When hydrogen forms a covalent bond with another atom, it typically forms a sigma (σ) bond. A sigma bond is a type of covalent bond.
A sigma bond is a type of covalent bond that is formed by the overlap of atomic orbitals along the axis connecting the two atoms. Sigma bonds are the strongest and most stable types of covalent bonds, and they are responsible for the majority of the bonding in most molecules.
In the case of hydrogen, the sigma bond is formed by the overlap of the 1s orbital on the hydrogen atom with an orbital on the other atom. The 1s orbital is the lowest energy orbital on the hydrogen atom and is characterized by a spherical shape. When hydrogen forms a covalent bond with another atom, the sigma bond is typically the only bond that is formed. It is important to note that hydrogen can also form other types of bonds, such as pi (π) bonds, which are formed by the overlap of atomic orbitals perpendicular to the axis connecting the two atoms. However, these types of bonds are less common and are typically weaker than sigma bonds.
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according to the building-up principle or aufbau principle, which subshell is typically filled next after the 6s subshell?
Aufbau's principle states that an electron in an atom is filled according to the energy of orbitals, orbital with minimum energy is first filled, and so on.
so the order of filling of electrons in orbitals are 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p 8s.
so, the 4f subshell is filled after the complete filling of electrons in 6s.
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(d) Caesium is another element in Group 1 of the Periodic Table.
(i) The table below lists some statements about the reaction of caesium with
cold water compared to the reaction of lithium with cold water.
Place ticks (✓) in the boxes to show the two correct statements.
the reaction with caesium is more vigorous
the reaction with caesium produces a different gas
the reaction with caesium produces an acidic solution
the reaction with caesium produces a different compound
the reaction of caesium is endothermic
Answer: The reaction with caesium is more vigourus.
The reaction with caesium produces different compund.
Explanation:
Cold water and cesium react to produce hydrogen gas and a mixture of cesium and hydroxide ions as byproducts.
Draw the Lewis structure for PF3Cl2 in the window below and then answer the questions that follow. What is the electron-pair geometry for P in PF3Cl2 ? What is the the shape (molecular geometry) of PF3Cl2?
Sp[tex]3[/tex] hybridization of a molecule with two lone pairs is present. This molecule's geometry is determined by its electron pair structure. If more than one bond angle is possible, separate each one with a space.
What is hybridization?The process of combining two atomic orbitals to produce a new variety of hybridized orbitals is described as hybridization. Usually, this mixing creates hybrid orbitals with entirely different energies, shapes, and other characteristics. Atomic orbitals with the same energy level are primarily responsible for hybridization. However, if the energies of the orbitals are equal, the process can involve both fully filled and partially filled orbitals. We can better understand bond formation, bond energies, and bond lengths by using the hybridization concept, which is an extension of valence bond theory. During the hybridization process, which primarily entails the merging of two orbitals, two "p" orbitals, or the mixing of a "s" orbital with a "p," the atomic orbitals of comparable energies are mixed together.To learn more about valence bond theory refer to:
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How many grams of nitrogen gas are needed to completely react with 2.8 moles of hydrogen?
The amount of grams of nitrogen gas needed to completely react with 2.8 moles of hydrogen is 26.13 grams.
How to calculate mass?Stoichiometry is the study and calculation of quantitative (measurable) relationships of the reactants and products in chemical reactions (chemical equations).
According to this question, nitrogen gas completely reacts with 2.8 moles of hydrogen as follows:
N₂ + 3H₂ → 2NH₃
Based on the above equation, 1 mole of nitrogen gas reacts with 3 moles of hydrogen. This means that 2.8/3 moles = 0.933 moles of nitrogen will react with 2.8 moles of hydrogen.
moles = mass ÷ molar mass
mass = 0.933 moles × 28 = 26.13g
Therefore, 26.13 grams of nitrogen gas is required to react completely.
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Diazomethane is a toxic yellow gas that is both sensitive and explosive: However, it is a useful reagent in the laboratory to make key intermediates by reacting with carboxylic acids in a quick and clean reaction_ Draw the expected organic product of diazomethane with the following carboxylic acid. COOH Hc N=N; CH3
Methyl esters are created when carboxylic acids and diazomethane interact. Diazomethane is used to create methyl esters and has a high degree of reactivity.
Diazomethane reacts swiftly and extremely effectively, producing just N2 as a byproduct, making it an appealing alkylating agent for carboxylic and phenols (Black, 1983). As it responds, its inherent yellow color releases, automatically indicating the status of the reaction. Methyl esters are created when carboxylic acids and diazomethane interact. Diazomethane is created in-situ and then interacted with the carboxyl group right away to create the methyl ester due to its high reactivity. Diazomethane has mostly been used to transform carboxylic acids into esters (diazoalkales) that may be examined using GC/MS or HPLC-MS. In etherate solutions, methyl esters can be produced at room temperature quickly, thoroughly, and quantitatively.
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how to balance: CaCl2(aq) + Na3PO4(aq) ⟶ Ca3(PO4)2(s) + NaCl(aq)
can someone explain how to do it? thanks
The given double displacement reaction can be balanced as written below:
[tex]\rm 3CaCl_{2} + 2Na_{3}PO_{4} \rightarrow Ca_{3}PO_{4} + 6 NaCl \\[/tex]
What is displacement reaction?Displacement reactions are those in which one or two groups are replaced to form the new products. There are both single displacement reaction and double double displacement reactions.
In single displacement reactions, only one reactant will be replaced in the reaction whereas in double displacement reactions, two groups from the reactants are exchanged each other.
In the given reaction, the phosphate group is replaced to Ca and the Cl is group is shifted to Na metal as written in the chemical equation.
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The alkali metals, found in group 1 of the periodic table, are very reactive metals that do not occur freely in nature. These metals have only one electron in their outer shell. Therefore, they readily lose that one electron to form ionic bonds with other elements. Sodium (na) is an alkali metal that bonds with chlorine (cl), a halogen, to form table salt (nacl). Based on what the periodic table can tell you about these two elements, explain how and why they bond to form nacl.
Answer:
The periodic table is a useful tool for understanding the properties of elements and predicting how they will interact with each other. The alkali metals, including sodium, are located in group 1 of the periodic table. These elements have only one electron in their outermost shell, which makes them very reactive. They readily lose this outer electron to form an ion with a positive charge, which is called a cation.
Chlorine, on the other hand, is a halogen located in group 17 of the periodic table. Halogens have seven electrons in their outermost shell, which makes them highly reactive. They readily gain an electron to form an ion with a negative charge, which is called an anion.
When sodium and chlorine interact, they form an ionic bond to create the compound sodium chloride, or table salt. In this process, sodium loses its outer electron to form a sodium cation, and chlorine gains an electron to form a chlorine anion. The positive sodium cation is then attracted to the negative chlorine anion, forming an ionic bond. This bond is strong enough to hold the two ions together, creating a stable compound.
Therefore, sodium and chlorine bond to form table salt because they have the opposite charges and opposite reactivities that are necessary to form an ionic bond. The periodic table can help us understand this bonding process by providing information about the number of electrons in the outermost shell of each element, which determines their reactivity and ability to form ions.
There are two types of chemical compound one is covalent compound and other is ionic compound, covalent compound formed by sharing of electron and ionic compound formed by complete transfer of electron. Therefore, in below given ways, periodic table helps in explaining the reason of bonding.
What is chemical Compound?Chemical Compound is a combination of molecule, Molecule forms by combination of element and element forms by combination of atoms in fixed proportion.
An ionic compound is a metal and nonmetal combined compound. Ionic compound are very hard. They have high melting and boiling point because of strong ion bond.
Because sodium and chlorine have the opposing charges and reactivities required to create an ionic bond, they bind to make table salt. The periodic table can help us comprehend this bonding process by revealing the amount of electrons in each element's outermost shell, which governs their reactivity and capacity to generate ions.
Therefore, in above ways, periodic table helps in explaining the reason of bonding.
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this is the chemical formula for cassiterite (tin ore): a geochemist has determined by measurements that there are moles of tin in a sample of cassiterite. how many moles of oxygen are in the sample? round your answer to significant digits.
There are two moles of oxygen in cassiterite (tin ore), SnO2, for every mole of tin. As a result, if we have 13 moles of tin, we should have 13 * 2 moles of oxygen. This results in 26 moles of oxygen.
Cassiterite (SnO2) is the most essential tin ore, and it is frequently located in granite veins, granite pegmatites, and greisen. The name is derived from the Greek kassiteros, which means tin.
Cassiterite is a tin oxide mineral with the chemical formula SnO2. It is the primary significant source of tin, accounting for the majority of the world's supply. Primary cassiterite is found in trace amounts in igneous and metamorphic rocks all over the world. It is a mineral that can be found in soils and sediments. Cassiterite is more resistant to deterioration than many other minerals, so it is found in stream and shoreline sediments. Colors include black, brownish black, reddish brown, brown red, yellow, gray, and white.
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F. According to the rules for naming compounds that you learned in this course, what is the
chemical name of this new product? What is its common name? (2 points)
Molecular compounds are termed by using the stem of the first element's name plus the suffix -ide, followed by the second element. Numerical prefixes are used to specify the number of atoms in a molecule.
What does "chemical common name" mean?The IUPAC defines a common name as one that clearly identifies a chemical but does not adhere to the current systematic naming convention. Acetone, which bears the scientific term, serves as an illustration of a common name. 2-propanone
What is the short answer to chemical?A chemical is any substance whose composition is known. A chemical always consists of the same "substance," to put it another way. Water is one of the substances found in nature.
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HI(aq)+Rb2S(aq)→ What is the answer to this please
The given equation is a double displacement reaction. It can be balanced as follows:
[tex]\rm 2HI + Rb_{2}S \rightarrow H_{2}S + RbI_{2}[/tex]
What is displacement reaction?Displacement reaction is a type of reaction in which one or two group from the reactants displaces by other groups. There are both single displacement and double displacement.
In single displacement reaction, only one group is displaced. Whereas, in double displacement reactions, two groups are displaced each other between reactants.
In the given reaction, the iodine atom and sulphide group are displacing as written in the equation.
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which of the following has the lowest conductivity? a. 0.1 m cuso4 b. 0.1 m koh c. 0.1 m bacl2 d. 0.1 m hf e. 0.1 m hno3
The following has the lowest conductivity are the bacl2 that is 0.1 m as bacl2 is not good electrolyte.
Therefore BaCl2·2H2O is a great selec- tion for growing a polymer electrolyte in addition to for right ionic conductivity results.The molar conductivities at countless dilution of barium chloride, sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid are 280, 860 and 426 S cm2 mol–1 respectively.
BaCl2 can not behavior energy in fused kingdom due to the fact charged debris can not flow in the crystal. BaCL2 is less in conductivity as it has not any of the conductive character and thus cannot definitely says about the conductive.
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if a sample of magnesium has a mass of 72.9 g, how many moles of magnesium does the sample contain?
Answer:
3 moles
Explanation:
Mg has molar mass of 24.31 g/mol
so 72.9 g / 24.31 g/mo = 3 moles
Draw the Lewis structure for SF6 and then answer the following questions that follow.
-Do not include overall ion charges or formal charges in your drawing.
Questions:
1). What is the electron-pair geometry for S in SF6?
2). What is the shape (molecular geometry) of SF6?
SF6 molecular geometry will be octahedral because if we look at the structure sulphur hexafluoride has a central sulphur atom around which12 electrons or 6 electron pairs are present and there are no lone pairs.
What is SF6?Sulphur hexafluoride – also known as SF6 – is a ‘greenhouse gas’ that has long played a part in global warming, similar to that of carbon dioxide (CO2).CO2 has been a focal point of climate change for many years. Released from the burning of fossil fuels and other carbon-intensive practices, it creates a cover that traps heat from the sun in the earth’s atmosphere, warming the planet and the oceans. This is what’s known as the ‘greenhouse effect’.SF6 also has this effect, but is much more potent than CO2. Today, wider understanding of the potency of this gas – and the need to reach net zero carbon emissions by 2050 in order to tackle climate change – is causing a rethink of its use.To learn more about ‘greenhouse effect’ refer to:
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Please help with this:
Typically, hard water used in a lab class would have been prepared by adding 1 gram of
magnesium sulfate per liter of distilled water. Magnesium sulfate contains 20.2%
magnesium ions by mass. What is its hardness in grains per gallon (GPG)? (One GPG
equals 17.1 mg/L.)
One grain of calcium carbonate, or 64.8 milligrams, is dissolved in one US gallon of water to represent one grain per gallon (gpg), a measure of water hardness (3.785412 L).
What is Water Hardness Measurement Scales?Understanding your test findings necessitates familiarity with the many water hardness testing scales that are employed. The majority of results are provided as a number that indicates the amount of calcium carbonate or calcium carbonate equivalents present in a specific unit of water. Depending on the measurement method, this value may be given in grains per gallon (gpg), parts per million (ppm), or milligrammes per litre (mg/L).Per Gallon of Grains Measurement of water hardnessThe hardness scale, expressed in gpg of calcium carbonate, can be seen as follows, according to the Water Quality Association:Soft is defined as gpg less than 1.An intermediate level of difficulty is between 1 and 3.5 gpg.The category of fairly challenging ranges from 3.5 to 7 gpg.The hard range is between 7 and 10.5 gpg.It's regarded quite difficult to get above 10.5 gpg.To Learn more About grain per gallon refer to:
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Which of these pairs of elements would be most likely to form a molecular compound?
a.
P and Br
b.
Cu and K
C.
K and O
d.
O and Zn
e.
Al and Rb
an atom with an imbalance of electrons to protons is a. a hadron. b. a baryon. c. an ion. d. an isotope. e. none of these
An ion is an atom with an unbalanced ratio of protons to electrons. Atoms or molecules having associated net charges greater than zero are referred to as "ions."
a charged molecule or atom is referred to as an ion. It charges up or down depending on whether one or more electrons are gained or lost. Because of this, it can have a positive or negative charge. Consequently, an ion becomes charged when there is an imbalance between the proportion of positively charged protons to negatively charged electrons. Ions can be categorised into one of two major types. Cations and anions are what they are.A superscript with a plus sign and the number before the plus sign is applied to the chemical formula to represent the symbol for a cation.Anions are represented similarly to cations by the charge number followed by a negative sign.Another subatomic particle with a positive electrical charge is the proton. They are present in the atom's nucleus.
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is a chemist has 1.87 moles of na2o and causes it to decompose into its constitiuent elemtns how many moles of na will form
3.74 moles of Na will be produced after the decomposition of Na₂O.
The decomposition reaction of Na2 is as follows:
2Na₂o → 4Na + o₂
Given, moles of Na₂o = 1.87
From stoichiometric coefficient 2 in Na₂o, after decomposition we get coefficient as 4 of Na. That means the yield of Na is double the reactant.
Hence, the moles of Na after decomposition= 2 x 1.87 = 3.74 moles
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How can we increase a pulley's output force?
A pulley's output force can be increased by increasing the input force.
What is Output force?This is referred to as the force which is exerted on an object by a simple machine. We should also note that in a scenario where the output force is greater than the input force, the mechanical advantage is greater and vice versa.
In a situation where the output force needs to be increased, then we have to also increase the input force which is also known as the effort and vice versa and is therefore the reason why an increase was chosen as the correct choice.
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what is the nuclear binding energy per mole if the mass defect of a certain isotope is 0.1172 u per atom or 0.1172 g per mol? express your answer in joules. remember to use self-consistent units.
4.447 x10^13 J is the nuclear binding energy per mole if the mass defect of a certain isotope is 0.1172 u per atom or 0.1172 g per mol? express your answer in joules.
BE = dleta mc^2.
Given that, delta m = mass defect = 0.4941 g per mol = 0.4941/1000 kg/mol c = 3x10^8 m/s
BE = ( 0.4941/1000) x (3x10^8)^2= 4.4469 x10^13
= 4.447 x10^13 J
Nuclear binding energy is energy required to completely separate an atomic nucleus in with its constituting protons and neutrons, or the energy freed by combining protons and neutrons into a single nucleus. Isotopes are atoms that have the same number of protons but number of protons. They have nearly identical chemical composition but differ in volume and thus in physicochemical parameters.
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If an atom, such as hydrogen, is able to form a covalent bond, describe what happens when the
electron shells of two atoms overlap?
The potential energy between the nuclei is minimized and the orbital shells overlap.
What is a covalent bond?We know that a covalent bond is the kind of bond that is formed when there is the combination of two atoms when there is the overlap of the orbitals of the two atoms. In the case of the hydrogen atoms, we can say that there is a bond as we notice that the two atomic orbitals have become overlapped on each other.
Let us note that when the two atoms are still far from each other, the potential energy between the atoms is high and as such the atoms of the element would tend to repel each other.
As the two atoms begin to approach each other, the repulsion between the nuclei of the elements is seen to become minimized and the bond is now seen to be formed as the atomic orbitals become overlapped.
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a brittle white crystalline solid has a melting point of 760 c and reacts when added to water. this substance is most likely what type of solid
A brittle white crystalline solid reacts with when added to water is Quartz. It is a metamorphic solid.
Quartz is the most abundant silica mineral. Pure Quartz is colorless and transparent. It occurs in most igneous and practically all metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. It is used as a component of numerous industrial materials. Silicon (Si) has the atomic number 14 and is closely related to carbon. It is a relatively inert metalloid. Silicon is often used for microchips, glass, cement, and pottery. Silica is the most abundant mineral found in the crust of the earth. One of the most common uses of silica quarts is the manufacturer of glass. Quartz is the second most abundant mineral in the Earth's crust. Its chemical name is SiO2.
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Question: An atom from group 2A forms an ionic bond with an atom from another group. Which group is the second atom MOST LIKELY from?
The group of chemical element which an atom from group 2A forms an ionic bond with is most likely from group 7A
What element an atom from group 2A forms Ionic bond with from group 7AAn ionic bond can formed between calcium from from group 2A and fluorine from group 7A to form calcium fluoride. In order words, Calcium fluoride is an ionic chemical compound which is insoluble in water. Calcium fluoride is composed of calcium ion and fluoride ion.
In conclusion, it can be deduced from the explanation given above that calcium fluoride is an ionic compound.
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which list contains only strong acids? (5 points) a. hcl, hno3, hf, hclo4 b. h2so4, h3po4, hclo4, nh3 c. hno3, h2so4, naoh, h3po4 d. hcl, hno3, h3po4, hclo4 e. hcl, h2so4, hclo4, hi
a. hcl, hno3, hf, hclo4 b. h2so4 list contains only strong acids.
Chloric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydroiodic acid, nitric acid, perchloric acid, and sulfuric acid are the 7 main acids. These are strong acids since they can completely dissociate in water. A strong acid is described as an acetone that completely disintegrates when added to water. Because the hydrochloric acid inside the preceding example donates every one of its protons to the remedy and totally dissolves, it is classified as a strong acid.
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Choose the exothermic reaction that is used to ignite the Mg + Oxygen reaction (step 2) that eventually lights the thermite.
2 H2 + O2 ----> 2 H2O
2 Na + O2 ----> Na2O
CH4 + 2 O2 ----> 2 H2O + CO2
2 C4H10 + 13 O2 ----> 8 CO2 + 5 H2O
The reaction that can light the thermite is the combination of methane and oxygen. Option C
What is an ignition reaction?There is an ignition reaction when we burn a substance in another substance. Now, we know that an exothermic reaction refers to the kind of reaction hat is able to produce heat.
Since the exothermic reaction can be able to produce heat, this is the reaction that we can use to light the reaction between the magnesium and the oxygen so that we can be able to light the thermite.
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Predict the products and balance the equation.
NaCl (aq) + KNO₂ (aq) →
Sodium chloride is produced and used in the production of polyester, paper, rubber, glass, chlorine, household bleach, soaps, detergents, and dyes.
Is salt the same as sodium chloride?Chemically speaking, salt is a combination of chloride and sodium. Actually, the element that is most harmful to your health is sodium. (Therefore, the chloride is what gives food its "salty" flavor.).
Why do doctors administer sodium chloride to patients?To replace salt and water that have been lost from your body as a result of specific conditions, sodium chloride 23.4% injection is employed (eg, hyponatremia or low salt syndrome). Additionally, it is added to IV fluids that contain carbohydrates and parenteral nutrition total (TPN).
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calculate the volume in liters of a mm silver(ii) oxide solution that contains of silver(ii) oxide . round your answer to significant digits.
The volume of the solution is 1.84 × [tex]10^{4}[/tex] L.
The formula used to get the molarity of the solution is used to determine the volume of the solution:
Molarity= [tex]\frac{Mass of the solute}{molar mass of solute * Volume of solution(in L)}[/tex]
We are given:
Molarity of solution = 8.75 × [tex]10^{-5}[/tex] M
Given the mass of silver (II) oxide = 200 g
Molar mass of silver (II) oxide = 124 g/mol
Put the values in the formula:
8.75 × [tex]10^{-5}[/tex][tex]10^{-5}[/tex] = [tex]\frac{200}{124* Volume}[/tex]
Volume= 1.84 × [tex]10^{4}[/tex] M
A chemical species' concentration in a solution, specifically the amount of a solute per unit volume of solution, is measured by its molar concentration. The most used molarity unit in chemistry is the number of moles per liter, denoted by the unit symbol mol/L or mol/dm3 in SI units.
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nickel has a face-centered cubic (fcc) structure and has a density of 8.90 g/cm3. what is its atomic radius?
The nickel has a face-centered cubic (fcc) structure and has a density of 8.90 g/cm3. its atomic radius is 1.36 × 10⁻⁸ cm.
given that :
density = 8.90 g/ cm³
the density is given as :
density = mass / volume
no. of atoms = 8 (1/8) + 6(1/2)
volume = (r × 8 (1/8))³
mass = 4 atoms × mol / 6.022 × 10²³ atoms × 58.68 g /mol
density = mass / volume
8.90 g/ cm³ = (4 atoms × mol / 6.022 × 10²³ atoms × 58.68 g /mol ) / (r × 8 (1/8))³
r = 1.36 × 10⁻⁸ cm
Thus, the atomic radius is 1.36 × 10⁻⁸ cm.
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the epicardial fat pad . a. can be mistaken for a pericardial effusion b. appears heteroechoic and moves with the heart c. is always visible in all cardiac views d. all of the above e. a and b onl
The epicardial fat pad . a. can be mistaken for a pericardial effusion b. appears heteroechoic and moves with the heart.
It is the posterior fat pad that is a sign that indicates a pathology when one looks at an x-ray. When a crescent fat is observed in the x-ray, it indicates there is an elbow joint effusion since normally the posterior fat cannot be seen from the x-ray.
In radiography, X-rays are used to view inner parts of the body for medical observation, analysis and to know the treatment procedure to adopt.
When a non visible posterior fat pad on a well-exposed, then it generally suggests a negative study for injury. This means that the features observed are unrelated to any type of injury. This eliminates option c.
Therefore, only option a and b are correct that the epicardial fat pad . a. can be mistaken for a pericardial effusion b. appears heteroechoic and moves with the heart.
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what is the formal charge on phosphorus in a lewis structure for the phosphate ion that satisfies the octet rule?
The formal charge on phosphorus in a lewis structure for the phosphate ion that satisfies the octet rule is 0.
What is a Lewis structure?
All valence electrons are represented by Lewis structures, which are structural formulas for molecules and polyatomic ions. These structural formulas are commonly referred to as Lewis dot structures since valence electrons are frequently shown as dots.
Why is Lewis structure used?
Chemical bonds and atomic structures are examined and understood using Lewis structures. The type of bonds created between atoms using valence electrons or/and lone pairs, as well as the number of bonds an atom can or will form with other atoms, can all be determined using Lewis dot diagrams.
Lewis structure of phosphate (po43-) ion.Formal charge= no. of valence electrons - no. of non bonding valence electrons- [tex]\frac{total no. of bonded electrons }{2}[/tex]
Formal charge of P= 5-0-[tex]\frac{10}{2}[/tex] = 0
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The periodic properties of elements are directly related to the A: group position, B: effective nuclear charge , C: energy levels ,D: Atomic Finite boundaries. ,choose the correct answer
The periodic properties of elements are directly related to the energy levels of the atoms of the elements.
The correct option is C.
What are the periodicity elements in the periodic table?The periodicity of elements in the periodic table is the regular variation of the properties of the elements in the periodic table both down the group and across the periodic.
The properties of elements that show periodicity include;
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