What is the approximate diffraction limit, in arc second, of a 84 meter diameter radio telescope observing 24 cm radiation?

Answer: temperature

Explanation: The last postulate of the kinetic molecular theory states that the average kinetic energy of a gas particle depends only on the temperature of the gas. Thus, the average kinetic energy of the gas particles increases as the gas becomes warmer.

Answer: Noble Gases (Blue)

The current of the ideal current source in the given circuit is zero.

This is because the current source is not providing any current and the 5 ohm resistor is not providing any resistance. Thus, no current can flow through the circuit.

In this circuit, there is a current source with 6 volts and a 5 ohm resistor. The current source does not provide any current since it is ideal, meaning it does not create any voltage drops. Therefore, no current can flow through the circuit.

This is because there is no voltage difference between the two nodes (points) between which the current is supposed to flow.

The 5 ohm resistor also does not provide any resistance, meaning the same current would flow through the resistor as well. Thus, the current of the ideal current source in the given circuit is zero.

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Answer:

D = 3.5 m      to mirror

d = 1.50 m     from mirror to sister

Total distance from camera to sister = d + D = 5.0 m

Exactly at noon, as determined by the WWV time signal, on successive days of a week the clocks according to their relative value as good timekeepers, best to worst.

Time signals are also used in many everyday applications, such as GPS navigation, where precise timing is essential for calculating positions accurately.  A time signal refers to any signal that provides information about the passage of time. Time signals are often used in experiments to measure the duration of events or to synchronize the timing of multiple processes.

One common type of time signal is a periodic signal, which repeats itself at regular intervals. This can be used to measure the period or frequency of a phenomenon, such as the oscillation of a pendulum or the vibration of a guitar string. Another type of time signal is a pulse signal, which provides a brief burst of energy at a specific time. This can be used to trigger the start or stop of a process or to measure the time delay between different events.

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In the context of the motor control process related to the speed-accuracy trade-off, the initiation phase of movement includes the beginning of limb movement in the direction of a target.

Motor control is the ability to regulate and coordinate motor skills to achieve a desired outcome. The central nervous system (CNS) is in charge of regulating these skills. The CNS is divided into two parts: the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the central nervous system (CNS). Motor skills are regulated by both parts of the nervous system. The CNS, on the other hand, is more involved in higher-level motor control.

A motor control system can be divided into three stages: planning, initiation, and execution. When the central nervous system processes the desired movement, it activates the motor program in the initiation stage, which produces the motor command sent to the muscles. Movement is initiated by the initiation stage. Following that, the movement is executed to meet the task's requirements. The motor program adjusts movement by making corrections based on previous trials and feedback. Therefore, the initiation phase is critical in the context of the motor control process related to the speed-accuracy trade-off.

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The fluid force on one side of the 5ft by 5ft plate lying flat on its 5ft by 5ft face, we can use the equation F = ρghA and the F = 1,945,000 N.

Since the plate is at the bottom of the pool and the pool is filled with water to a depth of 8ft, h = 8ft and the area of the plate A = 5ft × 5ft = 25ft².

There F is the fluid force, ρ is the density of the fluid, g is the acceleration due to gravity, h is the depth of the fluid, and A is the area of the plate.

Therefore, the fluid force on one side of the plate is:

F = ρghA = 1000kg/m³ × 9.81m/s² × 8ft × 25ft² = 1,945,000 N.

To calculate the fluid force on one side of the plate resting vertically on a 5 ft edge, we can use the same equation as above but with an area equal to the length of the plate multiplied by the depth of the pool (8ft):

F = ρghA = 1000kg/m³ × 9.81m/s² × 8ft × 5ft = 392,000 N.

To calculate the fluid force on one side of the plate resting on a 5ft edge and tilted at 45 degrees to the bottom of the pool, we can use the same equation as above but with an area equal to the length of the plate multiplied by the depth of the pool multiplied by the cosine of the angle of the plate:

F = ρghA = 1000kg/m³ × 9.81m/s² × 8ft × 5ft × cos(45) = 283,200 N.

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The volume is increasing at a rate of approximately 20,106 mm³/s.

The volume of a sphere can be given by the formula V = 4/3πr³. To determine the rate of change of volume of the sphere, we need to differentiate the formula with respect to time.

The derivative of V w.r.t. t is given by dV/dt = 4πr²(dr/dt)

Where dV/dt is the rate of change of volume of the sphere and dr/dt is the rate of change of radius.

It is given that the radius is increasing at a rate of 4 mm/s; therefore, we have dr/dt = 4 mm/s

Radius r = (diameter)/2

When the diameter is 40mm, radius r = 20 mm. Substituting the values into the formula, we get;

dV/dt = 4π(20)²(4) = 6400π mm³/s

Therefore, the rate of change of volume of the sphere is 6400π mm³/s or approximately 20,106 mm³/s.

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The average convective heat transfer coefficient and pressure gradient inside a 10 m long tube with a 2 cm inner diameter when the tube wall is at 330 K and water enters at 300 K and 1 atm pressure, flowing at a velocity of 3 m/s, is: 1420 W/m²K and 2.6 x 10⁴ Pa

This can be calculated using the equations of fluid mechanics. The average convective heat transfer coefficient, or h, is determined using the following equation:

[tex]h = (k/d) x (v/P).[/tex]

k is the thermal conductivity of the fluid (water), d is the tube inner diameter, v is the velocity of the fluid, and P is the pressure gradient across the tube wall.

The pressure gradient is found using the equation: [tex]P = (v²/2g) + P₀[/tex],

where v is the fluid velocity, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and P₀ is the pressure at the inlet of the tube (1 atm in this case). Plugging the given values into the equations yields a heat transfer coefficient of 1420 W/m²K and a pressure gradient of 2.6 x 10⁴ Pa.

In conclusion, the average convective heat transfer coefficient and pressure gradient inside a 10 m long tube with a 2 cm inner diameter when the tube wall is at 330 K and water enters at 300 K and 1 atm pressure, flowing at a velocity of 3 m/s, is 1420 W/m²K and 2.6 x 10⁴ Pa, respectively.

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Hominin remains have been found at sites throughout Africa, Europe, and Asia. Below are five of these fossil sites and their main finds. The correct order of the given hominin fossil sites from oldest to youngest is Omo kibish, Klasies river, Herto, and Tianyuan cave.

Omo kibish is incomplete fossil skull (oldest)The oldest fossil site on the list is Omo kibish in Ethiopia, which is dated to around 195,000 years ago. The site has a partial skull, lower jawbone, and a few other fragments of the skull. Klasies river is fragmentary hominin remains Klasies river Mouth in South Africa is dated back to around 120,000 years ago. The site contains human fossils along with the remains of other animals.

Herto is a skull intermediate between H. heidelbergensis and modern H. sapiens, Herto Bouri in Ethiopia, dated to around 160,000 years ago. The site contains 3 complete hominid skulls which were much more modern than expected for their age. The skulls were similar to Homo sapiens, but with some differences. Tianyuan cave is modern human maniple and femur (youngest). Tianyuan cave in China, dated to around 40,000 years ago, contains one of the earliest modern human fossils. A complete set of human teeth and bones from a foot, leg, and hand were found at this site.

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We cannot determine the value of interference with the given information.

The interference can be determined using the following formula:

interference = (observed double crossover rate - expected double crossover rate) ÷ (1 - expected double crossover rate).

The expected double crossover rate can be calculated using the formula:

expected double crossover rate = (distance AB × distance BC) ÷ total distance (AB + BC + AC).

Given:

Distance between A and B is 10mu;

Distance between B and C is 15mu;

Observed double crossover rate is 0.25%.

Therefore,

Distance AB = 10mu;

Distance BC = 15mu;

Total distance = AB + BC + AC

Expected double crossover rate = (10 × 15) ÷ (10 + 15 + AC)

expected double crossover rate = 150 ÷ (AC + 25)

The observed double crossover rate is 0.25%.

Therefore, the observed double crossover rate = 0.25% = 0.0025.

Interference = (observed double crossover rate - expected double crossover rate) ÷ (1 - expected double crossover rate)=

[0.0025 - (150 / (AC + 25))] ÷ [1 - (150 / (AC + 25))]

what is the interference if: distance between a and b is 10mu distance between b and c is 15mu observed double crossover rate is: 0.25%

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The volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region in the first quadrant bounded by the curves x = 0, y = 1, x = y^7 about the line y = 1 is 0.

To determine the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region in the first quadrant bounded by the curves x = 0, y = 1, x = y^7 about the line y = 1, we need to use a specific integral formula.

The volume of the solid is calculated by multiplying the area of the cross-section of the solid, which is perpendicular to the axis of rotation, with the distance traveled by the center of mass of the cross-section. And, when this product is summed up across the length of the solid, we get the volume of the solid.

To solve the given problem, the area of the cross-section of the solid is [tex]\pi (r)^2[/tex], where r is the distance from the line y = 1 to the curve [tex]x = y^7[/tex]. Since the cross-section is a circle, we know the area of the cross-section can be represented by the equation of a circle with radius r, which is [tex]\pi (r)^2[/tex].

To find the value of r, we will equate  [tex]x = y^7[/tex] to the line y = 1. By solving for y, we get: [tex]y = 1^{1/7} = 1[/tex].

Hence, r = 1 - 1 = 0.

We can now compute the volume of the solid using the integral formula:

[tex]V =\int_0^1 \pi (r)^2 dy\\V = \int_0^1 \pi (0)^2 dy\\V = \int_0^1 0 dy\\V = 0[/tex]

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In this case, the roller coaster starts with kinetic energy because it has an initial speed of 5 m/s.

Since the roller coaster's total energy is conserved throughout the ride, its final speed when it reaches the bottom will be the same as its initial speed of 5 m/s.

As it goes uphill, the kinetic energy is gradually converted into potential energy, so its speed decreases until it reaches the top, where it has only potential energy. When it stops, all the kinetic energy has been converted to potential energy. As the roller coaster rolls back down, the potential energy is converted back to kinetic energy, and its speed increases until it reaches the bottom, where all the potential energy has been converted back to kinetic energy.

This is because the roller coaster's potential energy at the top is equal to the sum of its initial kinetic energy and the work done by gravity as it went uphill. The roller coaster then converts all of its potential energy back into kinetic energy as it rolls back down the hill.

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The statements that correctly describe the processes occurring in the flask  are A and B. C and D are incorrect statetment.

a) States that the relative amounts of liquid and vapor in the flask remain constant, which is true as equilibrium has been reached, meaning that the rate of evaporation equals the rate of condensation. b) states that molecules are leaving and entering the liquid phase at the same rate, which is also true as equilibrium has been reached.

c) and d) are incorrect because they do not accurately describe the processes occurring in the flask; while the system is at equilibrium, it is still in a state of change with molecules leaving and entering the liquid phase at the same rate.  

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Answer:

Light energy

Explanation:

When an electron releases or absorbs energy, it goes into an "exited state" which means it goes into a lower or higher energy level respectively. This will radiate light energy.

Potential Energy of Object W, X, Y and Z are 0 J, 7.84 J, 15.7J and 23.5J, for better understand we have to know the meaning of potential energy.

Potential energy in physics is the energy that an item retains as a result of its location in relation to other objects, internal tensions, electric charge, or other elements. Potential energy develops in systems having components whose configurations, or relative positions, determine the amount of the forces they apply to one another.

Potential Energy of an Object = m * g * h

Where, m = mass,

g = gravity, and

h = height

Potential Energy of Object W = 2 * 9.8 * 0

= 0 J

Potential Energy of Object X = 2 * 9.8 * 0.4

= 7.84 J

Potential Energy of Object Y = 2 * 9.8 * 0.8

= 15.68 J

≈ 15.7 J

Potential Energy of Object Z = 2 * 9.8 * 1.2

= 23.5 J

Therefore, Potential Energy of Object W, X, Y and Z are 0 J, 7.84 J, 15.7 J and 23.5 J.

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One of the methods which will not reduce reactivity of observation is telling the person you are observing his/her behaviour. Correct option is B.

A practical, utilitarian approach, behavioral observation focuses on the plainly discernible ways in which the client engages with his or her surroundings. Behavioural observation can be used as a standalone technique or casually as a component of an interview, a test, or both.

Waiting until the subjects of the observation are used to the observer is one method to reduce reactivity. Another option is to have the observer document the actions without the subjects being aware of the observation.

The act of observation modifies in some manner the situation in which a participant is being observed. Within an experimental setting, reactivity is viewed as a threat to internal validity because the change in behaviour is not due to the experimental manipulation. Best choice is B.

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The fluid movement in a lava lamp is caused by the heat generated from the lamp's light bulb, which causes the wax or oil to rise and fall.

A lava lamp contains two fluids of different densities that do not mix. The fluids heat up as a result of the lamp's light bulb, causing them to expand and become less dense. The wax or oil floats up when it becomes less dense than the fluid that surrounds it, creating a globe at the top of the lamp.

The fluid is then cooled by the environment and becomes more dense, causing the wax to sink back to the bottom. This constant motion cycle creates the flowing effect seen in a lava lamp.

The heat from the light bulb causes the fluid to expand, and as it does, it becomes less dense than the surrounding fluid, causing it to float. When the fluid cools, it becomes denser and settles back down to the bottom. This cyclic motion creates the soothing flow of a lava lamp.

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Answer:

Explanation:

a) The mass of the cube can be calculated using the equation Mass = Volume x Density. The volume of the cube can be calculated as (5.00×10 cm)^3 = 125 cm³. Substituting this volume into the equation gives Mass = 125 cm³ x 7.86 g/cm³ = 983.5 g.

b) The number of iron atoms in the cube can be calculated using Avogadro's number (6.02 x 10^23 atoms/mol). The number of moles can be calculated using the molar mass of iron, 55.9 g/mol. Thus, the number of moles can be calculated as 983.5 g / 55.9 g/mol = 17.61 moles. Multiplying this by Avogadro's number gives the number of iron atoms in the cube as 1.07 x 10^24 atoms.

The energy of the incident electron is 26.3 keV. The energy is calculated from the conservation of energy which states that the initial energy is equal to the final energy of the electrons. Total energy is sum of kinetic energy and potential energy of the electrons.

The initial energy of the incident electron can be determined using the following equation:

[tex]E_{initial}= \Delta K + E_{final} + U[/tex]

where ΔK is the change in kinetic energy, [tex]E_{final}[/tex] is the final energy, and U is the potential energy.

Here, the second electron is initially at rest, and after the collision, the trajectories of the two electrons are at 90° to a uniform magnetic field. The magnetic force is perpendicular to the direction of motion, and hence, there is no work done. The potential energy U is, therefore, zero.

Initially, only the incident electron has energy, and hence, its initial energy is equal to its kinetic energy.

[tex]E_{initial} = \Delta K + E_{final}[/tex]

But, [tex]E_{final} = \frac{1}{2}mv_f^2[/tex]

Therefore,

[tex]E_{initial} = \Delta K + \frac{1}{2}mv_f^2[/tex]

The change in kinetic energy ΔK can be calculated using the following equation:

[tex]\Delta K = K_f - K_i[/tex]

But, [tex]K_i = \frac{1}{2}mv_i^2[/tex] where, [tex]v_i[/tex] is the initial velocity of the incident electron.

Therefore,

[tex]\Delta K = K_f - K_i= \frac{1}{2}mv_f^2 - \frac{1}{2}mv_i^2[/tex]

Substituting the given values,

[tex]\Delta K = \frac{1}{2}(9.11 \times 10^{-31} kg)(4.24\times 10^5 m/s)^2 - \frac{1}{2}(9.11\times10^{-31} kg)(3\times10^8 m/s)^2\\= -4.22\times10^{-15} Joules[/tex]

The energy of the incident electron can be converted to keV by dividing it by the charge of an electron and then multiplying by 1000.eV .

Therefore,

[tex]E_{initial} = 4.22 \times 10^{-15} J / (1.602 \times 10^{-19} C/eV)\\ = 26.3 keV[/tex]

Thus, the energy of the incident electron is 26.3 keV.

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The final velocity of the plane after a missile of mass 1.20 102 kg is fired from the plane  is 0.255 m/s.

To find the final velocity of the plane when a missile of mass 1.20 x 10² kg is fired from a plane of mass 4.80 x 10³ kg initially moving at a speed of 3.25 x 10² m/s, and the speed of the missile relative to the plane is 1.06 x 10³ m/s, we can use the conservation of momentum.The initial momentum of the system is given by:

m1v1 + m2v2 = (m1 + m2)vf

where m1 = mass of missile, m2 = mass of the plane, v1 = velocity of the missile, v2 = velocity of the plane, and vf = final velocity of the system

Substituting the given values, we get:(1.20 x 10² kg) (1.06 x 10³ m/s) + (4.80 x 10³ kg) (3.25 x 10² m/s) = (1.20 x 10² kg + 4.80 x 10³ kg) vf

Simplifying, we get:1284 = (5.04 x 10³ kg) vf

Therefore, vf = 1284 / (5.04 x 10³ kg) = 0.255 m/s. So, the final velocity of the plane is 0.255 m/s.

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The range of frequencies on the electromagnetic spectrum is known as the electromagnetic spectrum.

The spectrum ranges from radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, visible light, ultraviolet rays, x-rays, and gamma rays. Each type of wave has a specific frequency range, ranging from hertz (Hz) to exahertz (EHz). The lowest frequency waves, such as radio waves, range from 3 kHz to 300 GHz, while the highest frequency waves, such as gamma rays, range from 300 GHz to 3 EHz.
The electromagnetic spectrum is divided into several sections, including radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, x-rays, and gamma rays. Each type of wave has its own properties and uses in different applications. Radio waves are used for communication, microwaves are used in satellite communication and imaging, infrared radiation is used in medical imaging, visible light is used to see our environment, ultraviolet radiation is used in sun protection and sterilization, x-rays are used in medical imaging and treatment, and gamma rays are used in medical treatment and research.

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When 872.0 kJ of thermal energy are injected, the temperature of the 25 kg of water in the car's cooling system changes by 35.0 degrees Celsius.

Water's specific heat capacity (J/(gK), or 4,180 J/ (kgK). Thus, we can use the following formula to get the temperature change:

Q = mcΔT

where Q is the extra thermal energy (872 000 J), m the water mass (25 kg), c the water's specific heat capacity (4,180 J/(kg*K)), and T the temperature change.

When we solve for T, we get:

The equation T = Q/(mc) Equals 872,000 J/(25 kg * 4,180 J/(kgK)) = 35.0 °C.

When 872.0 kJ of thermal energy are injected, the temperature of the 25 kg of water in the car's cooling system changes by 35.0 degrees Celsius.

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Coordinate , A - the height of the stone when it hits the water. A slingshot sends a stone vertically upward from a height of 20 feet above a pool of water.

The coordinate A represents the height of the stone when it hits the water. When the stone hits the water, its height above the water surface is zero.

So, we can set the expression for the stone's height equal to zero and solve for t to find the time when the stone hits the water. The height of the stone when it is launched is given as 20 feet, which is a fixed value in this problem.

The time when the stone is launched is also a fixed value, which is zero. The maximum height of the stone is the highest point the stone reaches above its initial height of 20 feet. The time when the stone reaches its maximum height is the time at which the vertical velocity of the stone becomes zero.

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The factor that does not determine how much gravitational potential energy is in an object-earth system is the object's mass.

An object-earth system is a system in which an object interacts with the earth by exerting a force of attraction. The object's energy is derived from the work done by gravitational forces when the object is moved away from the earth's surface.

An object in an object-earth system's gravitational potential energy is the work done by gravitational forces on the object when it is moved from a lower position to a higher one in the object-earth system. The factor that does not determine how much gravitational potential energy is in an object-earth system is the object's mass. The gravitational potential energy of an object in the earth-object system is determined by the distance between the object and the earth's surface. The gravitational potential energy of an object increases as the distance between it and the earth's surface increases.

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Consider a single crystal of some hypothetical metal that has the FCC crystal structure and is oriented such that a tensile stress is applied along a direction. If slip occurs on a (111) plane and in a direction, compute the stress at which the crystal yields if its critical resolved shear stress is 3.42 MPa.

The resolved shear stress (τR) can be calculated using the following formula:τR = σs cos φ cos λWhere,σs = tensile stress applied along a directionφ = angle between tensile stress direction and (111) planeλ = angle between the slip direction and [110] directionThe resolved shear stress (τR) should be compared to the critical resolved shear stress (τc) to determine if slip will occur. If τR > τc, slip will occur. If τR < τc, the crystal will remain undeformed.In this case, the slip direction is also along [110] and therefore φ = λ.

The critical resolved shear stress (τc) = 3.42 MPa. Hence, for slip to occur,τR > τc ⇒ σs cos φ cos λ > τc cos φ cos λ = 3.42 MPaSince φ = λ, we can simplify the above equation toσs > τc / cos φ⇒ σs > 3.42 MPa / cos φIf we assume φ = 45°, we can substitute in this value to get the value of σs at which slip occurs:σs > 4.83 MPa. Therefore, the stress at which the crystal yields is 3.42 MPa.

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a)  The net Work done is zero. b) The work done on the block by the applied force F as the block moves a distance L is -41.2 J. c) The work done on the block by the applied force F as the block moves a distance L is 41.2 J.

Given:

Weight of the block (w) = 25.0 N

Distance moved by the block (d) = 3.40 m

The angle of the inclined plane (θ) = 29.0°

a) we know that from the work-energy theorem,

W = change in kinetic energy

But since speed is constant which means no change in KE, hence the net Work done is zero.

b) W = -mgy

W = -25 × (3.10 × sin29°)

W = -41.2 J

Therefore, the work done on the block by the force of gravity is -41.2 J.

c) The work done on the block by the applied force F as the block moves a distance L = 3.10m up the incline is,

W = Fd

W = 12.1 × 3.1

W = 41.2 J

Therefore, the work done on the block by the applied force F as the block moves a distance L is 41.2 J.

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The statement the construction of psychological profiles is a process of mapping the characteristics of offenders of previously solved crimes and applying them to offenders of unsolved ones is TRUE.

Psychological profiling is a technique used by law enforcement agencies to identify the characteristics of an offender based on their behavior patterns, motives, and other psychological traits. It is a process of creating a psychological profile of an offender by analyzing the crime scene, victimology, and other evidence related to the crime.

This profile is then compared with the profiles of previously solved crimes to identify potential suspects or patterns that can be used to solve unsolved crimes. The process involves mapping the characteristics of offenders of previously solved crimes and applying them to offenders of unsolved ones.

The psychological profile is based on the assumption that an offender's behavior is consistent across different crimes and that it reflects their personality traits and motivations. This technique has been used successfully in many high-profile cases and has helped law enforcement agencies to identify and apprehend serial offenders.

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Using conservation of momentum the player's speed afterward if the ball is thrown at 17.5 ms relative to the player is 3.02 m/s.

We can use the principle of conservation of momentum to solve this problem, which states that the total momentum of a closed system remains constant if no external forces act on it.

Initially, the momentum of the system is the sum of the momentum of the football player and the football, given by:

p_initial = m_player × v_player + m_football × v_football

where:

m_player = 71 kg is the mass of the football player

v_player = 2 m/s is the initial velocity of the football player

m_football = 0.430 kg is the mass of the football

v_football = 17.5 m/s is the velocity of the football relative to the football player

Plugging in the values, we get:

p_initial = (71 kg)(2 m/s) + (0.430 kg)(17.5 m/s) = 15.325 kg m/s

After the football is thrown, the football player will move in the opposite direction with a new velocity v_player'. The momentum of the system after the throw is:

p_final = m_player × v_player' + m_football × v_football'

where v_football' = 0 m/s since the football has left the system.

Since the total momentum of the system is conserved, we have:

p_initial = p_final

which gives us:

m_player × v_player + m_football × v_football = m_player × v_player'

Solving for v_player', we get:

v_player' = (m_player × v_player + m_football × v_football) / m_player

Plugging in the values, we get:

v_player' = (71 kg × 2 m/s + 0.430 kg × 17.5 m/s) / 71 kg = 3.02 m/s

Therefore, the football player's speed after throwing the football is 3.02 m/s.

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The question is -

A 71 kg football player is gliding across very smooth ice at 2 ms. He throws a 0.430 kg football straight forward. What is the player's speed afterward if the ball is thrown at 17.5 ms relative to the player?

We must figure out the total voltage and current required to generate 60 watts of electricity in order to calculate the number of dry cells necessary to light the bulb.

Voltage (V) x Current Equals Power (P) (I)

We are provided 220 volts of voltage and 60 watts of power (P). Hence, the current (I) may be determined as follows:

I equals P / V at 60 W and 220 V, or 0.273 A.

We must sum the EMFs of the cells in series in order to determine the overall voltage needed to power the light using dry cells:

n times EMF = V total

the number of cells is n.

Since the EMF of each cell is 1.5 volts, the total voltage needed may be written as follows:

1.5 n V total

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