what effect does smoking have on cilia.

Answers

Answer 1

Answer: The cilia sweep out mucus and dirt so your lungs stay clear. Smoking temporarily paralyzes and even kills cilia. This makes you more at risk for infection. Smokers get more colds and respiratory infections than non-smokers.

Explanation:


Related Questions

Common symptoms of iron-deficiency anemia include muscle weakness, shortness of breath, and lightheartedness. Why does iron deficiency cause these symptoms?

Answers

Answer:lack of blood flow and blood concentration

Explanation:

Atmospheric nitrogen can be fixed by nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Arrange the following forms of nitrogen from the atmospheric N stage to the final form that enters the roots. 1. Ammonia 2. Nitrogen gas 3. Ammonium ion 4. Nitrite 5. Nitrate

Answers

Answer:the answer is ammonia

Explanation:the nitrogen fixing bacteria fix the nitrogen as ammonia

what is the balanced equation for photosynthesis.

Answers

C6H12O6+6O2 that is the equation

____is associated with deamination of protein​

Answers

Answer:

Deamination is the removal of an amino group from a molecule

Deamination is associated with deamination of protein​

Answer:

in humans , deamination  takes place primarily in the liver, it can also occur in the kidney. if there's excess protein intake , deamination is used to break down proteins with amino acids for energy

which type of cell(s) contain ribosomes?

Answers

Answer:

Ribosomes are found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; in mitochondria, chloroplasts and bacteria. Those found in prokaryotes are generally smaller than those in eukaryotes. Ribosomes in mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar in size to those in bacteria. hope this is good enough to help you

Explanation:

What is absorbed into the blood stream in small intestine and large intestine ?

Answers

Answer:

Digested food molecules

Explanation:

Small intestine absorbs water and digests nutrients into your bloodstream and waste products move into the large intestine

Consider the cladogram. A cladogram is shown. Roundworms have the derived characteristics of true tissues, bilateral symmetry, and a pseudocoelom. Which group of organisms has the derived characteristics of true tissues, bilateral symmetry, and a pseudocoelom? sponges roundworms annelids chordates

Answers

Answer:

The correct answer is - roundworms.

Explanation:

The answer is already mention in the question, however, the detailed answer is as follows:

The characteristics that are given in the question are true tissues, bilateral symmetry, and a pseudocoelom. Worms or helminths are known as primitive form of organization of the Bilaterians. All three group of worms or helmints have a basic bilateral symmetry.

These organisms inaugurated various characteristic that are found and carried by other animals such as  true tissues, bilateral symmetry, and a pseudocoelom.

Thus, the correct answer is - roundworms.

Answer:

its b

Explanation:

The data collected from an experiment shows that as the temperature outside goes up, the number of swimmers at the local pool
goes up. This data shows a/an
Select one:
O a direct relationship
b. indirect relationship
c. inverse relationship
O d. no relationship​

Answers

Answer:

The goal of disinfection of public water supplies is the elimination of the pathogens that are responsible for waterborne diseases. The transmission of diseases such as typhoid and paratyphoid fevers, cholera, salmonellosis, and shigellosis can be controlled with treatments that substantially reduce the total number of viable microorganisms in the water.

While the concentration of organisms in drinking water after effective disinfection may be exceedingly small, sterilization (i.e., killing all the microbes present) is not attempted. Sterilization is not only impractical, it cannot be maintained in the distribution system. Assessment of the reduction in microbes that is sufficient to protect against the transmission of pathogens in water is discussed below.

Chlorination is the most widely used method for disinfecting water supplies in the United States. The near universal adoption of this method can be attributed to its convenience and to its highly satisfactory performance as a disinfectant, which has been established by decades of use. It has been so successful that freedom from epidemics of waterborne diseases is now virtually taken for granted. As stated in Drinking Water and Health (National Academy of Sciences, 1977), "chlorination is the standard of disinfection against which others are compared."

However, the discovery that chlorination can result in the formation of trihalomethanes (THM's) and other halogenated hydrocarbons has prompted the reexamination of available disinfection methodology to determine alternative agents or procedures (Morris, 1975).

The method of choice for disinfecting water for human consumption depends on a variety of factors (Symons et al., 1977). These include:

its efficacy against waterborne pathogens (bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths);

the accuracy with which the process can be monitored and controlled;

its ability to produce a residual that provides an added measure of protection against possible posttreatment contamination resulting from faults in the distribution system;

the aesthetic quality of the treated water; and

the availability of the technology for the adoption of the method on the scale that is required for public water supplies.

Economic factors will also play a part in the final decision; however, this study is confined to a discussion of the five factors listed above as they apply to various disinfectants.

The propensity of various disinfection methods to produce by-products having effects on health (other than those relating to the control of infectious diseases) and the possibility of eliminating or avoiding these undesirable by-products are also important factors to be weighed when making the final decisions about overall suitability of methods to disinfect drinking water. The subcommittee has not attempted to deal with these problems since the chemistry of disinfectants in water and the toxicology of expected by-products have been studied by other subcommittees of the Safe Drinking Water Committee, whose reports appear in Chapter III of this volume (Chemistry) and Chapter IV (Toxicity) of Drinking Water and Health, Vol. 3.

Organization of the Study

The general considerations noted in the immediately following material should be borne in mind when considering each method of disinfection. Available information on the obvious major candidates for drinking water disinfection—chlorine, ozone, chlorine dioxide, iodine, and bromine—is then evaluated for each method individually in the following sections. Other less obvious possibilities are also examined to see if they have been overlooked unjustly in previous studies or if it might be profitable to conduct further experimentation on them. Disinfection by chloramines is dealt with in parallel with that effected by chlorine because of the close relationship the former has to chlorine disinfection under conditions that might normally be encountered in drinking water treatment.

Imagine an invertebrate that lives in an estuary where salinity varies cyclically with the tides. If this individual is able to adjust the salt concentration of its body fluids, its salt concentration will have:____. a. a cyclic variation depending upon when the animal drinks. b. regular variations that range from large to small. c. slight fluctuations that are kept within a narrow range. d. a cyclic variation opposite that of the surrounding water.

Answers

Answer: Option C.

slight fluctuations that are kept within a narrow range.

Explanation:

An invertebrate that lives in an estuary where salinity varies cyclically with the tides. If this individual is able to adjust the salt concentration of its body fluids, its salt concentration will have slight fluctuations that are kept within a narrow range so has to maintain homeostasis and prevent the cells of the the invertebrate from not shrinking which can be due to the salt solution (Hypertonic).

Estuary is an area of water or shorelines where river meet the ocean. It normal do have concentration of salts. Organisms that live in estuaries must be able to adapt to their dynamic environments, wich is due to variations in water chemistry includes salinity, as well as physical changes like the rise and fall of tides.

READ THE CHAPTERS 1, 2, 3, 4,5 FROM THE BOOK 1 JOHN IN YOUR BIBLE AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS: ¿Why did John write this epistle? (1:4, 2:1, 2:26) ¿In this epistle, what did John say that God is and begins with the letters "L" and "L"? (1: 5, 4: 8) What kind of person does Juan call a liar or one who lies? (1:10, 2: 4, 22) What did Juan say his hands had felt? (1: 1) What did John say that cleanses us from all sin? (1: 7) If a Christian sins, what should he do? (1: 9) Everything in the world, what does Juan say it is? (2:16) How did Juan call his readers? (2:12, 13) How does John define sin? (3: 4) What does John say about those who are born again? (3: 9) What Old Testament character does John use as an example of those who do not love one another? (3:12) What does Juan call the person who hates his brother? (3:15) How does John say that we should love? (3:18) Why should we not believe every spirit, but rather test the spirits if they are from God? (4: 1) Who or what is greater than the one in the world? (4: 4) What does John say about the commandments of God? (5: 4) Who are the three who bear witness on earth? (5:8) What are the two word phrases that John used at least five times in the last chapter of I John? (5: 2,15,18-20) What does John say we should guard against at the end of this epistle? (5:21)

Answers

Answer:

so1: he wrote that their joy may be complete,that they may not sin and also that they may not be deceived.

2:John says that God is light and love

3:so John calls a liar whomever says that they have not sinned or say they know Jesus but don't obey his commandments or denies that Jesus is the Christ

4:I guess is the manifestation of God's word through Jesus Christ

5: the blood of Jesus cleanses us from all sins

6:a Christian should confess their sins

7:everything of this world,lust and pride,are not of God but of this world

8:he called them little children and father's

9:he defines sin as lawlessness

10:he says that none of them commit sin but God's nature abides in the person therefore for those born of him can't commit sin

11:he used Cain who murdered his brother

12:he calls them a murderer

13:he says that we should love in deed and I'm truth

14: because of the presence of many false prophets in the world

Answer:

what he said.how did you type all of that in one sitting

A person is dehydration and they start to bleed from their nose. But they're bleeding from only one nostril. Why?

Answers

Dryness of the nasal mucosa.
A dry nasal mucosa causes itching and people often scratch inside the nose due to this. It damages the delicate inner lining over the nostrils. Even if one does not scratch, the capillaries present there can rupture and bleed spontaneously due to excess dryness. This happens because the nasal mucosa is very thin and fragile. In conclusion, bleeding from one nostril is caused by too much Dry air — when your nasal membranes dry out, they're more susceptible to bleeding and infections.

The lining of your nose contains many tiny blood vessels that lie close to the surface and are easily damaged.

The two most common causes of nosebleeds are:

Dry air — when your nasal membranes dry out, they're more susceptible to bleeding and infections

Nose picking

Which ecosystem service would suffer from the opening of a mineral mine along a small mountain range?

A. Cultural
B. Provisioning
C. Regulating
D. Supporting

Answers

Answer:

D. Supporting

Explanation:

Ecosystem services include provisioning, regulating, culture and supporting services.

Opening of a mineral mine along a small mountain range will affect the supporting services of ecosystem because supporting services deals with soil formation, provision of habitat and nutrition cycle.

Opening of mineral mine will destroy the tosoil, landscape, forests and wildlife of mountain area which affect the supporting services such as habitat and soil formation.

Hence, the correct answer is "D. supporting".

The removal of waste products from the body is called

Answers

Answer:

It is called EXCRETION.

Explanation:

This is a process by which metabolic waste is removed from a living organism.

The excretory organs removes these waste.

Accumulation of these in the body is very harmful to our system.

Hope all these helps.

an example of biogeochemical cycle would be the A. carbon cycle B. fire cycle C. trophic cycle

Answers

Answer:

Carbon Cycle

Explanation:

Which color of light does chlorophyll b absorb more of than any other color?

Answers

Answer:

Blue and Red

Explanation:

The highest spike of chlorophyll B on this graph is between 400 and 500nm, making it a shade of blue. The second spike is between 600 and 700nm, making it a shade of orange-red.

the answer is blue\///////

Which of these best matches an object in the solar system with its characteristic? (3 points)
O comet - orbits a planet
O meteor - a streak of light
O asteroid - has a tail
O planet - orbits the moon​

Answers

Answer:

Meteor → a streak of light

Explanation:

Got it right on the test

A meteor is a streak of light.

What is a solar system?

The sun and the group of celestial bodies that are bound by gravitational force form a solar system. It was formed about 4.6 billion years ago.

What is a comet?

A comet is a relic covered with dust, rock, and ice. It was formed during the solar system's formation. They have a diameter ranging from a few miles to tens of miles.

What is an asteroid?

They are either metallic or rocky bodies and do not have atmospheres. Asteroids come in a variety of sizes and forms.

What is a planet?

Planets are massive astronomical bodies that are neither stars nor remains of stars. They have an orbit and there are 8 planets in our solar system.

What is a meteor?

A meteor appears as a bright streak of light in the sky. It is a space rock that enters the earth's atmosphere. It is often known as a shooting star or falling star.

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Which of the following descries a solution that contain a buffer? A. Sodium hydroxide, a base, is added to the solution, and the pH of the solution becomes higher. B. Citric acid is added to the solution, but the pH of the solution does not change. C. Acetic acid is added to the solution, and the pH of the solution becomes lower. D. Distilled water is added to the solution, and the pH of the solution does not change.

Answers

Answer:

B. Citric acid is added to the solution, but the pH of the solution does not change.

Explanation:

In chemistry, buffer solutions or simply called Buffer are solutions that resist a change in pH when an acid or base is added to them i.e they maintain a constant pH. This is as a result of the content of the solution. A buffer may contain a weak acid and its conjugate base (salt) or a weak base and its conjugate acid.

Hence, when a strong base or acid is added to them, they still restore the original pH of the solution due to the reaction that removes or neutralizes the hydrogen or hydroxide ions from the acid and base added to them respectively. This is what happens when Citric acid is added to the solution, but the pH of the solution does not change.

Citric acid, which is an acid, does not practically increase or decrease the pH of the solution. Hence, the solution is called a buffer.

Answer:

Citric acid is added to the solution, but the pH of the solution does not change.

Explanation:

Got it right on Apex

Hope I helped! :)

When you centrifuge the DNA isolated from the bacteria, the DNA separates into two classes. One class of labeled DNA includes very large molecules (thousands or even millions of nucleotides long), and the other includes short stretches of DNA (several hundred to a few thousand nucleotides in length). Which two classes of DNA do these different samples represent

Answers

Answer:

Leading strand and Okazaki fragments

Explanation:

The two classes of DNA that the different samples represent include the leading strand and the Okazaki fragments.

The large molecules DNA with thousands/millions of nucleotides constitutes the leading strand of the DNA while the short stretches of DNA with just a few thousand nucleotides in light constitute the Okazaki fragments.

This is because, during replication, the leading strands of DNAs are usually synthesized in a continuous manner and end up forming a long, continuous daughter strand while the lagging strands are usually synthesized in short, discontinuous fragments known as the Okazaki fragments.

The continuous/discontinuous replication of the leading/lagging strands of the DNA is due to the characteristics of the enzyme responsible for adding bases to the growing daughter strands. The DNA polymerase enzyme can only add nucleotides in the 5' to ' direction.

why it is necessary to water the plant for experiment​

Answers

Answer:

To activate the process of germination.

Explanation:

So the plants can get the whole photosynthesis step because it need sunlight and water to continue to grow.

through what are larger molecules are formed?​

Answers

Answer:

Through combination of each monomer using covalent bonds.

Explanation:

Most macrmolecules are made from single subunits or building blocks called monomers combine with each other using covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers. In doing so, monomers release water molecules as byproducts.

Please help!

Without the discovery of magnetic reversals recorded on the ocean floor, scientists

A. could not confirm the usefulness of sonar

B. could destroy the hypothesis of continental drift

C. could not provide a mechanism for moving continents

D. could explain how the seafloor was being destroyed

Answers

Answer:

C. could not provide a mechanism for moving continents

Explanation:

Without the discovery of magnetic reversals recorded on the ocean floor, scientists  could not provide a mechanism for moving continents.

Magnetic reversals are responsible for geological shifts and depend on the distribution of tectonic plates that causes movements of continents.

Asymmetric movement of tectonic plates leads to movement of continents  and the degree of asymmetry varies with the same rythm of the magnetic reversal rate.

Hence, discovery of magnetic reversals are important to identify the mechanism for moving continents.

The study of a living being is called biology.

The correct answer is C.

Without the discovery of magnetic reversals recorded on the ocean floor, scientists could not provide a mechanism for moving continents because magnetic reversals are responsible for geological shifts and depend on the distribution of tectonic plates that causes movements of continents.

Asymmetric movement of tectonic plates leads to movement of continents and the degree of asymmetry varies with the same rhythm of the magnetic reversal rate.  Therefore the discovery of magnetic reversals is important to identify the mechanism for moving continents.

Hence, the correct answer is C that it could not provide a mechanism for moving continents.

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Which of the following is not a function of the cell membrane? A. Keeping all the parts of a cell inside B. Helping a cell to alter its shape C. Allow prokaryotes to use cell division D. A place for cellular reactions to take place

Answers

Answer:

D. A place for cellular reactions to take place

Explanation:

the cell membrane perfomes divers functions ranging from the  Keeping of all the parts of a cell inside, helping cell to alter its shape, allowing prokaryotes to use cell division. Most of the cell reactions happens in the Mitochondrion, not the CELL MEMBRANE

A place for cellular reactions to take place is not true about cell membrane .

What are the function of cell membrane ?

Cell membrane forms barrier keeping the constituents of the cell in and unwanted substances out and to be a gate allowing transport into the cell of essential nutrients and movement from the cell of waste products.

What is cell membrane?

The cell membrane, also called the plasma membrane, is found in all cells and separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment.

Hence, D is correct option

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algae's general habitat?

Answers

Answer:

Algae is the process to describe that diverse group of photosynthetic lifeforms.

Explanation:

Algae is that environments process to the rivers and lakes to ponds waters an snow, algae living in the contain snow pigments that addition to the surrounding contain distinctive.

Algae is environment near inside water bodies, algae in many components in plants as stems and shoots or leaves nutrients water their body.

Algae like plants an special structure and algae is well defined body in the structure stems and leaves are photosynthetic organisms, algae are free living and symbolic relationship other organisms, there are many types of algae:- Green algae, blue and green algae ,red algae.

Green algae:- green algae to that conduct photosynthesis symbolic relation with higher organisms.

Blue and green algae:- this algae are include dams, river, lakes.

Red algae:- red algae is used in species found in freshwater ecosystem.

Algae is in unicellular and multicellular in environment nature.

Scientists want to track the wind speeds and precipitation for a hurricane that will affect the entire East Coast of the United States. Which weather equipment would be best to measure the impact of the storm for this entire region? A. an anemometer B. a rain gauge C. Doppler Radar D. global positioning system (GPS)

Answers

Answer:

A anemometer an instrument for measuring the speed of the wind, or of any current of gas.

GPS is to see where you on on the earth so this is a no.

rain gauge only shows the amount of rain  so this is a no

Doppler radar determine's the location and velocity of a storm, clouds, precipitation. So therefore, this is your answer.

Explanation:

Without the discovery of magnetic reversals recorded on the ocean floor, scientists

A. could not confirm the usefulness of sonar

B. could destroy the hypothasis of continental drift

C. could not provide a mechanism for moving continents

D. could explain how the seafloor was being destroyed

Answers

Answer:

C. could not provide a mechanism for moving continents

Explanation:

Magnetic reversals have the habit of causing geological displacements, since they are directly linked to the movements and distribution of tectonic plates on the planet, which are responsible for the movements of the continents. In this case,

if the discovery of magnetic reversals recorded on the ocean floor were not carried out, it would be impossible to establish its relationship with the movement of the tectonic plates, making it impossible to provide a mechanism for moving continents.

What does "the process of making more of the same producing offspring" called?
Thanks..​

Answers

Asexual reproduction

Which kind of research is most likely to improve the health of the
environment?

Answers

Answer:

The environment   play a role in people mental and physical being.

Explanation:

Environment  quality and human health  remain factors and taking into multiple interactions economic and cultural context.

Environment through air pollution, chemicals, poor quality water and natural area loss, increase in rates obesity, diabetes, and diseases.

Environment factors are particular matter, environmental tobacco smoke leading,and indicative ranking of environmental impacts of health.

Environment across depend on the pressures relate to pollution and natural resources,pollution reduction and the natural environment distribute populations.

Environmental quality can be policy and population group, incomes, elderly and the educational status, environment burden they focus on health and complex causal path.

Quick
Check
Which structures are found in both animal and plant cells? Check all that apply.
cell membrane
cell wall
cytoplasm
Golgi body
nucleus
ribosome
vacuole

Answers

Answer:the organelle which are found in both animal and plant cells are

Cell membrane

Cytoplasm

Nucelus

Golgi bodies

Ribosome and

Vacoule ( in different amount)

The structures that are found in both animal and plant cells are cell membrane, cytoplasm, golgi body, nucleus and ribosomes. The correct options are a, c, d, e, and f.

What is a cell?

All living organisms and body tissues are made up of cells, which are the smallest unit that can live on its own.

A cell is made up of three major components: the cell membrane, the nucleus, and the cytoplasm. The cell membrane surrounds the cell and regulates the substances that enter and exit the cell.

Plant and animal cells are structurally very comparable because they are both eukaryotic cells.

The nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes are all membrane-bound organelles in both.

Plant cells lack centrosomes and lysosomes, whereas animal cells do. Plant cells always possesses a cell wall, chloroplasts as well as other specialized plastids, and a large central vacuole, whereas animal cells do not.

Thus, the correct options are a, c, d, e, and f.

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Can podocyte cells in the Bowmann capsule attach to any other basement membrane other than the glomerular basement membrane? That is, it can itself have a separate layer of base membrane?​

Answers

Answer:

"Podocytes are cells in the Bowman's capsule in the kidneys that wrap around capillaries of the glomerulus. Podocyte cells make up the epithelial lining of Bowman's capsule, the third layer through which filtration of blood takes place.[1] The Bowman's capsule filters the blood, retaining large molecules such as proteins while smaller molecules such as water, salts, and sugars are filtered as the first step in the formation of urine. Although various viscera have epithelial layers, the name visceral epithelial cells usually refers specifically to podocytes, which are specialized epithelial cells that reside in the visceral layer of the capsule. "

Explanation:

hope this helps

Which latitude lines does photoperiodism have the greatest effect? Why?

Answers

Answer: A short-day plant will not flower if light is turned on for a few minutes in the middle of the night and a long-day plant can flower if exposed to more red-light in the middle of the night. Cryptochromes are another type of photoreceptor that is important in photoperiodism. Cryptochromes absorb blue light and UV-A.

Explanation:

Other Questions
Find the product of the roots of the equationxl-5x - 36 = 0 Parties sometimes try arbitration before a case goes to trial in order to:A. allow a jury to decide the case rather than a judge.B. change the burden of proof to a preponderance of the evidence.C. find more evidence to support their case in court.D. guarantee that the case will be settled out of court. Arnold made the following grades on his quizzes and assignments: 80, 92, 88, 90, 75, 38, 92, 95 2. Arnold wants to present his scores as advantageously as possible. Should he use the mean or the median of this data set? What other strategies could he employ to yield a more favorable measure of center? _____ is a method for determining the estimated annual costs and benefits for a project and the resulting annual cash flow. what is the incorrect verb Mendel always got close to a 9:3:3:1 ratio for phenotypes in the F2 generation of any dihybrid cross. If false, make it a correct statementa. True b. False How many turns of wire are needed in a circular coil 13 cmcm in diameter to produce an induced emf of 5.6 VV The buyers purchased a residence for $195,000. They made a down payment of $25,000 and agreed to assume the seller's existing mortgage, which had a current balance of $123,000. The buyers financed the remaining $47,000 of the purchase price by executing a mortgage and note to the seller. This type of loan, by which the seller becomes a mortgagee, is called a Someone pls help thank you sm .. You own a portfolio that has a total value of $235,000 and it is invested in Stock D with a beta of .82 and Stock E with a beta of 1.43. The beta of your portfolio is equal to the market beta. What is the dollar amount of your investment in Stock D? How many lead (Pb) atoms will be generated when 5.38 moles of ammonia react according to the following equation: 3PbO+2NH33Pb+N2+3H2O? A) 1.62 10^24 B) 4.86 10^23 C) 2.43 10^24 D) 4.86 10^24 Consider a block on a spring oscillating on a frictionless surface. The amplitude of the oscillation is 11 cm, and the speed of the block as it passes through the equilibrium position is 62 cm/s. What is the angular frequency of the block's motion Certain beliefs and values are true for everyone. Which of these characteristics best reflect those beliefs and values? Self-respect and respect for others Morals and decisions Respect for others and creativity Goals and self-respect A line passes (-8,-2) and has a slope of 5/4. Write an equation in Ax + By=C WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST!!!!!! Look at the picture of a scaffold used to support construction workers. The height of the scaffold can be changed by adjusting two slanting rods, one of which, labeled PR, is shown: Part A: What is the approximate length of rod PR? Round your answer to the nearest hundredth. Explain how you found your answer, stating the theorem you used. Show all your work. Part B: The length of rod PR is adjusted to 17 feet. If width PQ remains the same, what is the approximate new height QR of the scaffold? Round your answer to the nearest hundredth. Show all your work. Assume the Apple division of the Gala Company had the following results last year (in thousands). Managements required rate of return is 10% and the weighted average cost of capital is 8%. Its effective tax rate is 30%. What is Apple division's residual income 4. How would a government founded on Confucian principles compare to your own government? what is the si unit of energy Which is a reason that abstinence is a good idea for teenagers A companys common stock has a market value of $63.18 per share and its next dividend is expected to be $3.26 per share. The stocks beta is 1.2, the tax rate is 35%, and the market risk premium is 6.1% per year. The yield to maturity for the companys long-term debt is 6.4% per year. If the riskiness of the companys equity requires that it provide a risk premium of 3.2% per year over the yield on its long-term debt, what is the companys annual cost of internal equity financing?