplomatic approach. Option A is the most likely response from Roosevelt. He was known for being a skilled communicator and for being able to persuade his critics by acknowledging their concerns and explaining how his policies would benefit the country as a whole. He would likely emphasize how the WPA was providing jobs and economic stimulus to the working people, and how this was helping to lift the country out of the Great Depression. Option B is a possibility, but Roosevelt would also argue that private industries were already contributing through taxes and other measures. Option C is also a possibility, but Roosevelt would likely emphasize the benefits of the WPA to individuals and communities, rather than just industry and commerce. Option D is unlikely, as Roosevelt believed that government spending was necessary to stimulate the economy and provide relief to those in need.
What factor was NOT a cause of the global depression following World War I?
A Declines in the stock markets
B Increases in income tax rates
C Overproduction in many industries
D Imposition of higher tariffs
B Increases in income tax rates was NOT a cause of the global depression following World War I.
What is global depression?Global depression is a severe economic downturn that affects multiple countries or regions around the world, leading to a sustained period of economic contraction and high unemployment rates. It is characterized by a significant decline in economic activity, industrial production, and international trade, along with a general decline in business and consumer confidence. Global depressions are typically caused by a combination of factors such as financial crises, recessions, trade imbalances, and political instability, which can create a negative feedback loop that amplifies the economic downturn. The most well-known example of a global depression is the Great Depression of the 1930s, which lasted for almost a decade and had a profound impact on the world economy, politics, and society.
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Identify the statements that correctly describe the ways in which Latin American rebellions for independence from Spain in the 1810s and 1820s were similar to the North American movement for independence from Great Britain in the 1770s and 1780s.-Both the North American colonies and the Latin American colonies rebelled against their "mother countries" after periods of relative autonomy.-Latin American colonists resisted the high taxes from Spain the way American colonists had rejected taxation from Great Britain.-Both movements began as claims for greater local autonomy but evolved into full demands for independence.
The North American movement for independence from Great Britain in the 1770s and 1780s and the Latin American rebellions for independence from Spain in the 1810s and 1820s are comparable, as this statement accurately explains.
What was North American movement?The North American development alludes to the development for autonomy from Incredible England by the 13 English settlements that would ultimately turn into the US of America. The movement began in the middle of the 1760s as a reaction to a series of British policies that were viewed as posing a threat to colonial liberties and self-government. By 1775, it had developed into a full-scale rebellion. After a long and bloody war, the North American colonies eventually gained independence from Great Britain in 1783.
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: What important innovations and adaptations did medieval Muslims make?
Surgery
Around the year 1,000, the celebrated doctor Al Zahrawi published a 1,500 page illustrated encyclopedia of surgery that was used in Europe as a medical reference for the next 500 years. Among his many inventions, Zahrawi discovered the use of dissolving cat gut to stitch wounds -- beforehand a second surgery had to be performed to remove sutures. He also reportedly performed the first caesarean operation and created the first pair of forceps.
compare the degree of success in the practice of absolutism in Russia under peter the great with the degree of success it had in France under Louis xiv (an LEQ)
Louis relied on a extra aggressive and controlling method, whereas Peter went with a passive aggressive effort.
Louis XIV and Peter the Great dominated their international locations in a similar way the usage of PERSIA categories, but overall there influence of that manage are different.
What was absolutism in France below Louis XIII and Louis XIV?Image end result for evaluate the diploma of success in the practice of absolutism in Russia under peter the high-quality with the diploma of success it had in France under Louis xiv (an LEQ)
Absolutism was a gadget of authorities in which all sovereignty resided with the king, actual to Louis XIV's dictum: “I am the state.”
Particularly in France and Germany, the wars of religion had seriously weakened national governments and monarchies.
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What is the turning point in the Pacific Theater?Battle of Coral SeaBattle of MidwayBattle of StalingradBattle of El Alamein
Relationship between Hinduism and Buddhism ?
One main similarity they both have is that they both originated from india
president herbert hoover believed that the great depression could be ended by doing all of the following exceptdirectly assisting businesses and banks.lending federal funds to feed farm livestock.keeping faith in the efficiency of the industrial system.
President Herbert Hoover believed that the Great Depression could be ended by doing all of the following except lending federal funds to feed farm livestock.Keeping faith in the efficiency of the industrial system, directly assisting businesses and banks were some of his initiatives to end the great depression.
What was the Great Depression?The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that lasted from 1929 to 1939. The depression began in the United States of America after the stock market crashed on October 24, 1929. Following the crash, the stock prices fell significantly, and many people were left with enormous debts that they could not repay.What were the initiatives taken by President Hoover to end the Great Depression?President Hoover tried to end the Great Depression by taking several initiatives. Some of these initiatives are as follows:Keeping faith in the efficiency of the industrial system, i.e., the Hoover administration believed that the economy would naturally right itself after a period of correction.Directly assisting businesses and banks- Hoover signed the Hawley-Smoot Tariff in June 1930 to protect American manufacturers and farmers from foreign competition. He also supported a series of measures that would provide relief to the banking industry.Lending federal funds- President Hoover authorized the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) to give financial assistance to state and local governments, as well as to banks and other businesses.The only initiative that President Herbert Hoover didn't believe would help end the Great Depression was lending federal funds to feed farm livestock.
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Dust storm blankets in the Midwest and sent deposits as far east and NY and Boston. What happened during 1935?
To offer benefits to pensioners and the unemployed, the Social Security Act is enacted into law.
What is Social Security Act?Franklin D. Roosevelt, the president of the United States, signed the Social Security Act of 1935 into law after it was passed by the 74th US Congress. The Social Security program and unemployment insurance were both established by legislation. Roosevelt's domestic New Deal policy included the statute. An act to ensure the general welfare by creating a system of Federal old-age benefits and allowing the various States to make more adequate provision for the elderly, the blind, the dependent and handicapped, the welfare of mothers and children, public health, and the management of their unemployment. The Social Security Act (the Act) of 1935 is the source of several federal and state programs that give families in the United States financial security.To learn more about Social Security Act, refer to:
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what ethnic group left europe in the years before 1948 to escape persecution and discrimination?
Answer:
The ethnic group that left Europe in the years before 1948 to escape persecution and discrimination were Jewish people. This migration, known as the Jewish diaspora, was largely driven by the rise of anti-Semitism in Europe and culminated in the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948. Jewish people faced discrimination and persecution in many European countries, particularly in Eastern Europe where pogroms (violent attacks against Jewish communities) were common. This, combined with the atrocities of the Holocaust during World War II, led many Jewish people to seek a new life in other parts of the world, including the United States, Israel, and other countries.
an american historian, author, journalist, and founder of the association for the study of african american life and history. he was one of the first scholars to study african american history and is known as the father of black history. who is he?
Answer:
Carter godwin woodson
Explanation:
Carter Godwin Woodson (December 19, 1875 – April 3, 1950) was an American historian, author, journalist, and the founder of the Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH). He was one of the first scholars to study the history of the African diaspora, including African-American history.
What was the global effect of the influenza pandemic from 1918 to 1920?
A. The pandemic caused a shortage of doctors.
B. More U.S. soldiers died of influenza than in fighting.
C. Approximately 25 million people died worldwide.
D. Businesses needed to shut down to prevent the spread of
diseases.
According to estimates, the Great Influenza Epidemic of 1918–20 killed 40 million people, or 2.1 percent of the world's population. A similar pandemic would kill 150 million people worldwide if it struck now.
What was the duration of the influenza pandemic?In three waves that hit in 1918's spring, fall, and winter, the flu pandemic caused the most of its harm. It peaked in the spring of 1919, but some historians contend that a fourth, considerably less destructive wave persisted into 1920.There are only known pandemic-causing influenza type A viruses. Contrary to popular belief, influenza B viruses can be divided into lineages rather than subtypes. The most serious influenza outbreak to occur in the 20th century was the pandemic of 1918–19. The pandemic illness known as the Spanish flu is also what brought on this terrible epidemic.Whether or not people have had a chance to develop immunity to the virus from prior exposure is what distinguishes seasonal flu from pandemic flu. The majority of people have been exposed to the influenza strains that cause seasonal flu because people are exposed to influenza viruses throughout their lifetimes.To learn more about influenza pandemic, refer to:
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describe how the russian revolution had similar characteristics to the french revolution. bolditalicunderline
The similarity of Russian and French revolution are revolt against the ruling class due to social and economic injustice and it led to change in social and political structure of the countries.
How is the Russian revolution similar to French revolution?The Russian Revolution of 1917 and the French Revolution of 1789 were two significant events that had a profound impact on their respective countries and the world at large. While there are differences between the two revolutions, there are also similarities in their characteristics.
One key similarity between the two revolutions is that both were fueled by social and economic grievances. In France, the ruling monarchy and aristocracy were seen as oppressive and corrupt, while in Russia, the Tsarist regime was viewed as autocratic and backward. Both revolutions were driven by popular demands for greater political participation, social justice, and economic opportunity.
Another similarity is that both revolutions led to radical political and social transformations. In France, the revolution resulted in the establishment of a democratic republic and the abolition of feudal privileges and the monarchy. Similarly, in Russia, the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the Tsarist regime and established the world's first socialist state.
Both revolutions also had far-reaching consequences beyond their respective borders. The French Revolution inspired movements for democratic reform and the spread of revolutionary ideals throughout Europe and beyond. Similarly, the Russian Revolution led to the spread of communism and socialist ideas around the world, which had a significant impact on global politics and economics in the twentieth century.
Finally, both revolutions were marked by violence and political repression. The French Revolution was characterized by the Reign of Terror, in which thousands of people were executed for political reasons. Similarly, the Russian Revolution led to a period of violent civil war and political repression under the Bolshevik regime, which saw the persecution of political opponents and the suppression of dissent.
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What inference can you make about European-American slave holder's willingness to kill a slave
While attitudes towards killing slaves varied among individual European-American slaveholders, the use of violence and brutality was a pervasive feature of the institution of slavery and some slaveholders believed they had the right to do with their slaves as they pleased, including using violence or killing them.
What is my inference on European-American slave holder's willingness to kill a slave?
It is difficult to make a general inference about the willingness of European-American slaveholders to kill a slave, as attitudes and actions varied among individuals and across time and place. However, it is well-documented that many slaveholders used violence and brutality as a means of maintaining control over their enslaved labor force. Some slaveholders viewed their slaves as property rather than people and believed they had the right to do with them as they pleased, including using violence or killing them. Others may have been reluctant to kill slaves due to the economic investment they represented. Ultimately, the use of violence against slaves was a pervasive feature of the institution of slavery in the United States and elsewhere, and slaveholders' willingness to use it depended on a range of individual, cultural, and economic factors.
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5. How do you think most Cherokee reacted upon getting this message?
Under the direction of Principal Chief John Ross, the Cherokee Nation resisted the Indian Removal Act despite Georgia's violations of its sovereignty and attacks on Cherokee citizens.
The Native Removal Act is what?President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act into law, giving him the power to trade Native territories inside current state boundaries for uninhabited territory west of the Mississippi. While a few tribes peacefully dispersed, many were against the practice of expulsion.
The act stipulates that "for a barter of lands with the Indians resident in any of the states and territories, and for their removal west of the river Mississippi," the description provided by Congress. In order to receive additional lands, more than 60,000 Native Americans from at least 18 tribes were compelled to relocate west of the Mississippi River.
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how many british soldiers were against 100 colonists?
About 32,000 British soldiers were against 100 colonists . The French had a force that was nearly four times bigger; yet, many people in Britain did not see the need for a significant army.
At the outset of the battle, British forces outnumbered Continental forces; for example, in 1776, British commander William Howe's expeditionary army had a total of 32,000 soldiers, compared to American general George Washington's force of less than 20,000. The world's largest and most potent fleet was that of Great Britain.
Throughout the following century, the army's size fluctuated, reaching an estimated 48,000 soldiers in 1775, depending on the circumstance. By European standards, the British Army was incredibly small.
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what was the primary purpose of the neutrality acts passed by the united states during the 1930s?
The primary purpose of the neutrality acts passed by the United States during the 1930s was to maintain neutrality and avoid involvement in conflicts between foreign nations.
The US had experienced the devastating effects of World War I and wanted to avoid being drawn into another costly war. The neutrality acts prohibited the sale of arms and ammunition to countries at war and banned American ships from transporting goods to belligerent nations. However, the effectiveness of these acts was questioned as they did not prevent the outbreak of World War II and the US eventually became involved in the conflict after the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941.
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Evaluate the different methods of punishment in medieval europe. Were they effective in reducing crime? Why/why not? Do you think that they were too harsh?
If you were found guilty of a crime, you could expect a harsh punishment. Thieves' hands were severed. Women who committed murder were strangled and then burned.
People who illegally hunted in royal parks had their ears cut off, and high treason was punishable by being hung, drawn, and quartered. Crime must be punished, but in the Middle Ages, the punishments were intended to reflect the crimes committed. Because the punishments were very effective but not very reasonable, the world today had to change those extreme punishments.
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How has oil production affected Southwest Asia?
Oil production has had a significant impact on Southwest Asia. The production of oil has resulted in the region's rapid economic growth and development, but it has also had negative consequences, such as political instability and environmental degradation.
The following are the impacts of oil production on Southwest Asia:
1. Economic growth and development: Oil production has resulted in significant economic growth and development in Southwest Asia. The revenue generated from oil exports has enabled the region to modernize its infrastructure and develop its economy. It has also created job opportunities and stimulated the growth of other industries.
2. Political instability: The abundance of oil reserves in Southwest Asia has made the region vulnerable to political instability. Political leaders and rival groups are often in conflict over control of the resources, and this has resulted in frequent political upheavals and instability.
3. Environmental degradation: The oil production process has caused significant environmental degradation in Southwest Asia. Oil spills and leaks can contaminate water sources, soil, and the air, and this has resulted in health problems for local communities.
4. Overdependence on oil: Southwest Asia's reliance on oil exports has made the region overly dependent on this resource. This has resulted in economic vulnerabilities, as oil prices are subject to fluctuations on the global market. Furthermore, the over-reliance on oil exports has hampered the development of other industries, and this has limited economic diversification.
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during the middle ages, women a. were not permitted to sing in church b. sang at all church services c. could sing only in monasteries d. were not permitted to participate in church services
During the Middle Ages, women in some regions and contexts were permitted to sing in church.
b. sang at all church servicesHow women help in the church?In some areas, women were active participants in liturgical music, performing chants and hymns in the choir and as soloists. For example, in the medieval period, many convents had choirs of nuns who sang at daily services. Some women also played instruments such as the harp and lute, and were known for their musical talents.
However, there were also areas and periods where women's participation in church music was limited or prohibited. In some cases, women were only permitted to sing in monasteries or convents, while in other contexts, they were excluded from singing in public services altogether.
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Why was the children crusades important? (it took place in 1212)
Answer:
The Children's Crusade of 1212 is important for several reasons. Firstly, it reflects the religious fervor and piety of the medieval period, as many participants believed in the power of miracles and divine intervention. Secondly, the participation of children highlights the difficult living conditions that many children faced in medieval Europe and their vulnerability in society. Thirdly, the event has continued to capture the imagination of people over the centuries, with many considering it a poignant symbol of youthful idealism and innocence. Finally, the Children's Crusade serves as a reminder of the dangers of religious fanaticism and the need for critical thinking and rationality in the face of extreme beliefs. Overall, the Children's Crusade remains a significant event in medieval history that sheds light on the social, religious, and cultural context of the time.
Explanation:
Who was Macuilxochitl and how does she describe herself?
PLEASE ANSWER
Answer: She describes the Tenochtitlan (Aztec) conquest of Tlacotepec as “forays for flowers [and] butterflies"
Answer: Macuilxochitl, also known as Xochipilli, was an Aztec deity who was associated with gambling, dancing, music, and hemorrhoids.
She characterizes the conquering of Tlacotepec by Tenochtitlan (Aztec) as "forays for flowers [and] butterflies."
Explanation:
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Three ways citizens can play active role in democratic govrment
By voting, citizens are taking part in the democratic process. Citizens vote for leaders to characterize them and their ideas, and the leaders assist the citizens' interests. There are two exceptional rights only for U.S. citizens: voting in federal elections and jogging for federal office.
How can all the residents participate in the decision–making technique of the government?Solution: In a democracy ordinary elections are held and all adults have a right to vote. The residents elect a few humans to symbolize them in the Parliament
debating issues. working in the community in help of a precise purpose or in protest in opposition to authorities action. forming or joining political parties or different neighborhood or grass-roots organisations. attending political or community meetings.
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https://brainly.com/question/22468379#SPJ1what event in ukraine has caused international attention to focus on possible russian annexation of narva?
The event in Ukraine that caused international attention to focus on possible Russian annexation of Narva is Russia's annexation of Crimea. Crimea is a peninsula in the Black Sea that was part of Ukraine before it was annexed by Russia in 2014.
What is annexation?Annexation is the process of adding or attaching a territory to another larger or more significant country, state, or entity. It is typically used in the context of political or territorial expansion or control. Russia annexed Crimea from Ukraine, which caused international attention to focus on possible Russian annexation of Narva.What is Narva?Narva is a city in Estonia that borders Russia. It is located in the northeastern part of the country and has a population of about 55,000 people. The city is strategically important because it is located on the Narva River, which forms part of the border between Estonia and Russia. It is also close to the Baltic Sea, which makes it a potential location for a Russian naval base.In conclusion, Russia's annexation of Crimea has caused international attention to focus on possible Russian annexation of Narva. Narva is strategically important because it is located on the Narva River, which forms part of the border between Estonia and Russia, and is close to the Baltic Sea, which makes it a potential location for a Russian naval base.
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Meme of jane addams is for a project
The Meme of jane Addams is given in the image attached.
The essence of immorality is the tendency to make an exception of myself. --JANE ADDAMSWho is Jane Addams?Jane Addams (1860-1935) was an American social reformer and women's rights activist who is best known for founding Hull House, one of the first settlement houses in the United States.
Jane Addams, a social activist and the founder of Hull House, is highlighting a common human tendency towards immorality in this quote. The essence of immorality, as she puts it, lies in making an exception of oneself. This means that when we act immorally, we tend to justify our actions by making ourselves an exception to the rule.
For example, if we know that lying is generally wrong, we might still lie to protect ourselves or someone we care about, thinking that our situation is different from others who lie. This is a way of making an exception of ourselves and justifying our immoral actions.
Therefore, Addams' quote suggests that true morality requires us to apply moral principles consistently, regardless of our own personal circumstances. It requires us to resist the temptation to make an exception of ourselves and to hold ourselves to the same standards as everyone else.
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: What important innovations and adaptations did medieval Muslims make?
Answer:
Medieval Muslims made many important innovations and adaptations in various fields such as science, mathematics, architecture, art, and literature. Some of the most notable innovations and adaptations of medieval Muslims are:
Algebra: The word algebra comes from the Arabic word "al-jabr," which means "reunion of broken parts." Medieval Muslim mathematicians, such as Al-Khwarizmi and Al-Karaji, made significant contributions to the development of algebra and introduced many new concepts such as quadratic equations, algebraic expressions, and equations with two or more unknowns.
Astronomy: Medieval Muslim astronomers made important observations and discoveries in the field of astronomy. They developed new techniques for measuring the position and movement of celestial bodies and created elaborate astronomical instruments such as astrolabes and celestial globes.
Medicine: Medieval Muslim physicians, such as Ibn Sina (Avicenna) and Al-Razi (Rhazes), made significant contributions to the development of medical science. They wrote important medical texts that were translated into Latin and influenced the development of medicine in Europe.
Architecture: Medieval Muslim architects developed new techniques for constructing large and complex buildings. They created intricate geometric designs and used innovative building materials such as colored tiles, glazed ceramics, and stucco plaster.
Literature: Medieval Muslim writers made significant contributions to the development of literature. They wrote epic poetry, romantic tales, and philosophical treatises that influenced later writers in Europe and Asia.
Calligraphy: Medieval Muslim calligraphers developed a highly refined and stylized form of calligraphy. They used complex geometric designs and intricate patterns to create beautiful works of art.
Overall, medieval Muslims made many important innovations and adaptations that have had a lasting impact on the world. Their contributions helped to shape the modern world in many ways and continue to inspire new ideas and discoveries.