what happens when zinc chloride reacts with potassium hydroxide and what formed?​

The standard change in Gibbs energy at 25 degree Celsius is  490.6 °C. for given equilibrium partial pressure  .

The Gibbs energy is the thermodynamic potential that is minimized when a system reaches chemical equilibrium at constant pressure and temperature when not driven by an applied electrolytic voltage. Its derivative with respect to the reaction coordinate of the system then vanishes at the equilibrium point.

Using the formula

ΔG° =  - R × T ln K

WHERE R=  8.3144598 J⋅mol⁻¹⋅K⁻¹.

T = 298 K

K = 0.82

SOLVING ,

The standard change in Gibbs energy at 25 degree Celsius is  490.6 °C.

To know more about Gibbs energy , visit ;

brainly.com/question/20358734

#SPJ1

The major organic product of an SN2 substitution reaction is an alkene, which may be either in retention or inversion of configuration relative to the original substrate.

The reaction you are asking about is an SN2 substitution reaction, in which a nucleophile (Nu) displaces a leaving group (LG) from a molecule with an alkyl halide substrate. The major organic product of this reaction will be an alkene, which has the same carbon chain as the alkyl halide substrate. Depending on the relative configuration of the substrate, the alkene product may be the same as the original substrate (retention) or have its configuration inverted (inversion). If stereochemistry is relevant to the question, then it should be specified in the answer.

To learn more about SN2 substitution :

https://brainly.com/question/29849583

#SPJ11

Answer:

See below.

Explanation:

The atomic number of lead (Pb) is 82, which means it has 82 electrons. The electronic configuration of lead is

1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p²

The orbital diagram for the valence electrons of lead (Pb) is

↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓

s s p p p p d d

2 1 6 2 6 2 10 10

|||||||||

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

The notation ↑↓ represents a pair of electrons with opposite spins.

To determine if lead (Pb) is diamagnetic or paramagnetic, we need to look at whether there are any unpaired electrons. Based on the orbital diagram, we can see that all the electrons in the valence shell are paired, meaning that lead (Pb) is diamagnetic.

If we use the Gizmo to find the freezing, melting, and boiling points of water at 5,000 meters (16,404 feet) then,

Freezing point: 32 ºF (0ºC)

Melting point: 32 ºF (0ºC)

Boiling point: 203°F (95°C)

The freezing point is defined as the temperature at which a liquid becomes a solid. Increased pressure usually raises the freezing point with the melting point of the solid. The boiling point of a pure substance is defined as the temperature at which the substance transitions from a liquid to the gaseous phase. At the boiling point the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the applied pressure on the liquid. The melting point of a substance is defined as the temperature at which the substance changes from a solid to a liquid.

Melting occurs at a single temperature for the pure substances. The normal and average melting point and boiling point of water at 1 atmospheric pressure are 0°C and 100°C respectively. Decreasing the pressure under 1 atm. will lower the boiling point since the external pressure will be lower so it will become equal with the vapor pressure at a lower temperature.

To learn more about Freezing point

https://brainly.com/question/40140

#SPJ4

The quaternary structure of hemoglobin is responsible for the increased oxygen-carrying capacity and stability of the molecule. This structure allows hemoglobin to better transport oxygen throughout the body and is essential to life.

The structural change from myoglobin to hemoglobin includes an additional quaternary structure, which is the arrangement of two or more myoglobin subunits into a single, functional entity. This structural change allows for the cooperative binding of oxygen, meaning that the hemoglobin molecule can carry more oxygen than a single myoglobin molecule can. This is due to the increased surface area of the hemoglobin molecule, which provides more oxygen-binding sites. Additionally, the quaternary structure of hemoglobin increases the stability of the molecule, meaning it can better resist changes in pH or temperature. This is important because it allows hemoglobin to function in the wide range of temperatures and environments that are found within the human body.  

To learn more about Hemoglobin :

https://brainly.com/question/11102357

#SPJ11

The electron representation shows the electrons in the atoms as dots as in the image attached.

An electron dot representation, also known as a Lewis dot structure or electron dot diagram, is a way of representing the valence electrons of an atom using dots around the symbol of the element.

Valence electrons are the outermost electrons of an atom, and they play an important role in chemical bonding. The electron dot representation shows the valence electrons as dots around the symbol of the element, with each dot representing one valence electron.

Learn more about electron dot:https://brainly.com/question/25929171

#SPJ1

The major organic product of the condensation of ammonia or a primary amine with the carbonyl group of an aldehyde or ketone is an imine.

A functional group or organic substance with a carbon-nitrogen double bond (C=N) is known as an imine. A hydrogen atom or an organic group may be joined to the nitrogen atom. (R). The carbon atom is connected to two more single bonds. Imines are present in numerous processes and are frequently found in manufactured and naturally occurring chemicals.

The five core atoms for ketimines and aldimines, C2C=NX and C(H)C=NX, respectively, are coplanar. The sp2-hybridization of the mutually double-bonded nitrogen and carbon atoms yields planarity. For nonconjugated imines, the C=N distance is 1.29-1.31, whereas for conjugated imines, it is 1.35. The C-N distances in amines and nitriles, on the other hand, are 1.47 and 1.16, respectively. Slow rotation occurs around the C=N bond. E- and Z-isomers were detected using NMR spectroscopy of aldimines have been detected. Owing to steric effects, the E isomer is favored.

An imine is formed when a primary amine reacts with a carbonyl group (C=O) of an aldehyde or ketone to form a new C-N bond. This reaction is known as a condensation reaction, as it involves the loss of a small molecule (e.g. water) to form the product.

For more such questions on condensation reaction , Visit:

https://brainly.com/question/1361341

#SPJ11

The correct questions is :

What  is the major organic product of the condensation of ammonia or a primary amine with the carbonyl group of an aldehyde or ketone?

Answer:

Transcribed Image Text: Rank the following substances in order of increasing acid strength. (1 as least and 4 as most in acid strength) ✓ H₂Se ✓ HBr HI ✓ AsH3 Expert Solution

Explanation:

HOPE IT HELPS!!

To produce ammonia (NH₃) from thin air, the reactants required are N₂ and H₂. So the correct option is b).

Ammonia is one of the most abundantly produced inorganic chemicals. In 2016, there are a number of large ammonia plants around the world that produced a total of 144 million tons of nitrogen (equivalent to 175 million tons of ammonia). That number will rise to 235 million tonnes of ammonia in 2021. China produced 31.9% of its global production, followed by Russia at 8.7%, India at 7.5% and the United States at 7.1%. More than 80% of the ammonia produced is used as fertilizer for agricultural crops.

Today, most ammonia is produced on a large scale using the Haber process, with capacities of up to 3,300 tons per day. Gases N₂ and H₂ are reacted at a pressure of 200 bar. A typical modern ammonia production plant first converts natural gas, LPG, or petroleum gas into gaseous hydrogen. The process of producing hydrogen from hydrocarbons is known as steam reforming. Hydrogen then combines with nitrogen to produce ammonia by the Haber-Bosch process.

One way to produce green ammonia is to use hydrogen from the electrolysis of water and nitrogen separated from air. These are fed into the Haber Process (aka Haber-Bosch), all of which produce sustainable power.

To know more about Haber process, visit:

https://brainly.com/question/26667299

#SPJ1

The  atoms of lithium that  are in 18.7 g is 16 × 10²³ atoms . This is taken out by mole concept .

The mole is a unit of measurement similar to the pair, dozen, gross, and so on. It provides a precise count of the atoms or molecules in a bulk sample of matter. A mole is the amount of substance that contains the same number of discrete entities (atoms, molecules, ions, etc.)

if 7 grams of lithium contain 6 × 10²³ atoms

then 18.7 will contain 16 × 10²³ atoms

to know more about mole concept , visit ;

brainly.com/question/31123980

#SPJ1

The SI unit of pressure is the Pascal (Pa).

The boiling point of water is lower on Mount McKinley than the boiling point of water in NYC.

What is Pressure?

Pressure is defined as the amount of force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed. In other words, it is the force per unit area that an object exerts on another object. Pressure can be measured in various units such as pascal (Pa), bar, pounds per square inch (psi), and atmospheres (atm), among others. It is an important concept in physics and is used to describe many phenomena, including fluid dynamics, weather patterns, and even the behavior of gases in space.

At lower elevations, atmospheric pressure is higher compared to higher elevations.

Standard atmosphere or standard atmospheric pressure is equal to 101325 Pa.

Learn more about Pressure from given link

https://brainly.com/question/28012687

#SPJ1

a balanced equation for the redox reaction: 2 Ca(s) + O2(g) → 2 CaO(s)

A redox reaction is a type of chemical reaction that involves the transfer of electrons between species. One species undergoes oxidation (loses electrons) while another species undergoes reduction (gains electrons).

In the reaction between calcium metal and oxygen gas, the calcium metal is being oxidized (loses electrons) and the oxygen gas is being reduced (gains electrons). This can be seen in the balanced equation where the calcium atoms go from having an oxidation state of 0 to +2, while the oxygen atoms go from having an oxidation state of 0 to -2.

Learn more about redox reaction here:

https://brainly.com/question/13293425

#SPJ1

At has a higher initial ionisation energy than Br, while Br has a bigger atomic radius. Se has a bigger atomic radius than Br, and Br has a higher initial ionisation energy than Se.

The most loosely bound electron is further from the nucleus and thus easier to remove in bigger atoms. Hence, the ionisation energy should decrease as size (atomic radius) increases.

This is because the outer electrons aren't bound as strongly because they are farther from the nucleus.

To know more about ionisation energy visit:-

brainly.com/question/27356170

#SPJ1

Using CH3NH2 and CH3NH3Cl, one may simulate the blood's buffering properties. A weak acid and its conjugate base, or a weak base and its conjugate acid, make up a buffer system.

Carbonic acid and sodium bicarbonate. Hint: Human blood has a buffer of bicarbonate anion (HCO3) and carbonic acid (H2CO3) to keep the blood's pH between 7.35 and 7.45. Blood pH values higher or lower than 7.8 or 6.8 can be fatal.

Bicarbonate anion and hydronium are in equilibrium with carbonic acid in this buffer. A weak acid and its conjugate base, or a weak base and its conjugate acid, make up a buffer.

To know more about acid visit:-

brainly.com/question/28175742

#SPJ1

Answer:

CH3NH2 and CH3NH3Cl

Explanation:

Methylamine (CH3NH2) is an organic base. In order to produce a basic buffer solution similar to blood, we can combine this base with a soluble salt of its conjugate acid, such as CH3NH3Cl. The solution of KOH and H2O would not be a good buffer because KOH is a strong base. The solution of HF and NaF is a buffer, but the pKa of HF is about 3.2, which is far from the pH of blood, 7.4.

The correct answer is "two molecules of ATP are needed to 'activate' glucose".

In the first step of glycolysis, glucose is converted into glucose-6-phosphate, which requires the input of ATP. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme hexokinase. Therefore, two molecules of ATP are used in the early steps of glycolysis to activate glucose and convert it into glucose-6-phosphate. In the later steps of glycolysis, four molecules of ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation, but since two molecules of ATP were used in the beginning, the net production of ATP is only two molecules per glucose molecule.

It is also important to note that glycolysis is the first step of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration and can occur without oxygen being present. However, the subsequent steps of cellular respiration, such as the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain, require oxygen in aerobic respiration to produce more ATP.

What is an ATP?

ATP stands for Adenosine Triphosphate, which is a molecule that carries energy within cells. It is often referred to as the "energy currency" of the cell because it powers many cellular processes by releasing its stored energy when it is hydrolyzed to ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate.

To know more about ATP, visit:

https://brainly.com/question/174043

#SPJ1

Mn3+, an ion of manganese(III), can function as an acid by giving a proton (H+) to a base. Here's an illustration: Mn3+ (aq) + 3OH- (aq) Mn(OH)3 (s)

There is no need to add an indicator because MnO4's vivid purple colour serves as one enough. In the conical flask, there is Fe2+. The Fe2+ solution is added, and the Fe2+ lowers the MnO4- to Mn2+. As Mn2+ is a colourless solution, the purple colour disappears.

The divalent metal cation manganese(2+) contains manganese as the metal. It plays the part of a cofactor. It consists of a monoatomic dication, a manganese cation, and a divalent metal cation.

To know more about cation visit:-

https://brainly.com/question/28710898

#SPJ1

In geologic strontium isotopic analysis by ICP-MS, the use of a collision cell with CH3F helps reduce isobaric interference between 87Rb+ and 87Sr+.

The ability to quantify each element's distinct isotopes makes ICP-MS useful for laboratories looking to compare the ratio of two isotopes of an element or one particular isotope.

Only a few elements cannot be measured by ICP-MS: F and Ne (which cannot be ionized in an argon plasma), Ar, N, and O (which are present at high levels in the plasma and air), and H and He (which are below the mass range of the mass spectrometer).

To know more about strontium isotopic visit:-

https://brainly.com/question/2496592

#SPJ1

The empirical formula, CH2O9(menthol) is multiplied by 5 to get the molecular formula, C10H20O.The empirical and molecular formula for menthol are CH2O and C10H20O, respectively.

The molecular formula for menthol is C5H10O.

This can be determined by dividing the molar mass of the empirical formula (156.26 g/mol) by the molar mass of CO2 (44.01 g/mol). This gives a ratio of 3.55, which is equal to the ratio of C atoms in the empirical formula, C10H20O.

Therefore, the molecular formula is C5H10O.
Given:

Menthol is composed of C, H, and O0.1005g sample of menthol is combusted and produces0.2829g of CO2 0.1159g H2O

1. Find: Empirical and molecular formula for menthol.

Let's first calculate the number of moles of CO2 produced. The balanced equation for combustion of menthol is:

C10H20O(s) + 12O2(g) → 10CO2(g) + 10H2O(l)

From the above equation, we can see that for 10 moles of CO2 produced 1 mole of menthol is required.

2. By taking the number of moles of CO2 produced, we can calculate the number of moles of menthol burned.

Moles of CO2 = 0.2829g / 44.01g/mol= 0.00643 mol

C10H20O(s) + 12O2(g) → 10CO2(g) + 10H2O(l)

From the balanced equation,1 mole of C10H20O requires 10 moles of CO2

Moles of C10H20O burned = 10 * 0.00643= 0.0643 mol

Next, we can calculate the number of moles of H2O produced.

Moles of H2O = 0.1159g / 18.015g/mol= 0.00643 mol

C10H20O(s) + 12O2(g) → 10CO2(g) + 10H2O(l)

From the balanced equation,1 mole of C10H20O requires 10 moles of H2O

Moles of C10H20O burned = 10 * 0.00643= 0.0643 mol

3. Now we can calculate the empirical formula of menthol. The empirical formula can be calculated as follows:

Empirical formula = CH2O (Divide all moles by smallest moles) The molecular weight of CH2O = 30 g/mol

The empirical formula mass of the compound is:

mass = (12.011 + 2*1.008 + 15.999) = 30.026

Empirical formula mass of CH2O is 30.026g/mol, and the given sample weighs 0.1005 g.
The number of empirical formula units in the sample is 0.1005 g / 30.026 g/mol = 0.003348Units.

Empirical formula = CH2OThe empirical formula weight of menthol is CH2O, which is equal to 30.026g/mol.

4. To find the molecular formula, we need to know the molecular weight of the menthol. We can calculate it as follows:

Molecular formula mass = Empirical formula mass x n

Where n = integer Molecular formula mass of menthol is 156 g/mol, and the empirical formula mass is 30.026 g/mol.

So, n = 156 g/mol ÷ 30.026 g/mol = 5.192

Thus the empirical formula, CH2O is multiplied by 5 to get the molecular formula, C10H20O.The empirical and molecular formula for menthol are CH2O and C10H20O, respectively.

For more such questions on empirical formula , Visit:

https://brainly.com/question/1603500

#SPJ11

Answer:

First, we need to calculate the change in temperature:

ΔT = final temperature - initial temperature

ΔT = 85 °C - 35 °C

ΔT = 50 °C

Next, we can use the following formula to calculate the heat energy required:

Q = m·C·ΔT

where Q is the heat energy in calories, m is the mass of the sample in grams, C is the specific heat in cal/g °C, and ΔT is the change in temperature in °C.

Plugging in the given values, we get:

Q = 35.0 g · 0.108 cal/g °C · 50 °C

Q = 189.0 calories

Therefore, 189.0 calories are required to raise the temperature of the sample from 35 °C to 85 °C

The alkene that is most stabilized through hyperconjugation is 2-methylpropene. The correct option is (C).

Hyperconjugation is a type of resonance that involves the overlapping of an unshared electron pair on an atom, like carbon, with an adjacent sigma bond. In this case, the unshared electron pair on the methyl group of 2-methylpropene provides stabilization to the adjacent sigma bond, making it the most stabilized alkene through hyperconjugation.

The most stabilized alkene through hyperconjugation can be determined by analyzing the degree of substitution. The greater the number of alkyl groups attached to the carbon atoms of the double bond, the greater the degree of substitution and the greater the stability due to hyperconjugation. Hence, the answer to this question would be option C (2-methylpropene.), as it has the greatest degree of substitution and is thus the most stable through hyperconjugation.

Option A (1-butene) has only one methyl group attached to one carbon of the double bond, making it less stable than option C. Option B (2-butene) has two methyl groups attached to the same carbon atom of the double bond, resulting in a similar degree of substitution to option A. Option D (2-methyl-1-pentene) has a lesser degree of substitution than option C because the methyl group is attached to only one carbon atom of the double bond, while in option C, the methyl group is attached to a tertiary carbon atom.

Hence, option C , 2-methylpropene. is the most stabilized alkene through hyperconjugation because of its greater degree of substitution.

For more such questions on Hyperconjugation , Visit:

https://brainly.com/question/28031100

#SPJ11

The complete question is:

which of the following alkenes is most stabilized through hyperconjugation? select answer from the options below

A 1-butene

B 2-butene

C 2-methylpropene

D 2-methyl-1-pentene

Gram-negative bacteria appear as pink/red under the microscope after counterstaining with safranin. In conclusion, the appearance of a gram-negative bacteria cell after the addition of the decolorizing agent (ethyl alcohol) in the Gram stain is colorless.

The appearance of a gram-negative bacteria cell after the addition of the decolorizing agent (ethyl alcohol) in the Gram stain is colorless. Gram staining is a common microbiological method that is used to differentiate bacteria into two categories: Gram-positive and Gram-negative. This differentiation is based on differences in the composition of their cell walls. Gram staining is used to identify bacteria and fungi by staining the samples with crystal violet and iodine, then decolorizing with ethanol and counterstaining with safranin. This method helps to determine the presence or absence of a thick layer of peptidoglycan in the cell wall of bacteria. In Gram-negative bacteria, the decolorizing agent, ethyl alcohol, remove the outer membrane, causing the crystal violet stain to be removed from the cell wall, therefore resulting in a colorless appearance. The alcohol also increases the permeability of the thin peptidoglycan layer, which makes the safranin stain visible in the cell wall of the bacteria.

To learn more about Gram-negative bacteria :

https://brainly.com/question/28985258

#SPJ11

The atom with the lowest first ionization energy is C (carbon). The order from highest to lowest is: e) Cl (chlorine) > d) P (phosphorus) > c) Ge (germanium) > b) C (carbon) > a) Ca (calcium).

The atom that would have the lowest first ionization energy is Ca (Calcium). The amount of energy that is required to remove the most loosely held electron from an isolated neutral gaseous atom to form a cation is called the first ionization energy. It is a measure of the stability of an atom. The ionization energy of an element is determined by the amount of energy required to remove an electron from its ground state. The ionization energy is a physical property of an element that varies across the periodic table. The element that has the lowest ionization energy is the most reactive and will most likely form cations.

Identify which of the following atoms would have the lowest first ionization energy. The given atoms are Ca, C, Ge, P, and Cl. Out of these atoms, Ca would have the lowest first ionization energy. The electronic configuration of Ca is 2, 8, 8, 2. Calcium belongs to group 2 and period 4 of the periodic table. It has 20 protons, 20 electrons, and 2 valence electrons. Because of its 2 valence electrons, it has a low ionization energy. The electronic configuration of Ca is most stable because of the presence of the 8 valence electrons in the outermost shell.

The electronic configurations of the other given atoms are:

C: 2, 4Ge: 2, 8, 18, 4P: 2, 8, 5Cl: 2, 8, 7

All of these elements have electrons that are either in the process of filling the valence shell or have already filled it. They have higher ionization energies because of this. Therefore, Ca would have the lowest first ionization energy.

For more such questions on ionization energy , Visit:

https://brainly.com/question/20658080

#SPJ11

There is no limiting reactant because both reactants produce the same amount of products indicating that neither reactant is in excess and both are fully consumed in the reaction.

The limiting reagent is described as  the reactant that is completely used up in a reaction, and thus determines when the reaction stops.

calculating the number of moles of each reactant of the equation:

C2H4 + 3 O2 -> 2 CO2 + 2 H2O.

Moles of C2H4: not given, assume 1 mole

Moles of O2: 3 moles (given in the equation)

Moles of CO2 produced by 1 mole of C2H4: 2 moles (from the balanced equation)

Moles of H2O produced by 1 mole of C2H4: 2 moles (from the balanced equation)

Moles of CO2 produced by 3 moles of O2: 2 x 3/3 = 2 moles (from the balanced equation)

Moles of H2O produced by 3 moles of O2: 2 x 3/3 = 2 moles (from the balanced equation)

In conclusion, both reactants produce the same amount of products (2 moles of CO2 and 2 moles of H2O).

Learn more about limiting reagent at: https://brainly.com/question/30991317

#SPJ1

Answer:

1.03 mol of dihydrogen gas will evolve, with a volume slightly over 22.4 dm3 at ST P. Explanation: Moles of magnesium: 50.0 ⋅ g 24.31 ⋅ g ⋅ mol−1 = 2.06 mol Moles of hydrogen chloride gas: 75.0 ⋅ g 36.2⋅ g ⋅ mol−1 = 2.07 mol

Explanation:

HOPE THAT HELPS ! <3

Answer:

Explanation:

2-bromopropane is the major product because the reaction mechanism involves the formation of the most stable carbocation intermediate. When hydrogen bromide reacts with propene, the hydrogen atom from HBr adds to the carbon atom of the double bond that has fewer hydrogen atoms attached, resulting in the formation of a carbocation intermediate. The intermediate can either form 1-bromopropane or 2-bromopropane depending on the position of the carbocation. The 2-bromopropane is the major product because the secondary carbocation formed in this case is more stable than the primary carbocation formed in the case of 1-bromopropane.

To test for an alkene, bromine water can be used. When an alkene reacts with bromine water, the bromine molecule adds across the double bond, forming a colorless dibromoalkane product. The mechanism for the reaction between hex-1-ene and bromine involves the formation of a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate, followed by the attack of water on the intermediate, resulting in the formation of the dibromoalkane product.

a) Addition polymerization is a process in which unsaturated monomers are joined together to form a polymer. The process involves breaking the double bond of the monomer and joining the monomers together to form a long-chain polymer. The process requires a catalyst to initiate the reaction.

b) The repeating unit of the polymer formed from the addition polymerization of chloroethene monomers is -CH2-CHCl-. This polymer is called polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and it has a wide range of uses, including pipes, electrical cables, and vinyl flooring.

Answer:

4897 J

Explanation:

The heat transferred to the surroundings, q_surr, can be calculated using the equation:

q_surr = -q_rxn = -CmΔT

where C is the specific heat capacity of the mixture (assumed to be the same as water, 4.184 J/g°C), m is the mass of the mixture (which we can calculate using the density, assuming that the volumes are additive), and ΔT is the change in temperature (in Celsius).

First, let's calculate the mass of the mixture:

density of water = 1.00 g/cm^3

volume of mixture = volume of acid + volume of base = 106 mL + 157 mL = 263 mL = 0.263 L

mass of mixture = density of water x volume of mixture = 1.00 g/cm^3 x 0.263 L = 263 g

Next, let's calculate the change in temperature:

ΔT = final temperature - initial temperature = 27.29°C - 22.94°C = 4.35°C

Now we can calculate the heat transferred to the surroundings:

q_surr = -CmΔT

q_surr = -(4.184 J/g°C) x (263 g) x (4.35°C)

q_surr = -4897 J

Note that the negative sign indicates that heat is lost by the system to the surroundings. Therefore, the heat transferred to the surroundings, q_surr, is 4897 J.

(S)-2-butanol will undergo an SN2 reaction with HBr to produce a racemic mixture of alkyl bromides. Here option B is the correct answer.

When optically active alcohol is treated with HBr, the reaction follows an SN1 or SN2 mechanism. In the case of SN1, a carbocation intermediate is formed, and in SN2, a backside attack by the nucleophile occurs. The stereochemistry of the product depends on the configuration of the intermediate and the direction of attack.

In the case of (S)-2-butanol, the hydroxyl group is attached to the second carbon atom, which makes it a primary alcohol. When treated with HBr, it undergoes an SN2 reaction, where the hydroxyl group is replaced by the bromine atom. The nucleophile attacks from the backside of the molecule, leading to an inversion of configuration.

This results in the formation of a racemic mixture of alkyl bromides, as both enantiomers have an equal chance of being attacked from either side. On the other hand, (R)-2-butanol, being the enantiomer of (S)-2-butanol, will also undergo the same reaction and produce the same racemic mixture of alkyl bromides.

In the case of (R)-1-phenyl ethanol and (S)-1-phenyl ethanol, they are secondary alcohols and can undergo either SN1 or SN2 reactions depending on the reaction conditions. However, the reaction mechanism will lead to the formation of a mixture of diastereomers, rather than a racemic mixture of enantiomers.

To learn more about alkyl bromides

https://brainly.com/question/29031148

#SPJ4

Complete question:

Which of the following optically active alcohols, when treated with HBr, results in a racemic mixture of alkyl bromides?

a) (R)-2-butanol

b) (S)-2-butanol

c) (R)-1-phenyl ethanol

d) (S)-1-phenyl ethanol

The percent ionization of the nitrous acid in the 0.036 M aqueous solution is 2.1%.

The osmotic pressure (π) of a solution can be related to the molar concentration (M) of the solute and the temperature (T) of the solution by the following equation:

π = MRT

Where R is the gas constant.

We can use this equation to calculate the molar concentration of the nitrous acid solution:

M = π / RT

M = (0.93 atm) / (0.0821 L·atm/(mol·K) x 298 K)

M = 0.036 M

This is the molar concentration of the undissociated nitrous acid in the solution. To calculate the percent ionization of the acid, we need to know the concentration of the H+ and NO2- ions in the solution.

The balanced chemical equation for the dissociation of nitrous acid is:

HNO2(aq) ⇌ H+(aq) + NO2-(aq)

Let x be the extent of ionization of the nitrous acid. Then the concentration of H+ and NO2- ions can be expressed in terms of x as follows:

[H+] = x M

[NO2-] = x M

The concentration of the undissociated nitrous acid is (1-x)M.

The expression for the equilibrium constant (Ka) of the reaction can be written as:

Ka = [H+] [NO2-] / [HNO2]

Substituting the concentrations in terms of x, we get:

Ka = x^2M / (1-x)M

Simplifying the above equation, we get:

Ka = x^2 / (1-x)

The percent ionization of the acid is the fraction of the original HNO2 molecules that dissociate into H+ and NO2- ions. It can be calculated as follows:

% ionization = (concentration of H+ ions) / (initial concentration of HNO2) x 100

% ionization = (x M) / (M) x 100

% ionization = x x 100

Substituting the value of x from the above equation for Ka, we get:

Ka = x^2 / (1-x)

x = sqrt(Ka / (1+Ka))

We can calculate the value of Ka using the standard reference value of the acid dissociation constant (Ka) for nitrous acid at 25°C, which is 4.5 x 10^-4.

x = sqrt(4.5 x 10^-4 / (1+4.5 x 10^-4))

x = 0.021

% ionization = 0.021 x 100

% ionization = 2.1%

Therefore, the percent ionization of the nitrous acid in the 0.036 M aqueous solution is 2.1%.

Learn more about osmotic pressure here : brainly.com/question/25413362

#SPJ1

The element in question here is E, and its chemical formula with oxygen is EO2.  the electronic configuration of the ion formed from E in EO2 is 1s²2s²2p⁶.

Electronic configuration refers to the distribution of electrons among different energy levels and subshells of an atom. When E forms a compound with oxygen, it loses two electrons to form a cation with a 2+ charge. This cation is written as E2+ and has an electronic configuration of 1s²2s²2p⁶. The electronic configuration of E before it forms a compound with oxygen can be found by considering its position in the periodic table. E is in the third row and fourth column of the periodic table, which means that it has three energy levels and four valence electrons.

Therefore, its electronic configuration is 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p². When E forms a compound with oxygen, it loses two valence electrons from its outermost energy level, which is the third energy level in this case. This results in the formation of E2+ ions with an electronic configuration of 1s²2s²2p⁶. Thus, the electronic configuration of the ion formed from E in EO2 is 1s²2s²2p⁶.

Know more about electronic configuration here:

https://brainly.com/question/29564763

#SPJ11

Answer:

1. Equilibrium expressions:

a. K = [HSO4-][H3O+]/[H2SO4][H2O]

b. K = [NO]^4[H2O]^6/[NH3]^4[O2]^5

c. K = [NH3][HCl]/[NH4Cl]

d. K = [NO2]^2/[N2O4]

2. Since K = 0.050, the concentrations of the reactants (N2 and H2) are larger than the concentrations of the products (NH3).

3. Since K = 6.8 x 10^3, the concentrations of the products (SO2 and O2) are larger than the concentrations of the reactant (SO3).

4. The Ksp expression for each of the reactions is:

a. Ksp = [Na+][Cl-]

b. Ksp = [Ba2+][SO42-]

5. Brønsted-Lowry acids and bases:

a. Acid: HNO3; Conjugate base: NO3-; Base: H2O; Conjugate acid: H3O+

b. Acid: HCN; Conjugate base: CN-; Base: H2O; Conjugate acid: HCN

c. Acid: H2SO4; Conjugate base: HSO4-; Base: Cl-; Conjugate acid: HCl

d. Acid: NH3; Conjugate base: NH2-; Base: H2O; Conjugate acid: NH4+

e. Acid: H2O; Conjugate base: OH-; Base: O2-; Conjugate acid: OH-

6. Conjugate acids and bases:

a. Acid: H2O; Conjugate base: OH-

b. Acid: H3O+; Conjugate base: H2O

c. Acid: H2CO3; Conjugate base: HCO3-

d. Acid: NH4+; Conjugate base: NH3

e. Acid: HSO4-; Conjugate base: SO42-

7. The strongest acid is HIO4 (highest K value), followed by HCN, HC2H3O2, and H2CO3 (lowest K value). The K values represent the degree to which the acids dissociate in solution. HIO4 is a strong acid, meaning it dissociates almost completely in solution, while H2CO3 is a weak acid, meaning it only dissociates partially.

8. pH and pOH calculations:

a. pH = -log[H3O+] = -log(0.200) = 0.699; pOH = -log[OH-] = -log(1.0 x 10^-14/0.200) = 12.301

b. pOH = -log[OH-] = -log(0.0143) = 1.844; pH = 14.000 - pOH = 12.156

c. pH = -log[H3O+] = -log(3.0) = 0.522; pOH = 13.478

d. pOH = -log[OH-] = -log(0.0062) = 2.206; pH = 14.000 - pOH = 11.794

9. Hydronium and hydroxide ion concentrations:

pH = 3.6; hydronium ion concentration = 10^-pH = 3.98 x 10^-4 M; hydro

(Please could you kindly mark my answer as brainliest you could also follow me so that you could easily reach out to me for any other questions)