Explanation:
If we just remove one type of consumer, there will be an observable change in the food web, but not such drastic changes. The Food web is very complex and has a number of organisms at each level, such that the removal of anyone, may shift the food web, but not destroy it.
Consider the following independent pathways that control the background feather color in parakeets. The dominant A and B alleles specify functional enzymes A and B, respectively. The recessive a and b alleles do not specify any of the corresponding enzyme. Each enzyme completely coverts the colorless compound to a colored compound (yellow or blue), as indicated by an arrow. Mixture of yellow and blue compounds results in a green compound. EnzA Colorless Yellow Enz B Colorless Blue AaBb parakeet, one of whose parents is white (colorless), is crossed to aabb parakeet. If the two genes that control feather color are 10 m.u. apart, what proportion of the progeny would be yellow or blue? Give a numerical value in percentage (%). A certain disease is caused by a dominant mutant allele. (The wild-type allele is recessive. However, the penetrance of the disease is 50%. Two individuals known to be heterozygotes have a child. What is the probability that the child exhibits the disease? O 1/4 O 3/4 O 3/8
The proportion of progeny that would be yellow or blue would be 40%.adn The probability that the child exhibits the disease is 1/2 in feather color in parakeets.
The most common type of parakeet is the budgerigar, which is known for its bright and varied feather coloration. The most common parakeet feather colors are green, yellow, and blue, but they can also come in a variety of shades and combinations of these three colors. The underlying color of the parakeet’s feathers is usually a yellow-green or olive, with the other colors being added by shading or by mutations. The mutations can be anything from the addition of a single stripe of color to the entire body being covered in a new hue. The most common mutations are the lutino, greywing, and cinnamon varieties, which feature yellow, grey, and brown as the dominant colors, respectively. Parakeets can also be found in other rare mutations, such as the pied, which features a random mix of colors, or the spangle, which features an even distribution of color throughout the body.
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A neuron is a cell capable of receiving stimuli, in the form of sensory input, from other neurons through its many dendrites. t/f
A neuron is a type of cell that can take in stimuli from other neurons via its numerous dendrites, such as sensory input. So it is False.
A neuron is a type of cell that can take in stimuli from other neurons via its numerous dendrites, such as sensory input. Where there appears to be a high amount of intricacy, approximation, or ambiguity, computers do better than humans. Some species don't actually have a nervous system, such sea sponges. Others, like jellyfish, lack a real brain and instead have what is known as a "nerve net," which is a network of distinct but linked nerve cells (neurons).
Both a central nervous system (CNS), which consists of a small "brain" and two nerve cords, and a peripheral nervous system (PNS), which is made up of a network of nerves that extends throughout the body, are present in flatworms of the phylum Platyhelminthes. Insect neural systems vary in complexity and degree of centralization. It includes ganglia, the ventral nerve cord, and the brain (clusters of connected neurons). These ganglia are capable of controlling actions and behaviors independently of the brain. Octopi may have the most complex nervous system of any invertebrate because of their specific lobe-organized neurons.
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ou inoculate a plate of general-purpose medium with clostridium sporogenes, and you incubate it for 48 hours at its optimum temperature. when you remove the plate from the incubator, you notice that there is no growth on the plate. besides errors made in inoculation, what else could explain this lack of growth? multiple choice this organism is a facultative anaerobe and requires the absence of oxygen for growth. this organism is an obligate aerobe and requires the presence of oxygen for growth.
Assume that a plate of Clostridium Sporogenes is being incubated in a CO₂ incubator, so this lack of growth is caused by the absence of oxygen, and this organism is an obligate aerobe.
When you look at the plate, if there is another microorganism growing then there’s contamination while you inoculate. If there is no microorganism at all then Clostridium Sporogenes need oxygen as one of its growth factors.
Obligate aerobe is a need for oxygen to grow through cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is a process to metabolize fats and sugars to produce energy or ATP Adenosine Triphosphate. Aerobic respiration gains more energy than fermentation.
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characteristics of ig classes match the correct statement with the antibody type to test your understanding of structure and functions of antibodies.
The Correct matches of IG classes are :
A-5B-2C-1D-4E-3IgM is the most prevalent antibody in circulation and is a pentameric structure. IgA is a dimer that is a significant component of mucus and secretions. IgD is a monomeric antibody found on the B-cell surface and its main function is to serve as an antigen receptor. IgE is a monomeric antibody that mediates allergic responses. IgG is the most abundant antibody in circulation and is a monomeric structure. IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE are all produced in the body to help fight against antigens, while IgG is a long-lasting antibody that is produced after a primary immune response and helps provide immunity against future infections.
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Complete Question :
Match the correct statement with the antibody type to test your understanding of structure and functions of antibodies
A.) Most prevalent antibody in circulation
B.) Dimer that is a significant component of mucus and secretions
C.) Pentameric in circulation
D.) Main function is to serve as antigen receptor on B-cell surface
E.) Mediates allergic responses
1.) IgM
2.) IgA
3.) IgE
4.) IgD
5.) IgG
neurons are collectively grouped and wrapped by an endoneurium. these are then held in bundles collectively referred to as
Neurons are collectively grouped and wrapped by an endoneurium. These are then held in bundles collectively referred to as nerves.
A nerve bundle is wrapped in a layer of connective tissue called the perineurium. The nerve bundles are surrounded by the epineurium, the outer layer of connective tissue.
The endoneurium is a thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual nerve fibers within the nerve bundles. Provides structural support for nerve fibers and helps maintain nerve fascicle tissue.
The perineurium is a layer of connective tissue that surrounds the nerve bundles. It protects the nerve bundles and provides structural support to the nerves.
The epineurium is the outermost layer of connective tissue that surrounds nerves. It provides additional structural support to nerves and helps protect them from external damage.
Together, these layers of connective tissue help protect and support the nerve fibers within the nerve, allowing them to function properly.
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Is this statement true or false? The cause and effect is the relationship between two events in a story. O true false
true, the event that caused the cause as well as the event that is the effect of the cause
Products made with or derived from transgenic of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are called _____ products
Biotechnology is the answer. Biotechnological products are those created with or generated from transgenic genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
An organism that has had its genetic makeup altered through biotechnology in a way that does not happen normally through multiplication and/or natural recombination is referred to as a genetically modified organism (GMO); cloned animals are included in this definition.
The term "GMO" (genetically modified organism) refers to a plant, animal, or microorganism whose genetic material (DNA) has been altered using technology that typically entails the precise modification of DNA, such as the transfer of specific DNA from one organism to another.
As a result, biotechnology is the solution. Transgenic genetically modified organisms are used to manufacture or produce biotechnological products (GMOs).
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If a patient is having a hard time digesting a certain lipid known as triacylglycerol. What organ(s)
effect the digestion of this lipid? Why could this be happening?
the study of fresh water ecosystems is called O limnology.O EthologyO SynezologyO AutecologyAnswer: limnology.
The study of freshwater ecosystems is called limnology.
Lakes, rivers, ponds, springs, and streams are examples of freshwater. The study of these freshwater bodies is the focus of this subfield of biology. The functional connections between growth, adaptation, nutrient cycles, and biological productivity are all incorporated into this field of study.
Limnology is the scientific study of the ecosystem of freshwater. The Greek words "limne," which means lake, and "logos," which means "study," both come from the same word. It is the study of aquatic ecosystems in the interior. Inland freshwater bodies incorporate lakes, waterways, streams, supplies, lakes, springs, and so on. Additionally, it encompasses both standing and moving water bodies. It is the study of the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of lakes and other freshwater bodies.
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FILL IN THE BLANK when we first see chiasmata under a microscope, we know that________ . meiosis ii has occurred anaphase ii has occurred prophase i is occurring separation asexual reproduction has occurred
When we first see chiasmata under a microscope, we know that Prophase I is occurring.
DNA replication precedes the start of meiosis I. During prophase I, homologous chromosomes pair and form synapses, a step unique to meiosis. The paired chromosomes are called bivalents, and the formation of chiasmata caused by genetic recombination becomes apparent.During prophase I, the complex of DNA and protein known as chromatin condenses to form chromosomes. The pairs of replicated chromosomes are known as sister chromatids, and they remain joined at a central point called the centromere.The main events of prophase are: the condensation of chromosomes, the movement of the centrosomes, the formation of the mitotic spindle, and the beginning of nucleoli break down.During prophase I, the chromosomes condense and become visible inside the nucleus. Because each chromosome was duplicated during the S phase that occurred just before prophase I, each now consists of two sister chromatids joined at the centromere. This arrangement means that each chromosome has the shape of an X.
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The fetus is connected by the umbilical cord to the placenta, the organ that develops and implants in the mother's uterus during pregnancy. Through the blood vessels in the umbilical cord, the fetus receives all the necessary nutrition, oxygen, and life support from the mother through the placenta.
The placenta is an organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy. This structure provides oxygen and nutrients to a growing baby.
The placenta and foetus are connected by the umbilical chord, which is crucial. The rope-like umbilical cord joins the foetus to the placenta during pregnancy. Two arteries and a vein are found in the umbilical cord, which transports nutrition and oxygen to the foetus as well as waste materials away from the baby.The umbilical cord connects the developing infant to the placenta. Through the placenta and blood arteries in the umbilical cord, the baby receives all the nutrients, oxygen, and life support that it needs from the mother's blood. The umbilical cord is regarded as the fetus's and mother's physical and psychological connection.
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Which of the following is a consequence of biological magnification?
A. toxic chemicals in the environment pose greater risk to top-level predators than to primary consumers
B. populations of top-level predators are generally smaller than population of primary consumers
C. the biomass of producers in an ecosystem is generally higher than the biomass of primary consumers
D. only a small portion of the energy captured by producers is transferred to consumers
E. the amount of biomass in the producer level of an ecosystem decreases if the producer turnover time increases
Toxic chemicals in the environment pose greater risk to top-level predators than to primary consumers, which is a consequence of biological magnification. (A)
Biological MagnificationBiological enlargement (bioaccumulation) is the increase in the concentration of heavy metals (e.g., mercury) or organic contaminants (e.g., chlorinated hydrocarbons [CBC]) in organisms as a result of their consumption in the food chain/web.
An excellent example is the process by which contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) accumulate or magnify as they move up the food chain. For example, PCBs concentrate in internal tissues and organs, and when large fish eat few fish, they accumulate all the PCBs that have been eaten by everyone below them in the food chain.
Bioaccumulation is the sum of two processes:
Bioconcentration is the direct uptake of a substance by living organisms from a medium (eg, water) through the skin, gills, or lungs.Biomagnification is the collection of contaminants from organisms on it.Causes of Bioaccumulation
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homologous pairs of chromosomes align opposite to each other at the equator of a cell during . metaphase of mitosis telophase ii of meiosis metaphase ii of meiosis metaphase i of meiosis
The homologous pairs of chromosomes align opposite to each other at the equator of a cell during are meiosis metaphase i.
During meiosis I, metaphase I occurs and chromosome pairs line up in the center of the cell. During meiosis II, metaphase II occurs and chromosomes are arranged in the center of the cell. The main difference is that chromosomes are paired in metaphase I and unpaired in metaphase II.
In metaphase I, homologous pairs of chromosomes align on either side of the equatorial plate. Then, in anaphase I, the spindle contracts and the two homologous chromatid pairs are pulled apart from each other and towards the poles of the cell. During telophase I, chromosomes are surrounded by the nucleus.
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FILL IN THE BLANK. for the duration of meiosis i, each chromosome___. consists of a single strand of dna consists of two sister chromatids joined by a centromere is joined with its homologous pair to form a synaptonemal complex is paired with a homologous chromosome
Chromosomes are threadlike structures made of protein and a single molecule of DNA that serve to carry the genomic information from cell to cell.
However, the length of meiosis varies greatly even across species lacking developmental holds. For instance, in animals, it varies from 1-2 days for male Drosophila melanogaster and over 24 days for males of various Orthopterans and Homo sapiens. Half of the original 46 chromosomes, or 23 chromosomes, will be present in each daughter cell. There are two sister chromatids on each chromosome. The daughter cells now enter meiosis II, the third and last stage of meiosis. Two haploid cells are present at the conclusion of meiosis I.A chromosome has a tetrad (4 chromatids or 4 DNA molecules) during prophase I and metaphase I of meiosis, which is then reduced to two chromatids (2 DNA molecules) by the time metaphase II takes place.
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know that the antigen that the red blood cell has indicates the blood type. if a red blood cell contains antigen b then the person is blood type.
Person with B antigen over the red blood cell shows B blood group phenotypes.
Before receiving a blood transfusion, a person must have a blood type test, as well as before becoming pregnant. Antigens found on the surface of red blood cells are used to sort human blood. To determine if two people are likely to be blood relatives, blood type tests may also be used. Blood group antigens (ABO) and the Rh antigen, which is either present (positive, +) or absent, are the two most significant antigens (negative, -). The ABO and Rh tests are thus the two most popular blood type assays.
Hence, blood group shows phenotype based on antigen over RBC.
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are hermit crab affected by changes in water level (if it even is affected)
Answer:
Hermit crabs are intertidal organisms, hermit crabs already possess strong adaptions to large fluctuactions in temperature, and are largely unaffected by it because they experience the changing conditions daily.
Explanation:
What is the difference between atomic composition and chemical structure?
cardiorespiratory endurance is the ability of the heart and lungs to deliver oxygen to the muscles during physical activity.
The capacity of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen to working muscles while engaging in continuous physical activity is known as cardiorespiratory endurance.
The capacity of the heart, blood, blood vessels, and lungs to provide the muscles with enough oxygen and fuel over an extended duration of physical exercise is known as cardiorespiratory endurance. The best strategy to increase cardiorespiratory endurance is to engage in aerobic activities, which force the body to burn up significant amounts of oxygen over extended periods of time. The heart must beat more quickly in order to pump more blood throughout the body due to the increased demand for oxygen. Since the heart is a muscle, it will subsequently grow stronger with each beat and be able to beat more frequently and fiercely for longer periods of time without being fatigued.
Hence, heart and lungs supply oxygen to working muscles determines cardiac endurance
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Which of the followings statements about the cycling of Nitrogen in the biosphere are essentially correct? A) The atmosphere is the most important nonliving reservoir of Nitrogen. B) Changes in the concentration of atmospheric Nitrogen exhibit a profound effect on the climate. C) Nitrogen fixation is limited to a few species of organisms, including members of the genus Rhizobium, Anabaena, and Bradyrhyzobium. D) A and C E) All of the above.
if a cell has accumulated dna damage, it is unlikely to . enter g1 from mitosis activate dna repair mechanisms synthesize cyclin-dependent kinases pass the g2 checkpoint
The master cell cycle processes that govern DNA replication and mitosis G1 phase and cyclin-dependent kinase activation.
DNA mutations can also result from DNA replication that has been can also be stimulated by low levels of CDK activity in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. If the damage is irreparable, the cell will normally enter apoptosis,ensuring that it will not pass on its damaged DNA.When cells have DNA damage but do not achieve apoptosis,they may be on the road to cancer.Toxic damage to cells can cause individual cell death, and if enough cells are lost,the result can be tissue or organ failure,ultimately leading to the death of the organism.It is almost impossible to separate a discussion on cellular toxicity and biochemical toxicity.They break down excess or worn-out cell parts.They may be used to destroy invading viruses and bacteria.If the cell is damaged beyond repair,lysosomes can help it to self-destruct in a process called programmed cell death, or apoptosis.
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A principal problem with inserting an unmodified mammalian gene into a bacterial plasmid, and then getting that gene expressed in bacteria, is that a O Bacteria cannot remove eukaryotic introns O Bacterial RNA polymerase cannot make RNA complementary to mammalian DNA O Prokaryotes use a different genetic code from that of eukaryotes O Bacteria translate polycistronic messages only
A principal problem with inserting an unmodified mammalian gene into a bacterial plasmid, and then getting that gene expressed in bacteria, is that C) bacteria cannot remove eukaryotic introns. So, correct option is C.
In science, the word gene can have a few unique implications. The Mendelian gene is an essential unit of heredity and the sub-atomic quality is a succession of nucleotides in DNA that is deciphered to create a useful RNA. There are basically two sorts of sub-atomic genes: protein-coding genes and noncoding genes.
The reason behind the choice of option C is prior to embedding eukaryotic DNA in prokaryotic cell, handling it is required. Cloning of DNA is a cycle utilized in sub-atomic science to duplicate DNA pieces of interest. Chemicals expected for this interaction are limitation proteins what cut both, DNA of interest and bacterial plasmid that is utilized as vector and DNA ligases which piece into plasmid. Recombinant plasmid is embedded into microscopic organisms by means of change.
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(Complete question) is:
A principal problem with inserting an unmodified mammalian gene into a plasmid and then getting that gene expressed in bacteria is that _____.
A) prokaryotes use a different genetic code from that of eukaryotes
B) bacteria translate only mRNAs that have multiple messages
C) bacteria cannot remove eukaryotic introns
D) bacterial RNA polymerase cannot make RNA complementary to mammalian DNA
Use the diagram to answer each question.
How do volcanoes form at A?
Volcanoes are formed at the divergent and convergent plate boundaries. During a divergent plate motion, along the mid-oceanic ridge, seafloor spreading takes place.
What is represented in the diagram?Here it is represented by location B. Due to this, the magma becomes extremely hot and exerts an upward pressure towards the seafloor. As a result of which the ocean floor slowly rises up forming sea volcanoes.
The eruption takes place and the lava forms and deposits on the seafloor, near and along the mid-oceanic ridge. As this region undergoes continuous spreading, so the crust comprised of these rocks slowly moves away from the ridge.
Volcanoes are formed at the divergent and convergent plate boundaries. During a divergent plate motion, along the mid-oceanic ridge, seafloor spreading takes place.
Therefore, Volcanoes are formed at the divergent and convergent plate boundaries. During a divergent plate motion, along the mid-oceanic ridge, seafloor spreading takes place.
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The left and right cervical plexuses are located deep on each side of the neck, immediately lateral to cervical vertebrae ______.
The left and right cervical plexuses are located deep on each side of the neck, immediately lateral to cervical vertebrae C1-C4.
The most severe spinal cord damage. Paralysis can affect the hands, arms, legs, or trunk of a person. The patient might not be able to manage their bowel or urine habits, independently cough, or control their breathing. Sometimes the capacity to speak may decrease or worsen.
One of the nerves that control your diaphragm is cervical nerve 4, which also regulates the mobility of your upper shoulder (muscle at the bottom of your rib cage that helps you breathe). Your neck, shoulders, and upper arms may experience some of the feeling that C4 causes.
The ventral rami of the cervical spine, which extend from C1 to C4, are where the nerves that make up the cervical plexus get their beginnings.
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which of the following organs are part of the digestive system (either accessory and part of alimentary canal)
The alimentary canal and digestive glands make up our digestive system.
The digestive system in humans is made up of a few key organs as well as other, so-called auxiliary organs, which aid in digestion but are not directly involved in it. The digestive processes heavily rely on the auxiliary organs. The buccal cavity, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus are the primary digestive organs. The tongue, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and salivary glands are digestive system-related auxiliary organs. The many substances that go through digestion are either stored in the auxiliary organs or secreted by them. Together, these organs help the digestive system function by secreting the different enzymes and chemicals needed for digestion.
Hence, combination of gland and organ digest ingested food.
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Both the respiratory system and the digestive system involve the uptake of
necessary molecules from an animal's surroundings. Alveoli are tiny sacs that aid in
the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the lungs. Intestinal villi are tiny
projections along the lining of the intestines used to take in nutrients from food
passing through.
Alveoli
Intestinal Villi
M
GAIN
O
CLEAR ALL
Endocrine
Integumentary
Immune
Circulatory
Digestion procedures are carried out by the digestive system. The gastrointestinal tract and its supporting organs make up the digestive system. This continuous tract extends from the mouth to the anus. Sphincters, which are muscles, operate as barriers between various sections of this tract.
The pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus are all parts of the gastrointestinal system. Salivary glands, the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder are connected organs.
With the aid of some substances, such as enzymes and gastrointestinal motility, nutrition is broken down into little particles until the intestine can absorb them.
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I Review According to the biogeochemical cycle shown below, which of the following processos can move carbon from the abiotic reservoir to the biotic reservoir? Geological processes contribute to the abicceservous. For example, erosion may transfermiers from rock to sol Abiotic reservers are non living components of an ecosystem where chemicals accumulate. For example, carbon cumulates in the atmosphere as Col while wygen accumulates when it is dissolved in seawater Preducers incorporate inorganic chemicals from an abiotic reservoir Into organic compounds For example, a plant uses Co, from the air to make glucose via photosynthesis When consumers feed, they incorporate the chemicals of food into their own bodies. For example, a deer munching on grass incorporates some of the nutrients from that grass into sing tissue. BIOTIC COMPONENTS Decomposers break down the organic molecules in wastes and dead organism. The sample compounds they release become part of the abiotic reservoir.
The abiotic elements of the ecosystem are the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.
Biogeochemical Cycle Types. Essentially, there are two categories of biogeochemical cycles: Carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and the water cycle are among the gaseous cycles. Cycles of sedimentation: Sulfur, phosphorus, rock cycle, etc. A biogeochemical cycle is a slow-moving pool of nutrients that includes both biotic and abiotic elements. It takes the constituents of the ecosystem's abiotic component that are naturally occurring and infuses them into live cells. It is a constant, quick interchange that could involve both gaseous particles and silt.
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when stomata is closed what happen to plants
The closure of stomata, and tiny pores on the surface of leaves, stems, and other plant organs can have a variety of impacts on plants.
Stomata closure minimizes the interchange of gases between the plant and the environment, which is one of its key consequences. Stomata are in charge of controlling the flow of gases into and out of the plant, including oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor. The interchange of these gases is impeded when stomata are closed, which may have an effect on the metabolism and general wellness of the plant.
Reduced water loss from the plant is another benefit of closing stomata. The process of transpiration, or the loss of water vapor from the plant through the stomata, also involves stomata. In times of drought or other situations where the availability of water is limited, the plant can preserve water by slowing its transpiration rate when its stomata are closed.
Overall, depending on the exact situation, closing stomata can have an impact on plants that is both favorable and unfavorable. Stomata closure can have positive and bad effects on a plant's metabolism and general health. In some situations, it can help plants preserve resources and defend themselves from environmental stressors.
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search-icon-headerSearch for questions & chapterssearch-icon-imageUse appLoginClass 11>>Biology>>Cell Cycle and Cell Division>>Mitosis>>A biologist examines a series of cells aQuestionBookmarkA biologist examines a series of cells and counts 160 cells in interphase, 20 cells in prophase, 6 cells in prometaphase, 2 cells in metaphase, 7 cells in anaphase, and 5 cells in telophase. If the complete cell cycle requires 24 hours, what is the average duration of M phase in these cells ?Stage Number of cells Proportion of cells Average durationcounted at each stage (hours)Interphase 1600.809.2Prophase 200.102.4Prometaphase 60.030.72Metaphase 20.010.24Anaphase 70.0350.84Telophase 50.0250.6Totals 2001.024A5.6 hrB19.44 hrC4.8 hrD23.6 hr
The complete cell cycle requires 24 hours and the average duration of the M phase in the given cells is found to be 4.8 hours. And option C is the correct one.
Interphase is the period during which the cell starts to prepare itself. This phase consists of the G1 phase, the S phase, and the G2 phase. Once the cell completes this phase, it enters into the next period called mitosis or the M phase. This phase is the phase during which the cells start to divide. During this phase, the chromosomes are equally split into the daughter cells. This consists of five stages which are (i) prometaphase, (ii) prophase, (iii) metaphase, (iv) anaphase, and (v) telophase.
So to calculate the average duration of the M phase. Add the average duration of each stage mentioned in the table. Then, the average duration of the M phase in these cells is
[tex]\begin{aligned}\text{average duration}&=2.4+0.72+0.24+0.84+0.6\\&=4.8\end{aligned}[/tex]
The required answer is 4.8 hours.
The complete question is -
A biologist examines a series of cells and counts 160 cells in interphase, 20 cells in prophase, 6 cells in prometaphase, 2 cells in metaphase, 7 cells in anaphase, and 5 cells in telophase. If the complete cell cycle requires 24 hours, what is the average duration of the M phase in these cells?
A) 5.6 hr B)19.44 hr C) 4.8 hr D) 23.6 hr
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The first detailed and quantitative studies on inheritance were carried out by an Austrian monk named _____. A. Mendel B. Darwin C. Mendeleev D. Benedict
The first detailed and quantitative studies on inheritance were carried out by an Austrian monk named Gregor Mendel.
Mendel is known as the "father of genetics" for his pioneering work on the inheritance of traits in pea plants, which laid the foundation for the field of genetics. His work, published in the mid-1800s, showed that traits are inherited through the transmission of discrete units of information, now known as genes, from parents to offspring.
Mendel's work was largely ignored at the time, but it was rediscovered in the early 20th century and has had a profound impact on the understanding of how traits are passed down from generation to generation.
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_____ is a natural process, but it can be used in the laboratory to insert medically useful genes into bacterial cells that then produce a specific protein, like insulin or human growth hormone
Genetic engineering or recombinant DNA technology is a natural process, but it can be used in the laboratory to insert medically useful genes into bacterial cells that then produce a specific protein, like insulin or human growth hormone.
1. First, a gene of interest is isolated from a donor organism. This gene contains all the information necessary to produce the specific protein, such as insulin or human growth hormone.
2. Once the gene is isolated, it is inserted into a plasmid, a circular piece of DNA that is used to carry the gene into the target bacterial cell.
3. The plasmid is then inserted into the bacterial cell using a process called transformation. This is done by exposing the bacterial cells to a solution that contains the plasmid.
4. Once the plasmid has been successfully inserted into the bacterial cell, it is replicated along with the bacterial genome. As the cell continues to replicate, the gene of interest is copied into all of the daughter cells.
5. The gene of interest is then expressed, or activated, in the host cell. This causes the cell to produce the desired protein, such as insulin or human growth hormone.
6. Finally, the host cell is harvested and the protein is extracted from the cell. This process is called gene cloning and is used to mass-produce the desired protein in a controlled environment.
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