Answer:
B.bonds are broken and new bonds are formed
For each of the following compounds, indicate the pH at which 50% of the compound will be in a form that possesses a charge and at which pH more than 99% of the compound will be in a form that possesses a charge.
ClCH2COOH (pKa = 2.86)
CH3CH2NH+3 (pKa = 10.7)
Express your answer using two decimal places
a. Determine a pH at which 50% of ClCH2COOH will be in a form that possesses a charge.
b. Determine a pH at which pH more than 99% of ClCH2COOH will be in a form that possesses a charge.
c. Determine a pH at which 50% of CH3CH2NH+3 will be in a form that possesses a charge.
d. Determine a pH at which pH more than 99% of CH3CH2NH+3 will be in a form that possesses a charge.
Answer:
a. 2..86 b. 4.86 c. 10.7 d. 8.7
Explanation:
a. Determine a pH at which 50% of ClCH2COOH will be in a form that possesses a charge.
Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation,
pH = pKa + log[A⁻]/[HA]
where [A⁻] = concentration of conjugate base (or charged form) and [HA] = concentration of acid.
At 50% concentration, [A⁻] = [HA] ⇒ [A⁻]/[HA] = 1
So, pH = pKa + log[A⁻]/[HA]
pH = pKa + log1
pH = pKa = 2.86
b. Determine a pH at which pH more than 99% of ClCH2COOH will be in a form that possesses a charge.
Let x be the concentration of the acid. Since 99% of it should possess a charge, the basic concentration is 0.99x while the acidic concentration is remaining 1 % (1 - 0.99)x = 0.01x
Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation,
pH = pKa + log[A⁻]/[HA] where [A⁻] = concentration of conjugate base (or charged form) = 0.99x and [HA] = concentration of acid = 0.01x.
pH = pKa + log0.99x/0.01x
pH = pKa + log0.99/0.01
pH = 2.86 + log99
pH = 2.86 + 1.996
pH = 4.856
pH ≅ 4.86
c. Determine a pH at which 50% of CH3CH2NH+3 will be in a form that possesses a charge.
Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation,
pH = pKa + log[A⁻]/[HA]
where [A⁻] = concentration of conjugate base and [HA] = concentration of acid.
At 50% concentration, [A⁻] = [HA] ⇒ [A⁻]/[HA] = 1
So, pH = pKa + log[A⁻]/[HA]
pH = pKa + log1
pH = pKa = 10.7
d. Determine a pH at which pH more than 99% of CH3CH2NH+3 will be in a form that possesses a charge.
Let x be the concentration of the acid. Since 99% of it should possess a charge, the basic concentration is 0.01x while the acidic concentration is remaining 99 % (1 - 0.01)x = 0.99x (which possesses the charge).
Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation,
pH = pKa + log[A⁻]/[HA] where [A⁻] = concentration of conjugate base = 0.01x and [HA] = concentration of acid = 0.99x.
pH = pKa + log0.01x/0.99x
pH = pKa + log1/99
pH = 10.7 - log99
pH = 10.7 - 1.996
pH = 8.704
pH ≅ 8.7
What enzyme below is an exoenzyme?
A. Casease
B. Citrase
C. Catalase
D. Oxidase
Inter-molecular forces determine the _______________ properties while intra-molecular forces determine the ________ properties of compounds.
Answer:
Physical
Chemical
Explanation:
Intermolecular forces are the forces that hold the molecules of a substance together in a particular state of matter. They decide the physical properties of a substance.
The intra molecular forces are the bond forces that hold atoms together in molecules. The nature of this bonding determines the chemical properties of substances.
how many of the electrons in a molecule of ethane are not involved in bondind
Ethane consists of 6C−H bonds and 1C−C bond. Total number of bonds is 7. Each bond is made up of two electrons
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Use the following key to classify each of the elements below in its elemental form:
a. Discrete atoms
b. Molecules
c. Metallic lattice
d. Covalent Network.
1. Phosporus
2. Bromine
3. Hydrogen
4. Krypton
Explanation:
Given set of elements in one column and their classification in another column.
1. Phosporus c.Metallic lattice
2. Bromine d.Covalent network.
3. Hydrogen b. Molecules
4. Krypton a. Discrete atoms
Since Krypton is an inert gas and it exists in discrete atoms.
Hydrogen exists as a diatomic gas.
Bromine exists as Br_2 liquid and is held by covalent bonds.
Phosphorus exists as P_4 molecules and it exits as a metallic lattice.
What is "X" in the following reaction?
1. Most of the chemicals included in your General Chemistry Lab kit can be discarded down a drain. Describe a situation in which you would need to neutralize a chemical before discarding down a drain.
Answer: Chemicals like acids and bases are harmful and must be neutralized before draining.
Explanation:
A strong acid or strong base is required to be diluted or neutralized before it is discarded in the drain as if is discarded without diluting and neutralization it can spill and splash from sink or drain and can harm people in chemistry lab, moreover the fumes of the discarded chemical on spilling can cause respiratory tract burning and can even cause fire hazard so it must be converted into less harmful form and then must be drained.
If 52.5 mL of lead(II) nitrate solution reacts completely with excess sodium iodide solution to yield 0.248 g of precipitate, what is the molarity of lead(II) ion in the original solution
Explanation:
The volume of given lead nitrate solution is:
52.5 mL.
The amount of lead iodide formed is ---0.248 g.
To get the molarity of lead (II) ion follow the below-shown procedure:
The number of moles of lead iodide formed is:
[tex]number of moles of lead iodide(n)=mass of lead iodide/its molecular mass\\n=0.248 g/461.01g/mol\\n=0.000537mol[/tex]
0.000537 mole of lead iodide contains --- 0.000537 moles of lead (II) ion.
Thus, the number of moles are there, volume is there, and to get the molarity of lead (II) ion use the formula:
[tex]Molarity=\frac{number of moles}{volume in L.} \\M=0.000537 mol / 0.0525 L.\\M=0.0102mol/L[/tex]
Molarity of lead iodide is --- 0.0102 M.
Classify the processes as endothermic or exothermic.
a. Ice melting
b. Water condensing on surface
c. Baking a cake
d. The chemical reaction inside an instant cold pack.
e. A car using gasoline
endothermic absorbs heat
exothermic gives heat
a. endothermic
b. exothermic
c. endothermic
d. exothermic
a. Ice melting - endothermic
b. Water condensing on the surface - exothermic
c. Baking a cake - endothermic
d. The chemical reaction inside an instant cold pack - endothermic
e. A car using gasoline - exothermic
What is an exothermic and endothermic reaction?An exothermic reaction can be described as a thermodynamic chemical reaction that emits energy from the system to its surroundings usually in the form of light, heat, or sound.
While an endothermic reaction can be described as an opposite of an exothermic reaction where the energy gains in the form of heat. In exothermic chemical reactions, the bond energy is transformed into thermal energy.
In exothermic reactions, the reaction happens the form of the kinetic energy of molecules when the energy is released. The release of energy is due to the electronic transition of electrons from one energy level to another.
The burning of gasoline, and water condensation is also an exothermic reaction in which energy is released while ice melting and baking cake is an endothermic reaction.
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A sample of oxygen occupies 1.00 L. If the temperature remains constant, and the pressure on the oxygen is decreased to one third the original pressure, what is the new volume
Answer:
3.00 L
Explanation:
P₁V₁ = P₂V₂
V₁ = 1.00 L
P₁ = (x) atm
P₂ = [tex]\frac{1}{3}[/tex] · (P₁) = [tex]\frac{x}{3}[/tex]
V₂ = unknown
(x atm)(1.00 L) = ( [tex]\frac{x}{3}[/tex] atm)(V₂)
divide both sides by ( [tex]\frac{x}{3}[/tex] atm)
( 1.00x )( [tex]\frac{3}{x}[/tex] ) = V₂
x cancels out
(1.00)(3) = V₂
V₂ = 3.00 L
Viết các đồng phân cấu tạo mạch hở của C4H6O2 cùng nhóm chức axit
Answer:
+ axit
CH2=CH-CH2-COOH,
CH3-CH=CH-COOH (tính cả đồng phân hình học)
CH2=C(CH3)-COOH.
+ este
HCOOCH=CH-CH3 (tính cả đồng phân hình học)
HCOO-CH2-CH=CH2,
HCOOC(CH3)=CH2.
CH3COOCH=CH2
CH2=CH-COOCH3
A reaction at 5.0°C evolves 583.mmol of dinitrogen difluoride gas. Calculate the volume of dinitrogen difluoride gas that is collected. You can assume the pressure in the room is exactly 1atm . Round your answer to 3 significant digits.
Answer: The volume of dinitrogen difluoride gas collected is 13.31 L.
Explanation:
Given: Temperature = [tex]5.0^{o}C[/tex] = (5 + 273) K = 278 K
Moles = 583 mmol (1 mmol = 0.001 mol) = 0.583 mol
Pressure = 1 atm
Formula used to calculate volume is as follows.
PV = nRT
where,
P = pressure
V = volume
n = no. of moles
R = gas constant = 0.0821 L atm/mol K
T = temperature
Substitute the values into above formula as follows.
[tex]PV = nRT\\1 atm \times V = 0.583 \times 0.0821 L atm/mol K \times 278 K\\V = 13.31 L[/tex]
Thus, we can conclude that the volume of dinitrogen difluoride gas collected is 13.31 L.
If a 0.320 mM solution of MnO41- has an absorbance of 0.480 at 525 nm in a 1.000 cm cell. What is the concentration of a MnO41- solution that has absorbance of 0.490 in the same cell at that wavelength?
Answer:
Hence the concentration of a MnO41- solution that has absorbance of 0.490 in the same cell at that wavelength is 0.3266.
Explanation:
Now A = el, el=const
Then,
[tex]A2 / A1 = C2/ C1\\\\0.49/ 0.48 = C2 / 0.32\\\\C2 = 0.3266[/tex]
How much heat capacity, in joules and in calories, must be added to a 75.0-g iron block with a specific heat of 0.499J/g °C to increase its temperature from 25 °C to its melting temperature of 1535 °C?
Answer:
56511.75 J
13506.3 Calories
Explanation:
Applying,
Q = cm(t₂-t₁).................. Equation 1
Where Q = amount of heat, m = mass of the iron, c = specific heat capacity of the iron, t₁ = initial temperature, t₂ = final temperature.
From the question,
Given: m = 75 g, c = 0.499 J/g.°C, t₂ = 1535°C, t₁ = 25°C
Substitute these values into equation 1
Q = 75(0.499)(1535-25)
Q = 75(0.499)(1510)
Q = 56511.75 J
Q in Calories is
Q = (56511.75×0.239)
Q = 13506.3 Calories
A system receives 425 J of heat from and delivers 425 J of work to its surroundings. What is the change in internal energy of the system (in J)?
Answer:
0 J
Explanation:
Applying,
ΔE = q+w................ Equation 1
Where ΔE = change in internal energy of the system, q = Heat of the system, w = work of the system.
Note: q is positive, while w is negative
From the question,
Given: q = 425 J, w = -425 J
Substitute these values into equation 1
ΔE = 425-425
ΔE = 0 J
Hence the change in internal energy of the system is 0 J
differences between expansion of solid and liquid
When taking pH measurements of solutions, why is it important to stir thoroughly after adding each reagent? a. Mixing helps keep the solution components from contaminating the pH meter. b. A pH meter can only measure ions that are flowing past the meter at a fast speed. c. Mixing helps prevent precipitation of insoluble salts out of solution. d. Mixing helps ensure that the heasured pH is reflective of the entire solution.
Answer:
d. Mixing helps ensure that the measured pH is reflective of the entire solution.
Explanation:
Hello there!
In this case, according to the given information, it turns out possible for us to reason that the answer is d. Mixing helps ensure that the measured pH is reflective of the entire solution because mixing help us to move the ions all around the solution so it undergoes homogenization and the measured pH at any point of the solution will be the same.
Moreover, we need to keep in mind that the incomplete stirring leads to regions with more concentration of the acid or base, or what we know as a gradient of concentration, which may lead to a incorrect measurement.
Regards!
The compound IF5 contains Question 16 options: polar covalent bonds with partial negative charges on the F atoms. ionic bonds. polar covalent bonds with partial negative charges on the I atoms. nonpolar covalent bonds.
Answer:
See explanation
Explanation:
The molecule IF5 possesses five I-F polar bonds. However, the presence of polar bonds does not automatically imply that the molecule will be polar.
The geometry of the molecule is very important in determining the polarity of a compound. Since IF5 has a lone pair of electrons, the molecule is bent and as such there is a permanent dipole moment created in the molecule thereby making IF5 polar in nature.
How many grams of NaF should be added to 500 mL of a 0.100 M solution of HF to make a buffer with a pH of 3.2
Answer:
2.25g of NaF are needed to prepare the buffer of pH = 3.2
Explanation:
The mixture of a weak acid (HF) with its conjugate base (NaF), produce a buffer. To find the pH of a buffer we must use H-H equation:
pH = pKa + log [A-] / [HA]
Where pH is the pH of the buffer that you want = 3.2, pKa is the pKa of HF = 3.17, and [] could be taken as the moles of A-, the conjugate base (NaF) and the weak acid, HA, (HF).
The moles of HF are:
500mL = 0.500L * (0.100mol/L) = 0.0500 moles HF
Replacing:
3.2 = 3.17 + log [A-] / [0.0500moles]
0.03 = log [A-] / [0.0500moles]
1.017152 = [A-] / [0.0500moles]
[A-] = 0.0500mol * 1.017152
[A-] = 0.0536 moles NaF
The mass could be obtained using the molar mass of NaF (41.99g/mol):
0.0536 moles NaF * (41.99g/mol) =
2.25g of NaF are needed to prepare the buffer of pH = 3.2Use the Ka values for weak acids to identify the best components for preparing buffer solutions with the given pH values.
Name Formula Ka
Phosphoric acid H3PO4 7.5 x 10^-3
Acetic acid CH3COOH 1.8 x 10^-5
Formic acid HCOOH 1.8 x 10^-4
pH 1.9 =_________
pH 5.0 = ________
pH 3.9= ________
Answer:
pH= 1.9 then [tex]H_{3} PO_{4}[/tex]
pH = 5.0 , [tex]CH_{3} COOH[/tex]
pH = 3.9 , HCOOH
As we know range left [tex]pH= pKa+/- 1[/tex]
Suppose you had a 2.4 g cracker burn down to 1.3 g, which raised the temperature of 50.1 g of water by 12.0 degrees Celsius. How many kilocalories of heat energy was released by the cracker (or absorbed by the water) per gram of cracker
Answer:
We know that the specific heat of water is:
c = 1cal/g*°C
This means, that we need 1 cal to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C
Here, we increased the temperature of 50.1g of water by 12°C
Then the number of calories needed to do this is given by:
x = (mass of water in grams)*(how much increased the temp in °C)*1cal/g*°C
x = (50.1g*12°C)*1cal/g*°C = 601.2 cal
But we want this in Kcal, remember that:
1Kcal = 1000cal
Then:
601.2 cal = (601.2/1000) Kcal = 0.6012 Kcal
Now, for the cracker part, the energy was released by the amount of cracker that was burned.
The original mass was 2.4g
the final mass ios 1.3g
the difference is:
2.4g - 1.3g = 1.1g
This means that 1.1g was the burned mass.
The number of kilocalories of heat per gram released by the cracker is just:
n = (0.6012 Kcal)/(1.1 g) = 0.547 Kcal/g
0.547 kilocalories per gram.
any two functions of crystals
Answer:
1. Participating in calcium homeostatis storage of calcium.
2. High capacity calcium (Ca) regulation and protection against herbivory
[tex]\large \boxed{\sf 2 \: functions \: of \: crystals \: are :- } [/tex]
_________________
⟹
[tex] \sf \: \underline{ Calcium \: oxalate \: (CaOx) \: crystals} \: are \: distributed \: \\\sf among \: all \: taxonomic \: levels \\ \sf\: of \: photosynthetic \: organisms \: from \\ \sf \: small \: algae \: to \: angiosperms \: and \: giant \: gymnosperms .[/tex]
__________________
⟹
[tex]\sf Bone \: is \: mostly \: made \: of \: \underline{mineral \: crystals} \: \\ \sf and \: the \: protein \: collagen. \: The \: mineral \: crystals \: bone \\ \sf\: provide \: strength \: and \: rigidity \: for \: the \: matrix \: upon \: \\ \sf \: and \: within \: which \: they \: are \: deposited.[/tex]
Calculate the mass of sodium phosphate in aqueous solution to fully react with 37 g of chromium nitrate(III) an aqueous solution?(report answer in grams and only three Sigg figs do not put the unit)
Answer:
41 g
Explanation:
The equation of the reaction is;
Cr(NO3)3(aq)+Na3PO4(aq)=3NaNO3(s)+CrPO4(aq)
Number of moles of chromium nitrate = 37g/ 146.97 g/mol = 0.25 moles
1 mole of sodium phosphate reacts with 1 mole of chromium nitrate
x moles of sodium phosphate react as with 0.25 moles of chromium nitrate
x= 1 × 0.25/1
x= 0.25 moles
Mass of sodium phosphate = 0.25 moles × 163.94 g/mol
Mass of sodium phosphate = 41 g
Sometimes in lab we collect the gas formed by a chemical reaction over water . This makes it easy to isolate and measure the amount of gas produced.
Suppose the CO, gas evolved by a certain chemical reaction taking place at 50.0°C is collected over water, using an apparatus something like that in the sketch, and the final volume of gas in the collection tube is measured to be 132. mL. Calculate the mass of CO, that is in the collection tube. Round your answer to 2 significant digits.
Answer:
0.17 g
Explanation:
Since the volume of gas collected is 132 mL, we need to find the number of moles of gas present in 132 mL.
So, number of moles, n = volume of gas, v/molar volume, V
n = v/V where v = 132 mL = 0.132 L and V = 22.4 L
So, substituting the values of the variables into the equation, we have
n = v/V
n = 0.132 L/22.4 L
n = 0.005893 mol
We then need to calculate the molar mass of CO, M = atomic mass of carbon + atomic mass of oxygen = 12 g/mol + 16 g/mol = 28 g/mol
Also, number of moles of gas, n = m/M where m = mass of CO and M = molar mass of CO
m = nM
m = 0.005893 mol × 28 g/mol
m = 0.165004 g
m ≅ 0.17 g to 2 significant digits
10. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2: M = 34 g mol-1) is a powerful oxidising agent that is used in concentrated solution in rocket fuel systems and in dilute solution as in hair bleach. An aqueous solution of H2O2 is 30 % by mass and has a density of 1.11 g cm-3. Express the concentration of the solution in terms of: (i) Molality
Answer:
The molality of solution=12.605 m
Explanation:
We are given that
Molar mass of Hydrogen peroxide, M=34 g/mol
Density of solution, [tex]\rho=1.11gcm^{-3}[/tex]
30% Means mass of solute (Hydrogen peroxide)=30 g
Mass of solvent =100-30=70 g
Total mass of solution, m=100 g
Number of moles of solute=[tex]\frac{given\;mass}{molar\;mass}[/tex]
Using the formula
Number of moles of hydrogen peroxide=[tex]\frac{30}{34}[/tex]
Now, molality of solution
[tex]m=\frac{number\;of\;moles\;of\;solute}{mass\;of\;solvent}\times 1000[/tex]
[tex]m=\frac{30}{70\times 34}\times 1000[/tex]
[tex]m=12.605 m[/tex]
Hence, the molality of solution=12.605 m
Write a balanced half-reaction for the oxidation of liquid water to aqueous hydrogen peroxide in basic aqueous solution. Be sure to add physical state symbols where appropriate.
Answer:
O2(g) + 2H2O(l) --------> 2H2O2(aq) + 2e
Explanation:
An oxidation reaction reaction refers to a reaction in which electrons are lost. In this case, we are about to see the full balanced half-reaction for the oxidation of liquid water to aqueous hydrogen peroxide in basic aqueous solution.
The full equation is;
O2(g) + 2H2O(l) --------> 2H2O2(aq) + 2e
So, two electrons were lost in the process.
A one electron species, X m, where m is the charge of the one electron species and X is the element symbol, loses its one electron from its ground state when it absorbs 3.49 x 10-17 J of energy. Using the prior information, the charge of the one electron species is:_____________
a. +8
b. +2
c. +3
d. +1
e. +4
Answer:
Option C
Explanation:
From the question we are told that:
Difference in energy [tex]\delta E =3.49 * 10^{-17} J[/tex]
The Ground state Difference in energy at n=1
[tex]\delta E_g = 2.18 * 10^{-18} × Z^2[/tex]
Generally the equation for Difference in energy is mathematically given by
[tex]\delta E=\delta E_g[/tex]
Therefore
[tex]3.49 * 10^{-17} = 2.18 * 10^{-18} * Z^2[/tex]
[tex]Z^2=16[/tex]
[tex]Z=4[/tex]
Therefore
Charge on element Z Q_Z
[tex]Q_Z= Atomic\ no\. of\ element - No.\ of\ electrons\ of\ element[/tex]
[tex]Q_Z =4-1[/tex]
[tex]Q_Z=+3[/tex]
Option C
a chemist combines 4.9 g of nitrogen gas with 9.4 grams of nitrogen gas to form 11.4 g of ammonia 2.9 g of nitrogen is remaining
You should set out support, like a cork ring or clamp, before removing the glassware from a glassware kit to place the glassware in and to stop it from _________. Thoroughly check that the glasswar is________ and that it does not have any _______before using it.
Answer:
(A) Slipping and breaking
(B) Clean and dry
(C) Cracks
Explanation:
This describes the process of unpacking a glassware for use.
You should set out support like a cork ring or clamp (these are simple machines that'll hold the glassware in place) before removing the glassware from a glassware kit; to place the glassware in and to stop it from slipping and breaking.
Thoroughly check that the glassware is clean and dry and that it does not have any cracks, before using it.
Which functional group is used in other functional groups?
A. Ester
B. Carbonyl
c. Hydroxyl
D. Amino
q9
Answer:
The answer is B. Carbonyl
Carbonyl is the functional group is used in other functional groups. Therefore, option (B) is correct.
What do you mean by carbonyl functional group?A functional group with the formula C=O that is composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and is divalent at the C atom is known as a carbonyl group in organic chemistry.
A carbonyl gathering is a synthetically natural utilitarian gathering made out of a carbon iota twofold clung to an oxygen molecule - - > [C=O] The most straightforward carbonyl gatherings are aldehydes and ketones typically connected to another carbon compound.
A functional group with a carbon double bonded to an oxygen is called a carbonyl group. They have unsurprising properties, like extremity, instability, and reactivity.
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