Answer:
Haha
Hula ko delete yan
Basta akin ibang language haha
Answer:
I need your help
Loraine ano nga ulit pass ng acc ko na heavengrace70
Sorry nalimutan ko eh hehe
1.6 Read the scenario below and answer the questions that follow:
Pearl inherited hudred thousand rands from her late uncle. She choose an investment which is managed by a fund manager who buys shares on the stock exchange/JSE
1.6.1 Name the form of investment chosen by Pearl.
1.6.2 Discuss the disadvantages of the form of investment mentioned in QUESTION 1.6.1
Answer:
1.6.1 unit trusts
1.6.2 -share price may fluctuate
-unit trusts are not allowed to borrow,
therefore reducing potential returns
-not good for people who want to invest for
a short period.
-Not good for people who want avoid risks at
all costs
It has been said that Earned Value Management (EVM) came about because the Federal Government often used "Cost-plus" contractors with project organizations. Cost-plus contracting allows the contractor to recover full project development costs plus accumulate profit from these contracts. Why would requiring contractor firms to employ earned value management help the government hold the line against project cost overruns?
Answer:
Earned Value Management (EVM)
The Federal Government requires contractor firms to employ earned value management because it enables it to assess the work that has been completed against an established baseline plan in terms of technical, time, and cost performance.
Armed with this information, it is in a better position to make important project decisions and help to control over-spending.
Explanation:
Earned value management (EVM) as a integrated project management methodology details the project time schedule, costs, and scope to ensure correct measurement of project performance. Using planned and actual values, EVM enables future predictions, improving the ability of project managers to adjust according to requirements.
Fort Thomas Living is a small publishing company located in the Northern Kentucky. Recently, Fort Thomas Living has contracted with several different local writers to publish various magazines and short-story books. Once such transaction involves an exchange of $10,200. Another transaction involves an exchange of $9,600? Are both of these exchanges of money subject to the disclosure requirements of the Money Laundering Control Act?
Answer: No
Explanation:
The Money Laundering Control Act of 1986 which was passed to curb the effects of large scale money laundering at the federal level, only requires that transactions above $10,000 be disclosed.
There is a transaction here that is only to the tune of $9,600 so this will not be disclosed as it is less than the $10,000 threshold. The other transaction of $10,200 will however, be disclosed.
River co. just paid a dividend of $2 per share out of earnings of $4 per share. If its book value per share is $25 and its stock is currently selling for $40 per share, calculate the required rate of return on the stock.
Answer:
13.4%
Explanation:
Calculation to determine the required rate of return on the stock.
First step
g = (1 - 0.5)(4/25)
g = 0.08*100
g = 8%
Now let determine the required rate of return
r = [(2 * 1.08)/40] + 0.08
r= 13.4%
Therefore the required rate of return on the stock is 13.4%
Early colonists came to America:_________.
a. for a wide range of economic and political agendas as well as for religious and philosophical reasons.
b. to set up a democratic political system.
c. to avoid the widespread poverty and economic depression that was sweeping Europe.
d. solely to obtain land. solely to escape religious persecution.
Answer: a. for a wide range of economic and political agendas as well as for religious and philosophical reasons.
Explanation:
There were various reasons the early colonists came to Northern America to found the colonies such as for economic and political reasons and others for religious reasons.
William Bradford for instance, helped found the Plymouth Colony as a haven for Puritan separatists like himself to escape persecution in England. John Smith on the other hand, came more for economic reasons.
Then there was James Oglethorpe of Georgia who wanted to found a home for the "worthy poor" of England so that they would have a chance to make something of themselves.
The following transactions are for Splish Brothers Company.
1. On December 3, Splish Brothers Company sold $515,600 of merchandise to Sunland Co., on account, terms 3/10, n/30. The cost of the merchandise sold was $320,500.
2. On December 8, Sunland Co. was granted an allowance of $24,000 for merchandise purchased on December 3.
3. On December 13, Splish Brothers Company received the balance due from Sunland Co.
Required:
Prepare the journal entries to record these transactions on the books of Splish Brothers.
Answer and Explanation:
The journal entries are shown below:
On Dec 3
Account receivable $515,600
To Sales revenue $515,600
(Being the sale of merchandise on account is recorded)
Cost of goods sold $320,500
To Inventory $320,500
(Being the cost of merchandise sold on account)
On Dec 8
Sales allowance $24,000
To Account receivable $24,000
On Dec 13
Cash (491600 × 97%) $476,852
Sales discount $14,748
To Account receivable ($515,600 - $24,000) $491,600
(Being the cash received is recorded)
Interest rate (with changing years). Keiko is looking at the following investment choices and wants to know what annual rate of return each choice produces. a. Invest $360.00 and receive $788.17 in 11 years. b. Invest $3 comma 000.00 and receive $11 comma 499.87 in 17 years. c. Invest $31 comma 542.31 and receive $140 comma 000.00 in 22 years. d. Invest $32 comma 895.12 and receive $1 comma 100 comma 000.00 in 40 years.
Answer:
7.38%
8.23%
7.01%
9.17%
Explanation:
Rate of return = (future value / amount invested)^(1/n) - 1
n = number of years
a. (788.17 / 360)^(1/11) - 1 = 7.38%
b. (11.499.87 / 3000) ^(1/17) - 1 = 8.23
c. (140,000 / 31,542.31)^(1/22) - 1 = 7.01
d. (1,100,000 / 32895.12)^(1/40) - 1 = 9.17
explain why it is important for marketers to be able to measure the effectiveness of marketing activities.
Jiminy’s Cricket Farm issued a bond with 25 years to maturity and a semiannual coupon rate of 4 percent 3 years ago. The bond currently sells for 108 percent of its face value. The company’s tax rate is 22 percent.
Answer:
Pretax cost of debt = 3.48%
Aftertax cost of debt = 2.71%
Explanation:
Missing word "What is the pretax cost of debt and aftertax cost of debt"
Coupon rate = 4%
YTM = 22
Nper = YTM*2 = 44
PMT = 1000*4%/2 = 20
FV = 1000
PV = 1080
Rate = rate(nper, pmt, -pv, fv)
Rate = rate(44, 20, -1080, 1000)
Rate = 0.0174
Rate = 1.74%
Pretax cost of debt = Rate * 2
Pretax cost of debt = 1.74% * 2
Pretax cost of debt = 3.48%
Aftertax cost of debt = [3.48% * (1 - 0.22)]
Aftertax cost of debt = 3.48% * 0.78
Aftertax cost of debt = 0.0348 * 0.78
Aftertax cost of debt = 0.027144
Aftertax cost of debt = 2.71%
At an activity level of 6,000 units the cost for maintenance is $7,200 and at 10,000 units the cost for maintenance is $11,600. Using the high-low method, the cost formula for maintenance is: Group of answer choices
Answer:
y = $1.10x + $600
Explanation:
Step 1 : Variable Cost calculation
Variable Cost = ($11,600 - $7,200) ÷ (10,000 - 6,000)
= $1.10
Step 2 : Fixed Cost calculation
Total cost = Variable Cost + Fixed Cost
hence,
Fixed Cost = Total Cost - Variable Cost
= $11,600 - (10,000 x $1.10)
= $600
Step 3 : Cost formula for maintenance
Total cost = Variable Cost + Fixed Cost
therefore,
y = $1.10x + $600
where,
y = Total cost
x = Activity level
Using the high-low method, the cost formula for maintenance is : y = $1.10x + $600
You wrote a piece of software that does a better job of allowing computers to network than any other program designed for this purpose. A large networking company wants to incorporate your software into its systems and is offering to pay you $458,000 today, plus $458,000 at the end of each of the following six years, for permission to do this. If the appropriate interest rate is 8 percent, what is the present value of the cash flow stream that the company is offering you?
Answer:
$2,575,278.87
Explanation:
Present Value = $458,000 + $458,000 /(1+.08)^1 + $458,000 /(1+.08)^2 + $458,000 /(1+.08)^3 + $458,000 /(1+.08)^4 + $458,000 /(1+.08)^5 + $458,000 /(1+.08)^6
Present Value = $458,000 + $424,074.07 + $392,661.18 + $363,575.16 + $336,643.67 + $311,707.10 + $288617.69
Present Value = $2,575,278.87
So, the present value of the cash flow stream that the company is offering to me is $2,575,278.87.
Say that investment increases by $60 for each interest rate drop of 1 percent. Say also that the expenditures multiplier is 4. If the money multiplier is 5, and each 5-unit change in the money supply changes the interest rate by 1 percent, what open market policy would you recommend to increase income by $240
One potential advantage of financing corporations through the use of bonds rather than common stock is: ______________
a. the corporation must pay the bonds at maturity
b. the interest on bonds must be paid when due
c. a higher earning per share is guaranteed for existing common shareholders
d. the interest expense is deductible for tax purposes by the corporation.
Answer:
d. the interest expense is deductible for tax purposes by the corporation.
Explanation:
Corporate finance can be regarded as division of finance which handles the way corporations deal with activities such as investment decisions as well as funding sources and capital structuring. Corporate finance primarily deals with maximization of shareholder value by the use of long and short-term financial planning as well as implementation of various strategies. financing of corporations could be through the use of bonds as well as use of common stock.
There are different advantages that is associated to issuing bonds instead of issuing shares of common stock, is that Interest that comes on bonds as well as other debt is deductible as regards to the income tax return of the corporation while the dividends that comes on common stock are not regarded as deductible on the income tax return. It should be noted that One potential advantage of financing corporations through the use of bonds rather than common stock is the interest expense is deductible for tax purposes by the corporation.
The city of williamsburg decided to defease old 6% bonds carried in its electric enterprise fund with new 4.5% bonds. As a result of the defeasance, the city incurred an accounting loss. This loss should be recognized:_______
a. As an adjustment to retained earnings since it is applicable to prior periods.
b. In the year of the defeasance.
c. Over the remaining life of the old bonds or the new bonds whichever is shorter
d. It should not be recognized
Answer: It should not be recognized
Explanation:
Based on the information given, it should be noted that the accounting loss that was incurred as a result of the defeasance should not be recognized.
Since the city of Williamsburg decided to defease old 6% bonds carried in its electric enterprise fund with new 4.5% bonds, then it should be noted that it was only the interest rate that changed, but there wasn't any bonds that were sold. Therefore, the loss should not be recognized.
Feliciano Manufacturing Corporation has a traditional costing system in which it applies manufacturing overhead to its products using a predetermined overhead rate based on direct labor-hours (DLHs). The company has two products, I63E and E76I, about which it has provided the following data: I63E E76I Direct materials per unit $ 21.70 $ 65.10 Direct labor per unit $ 19.50 $ 58.50 Direct labor-hours per unit 0.80 2.40 Annual production (units) 90,000 30,000
The company's estimated total manufacturing overhead for the year is $2,063,250 and the company's estimated total direct labor-hours for the year is 45,000.
The company is considering using a form of activity-based costing to determine its unit product costs for external reports. Data for this proposed activity-based costing system appear below:
Activities and Activity Measures Estimated
Overhead Cost
Assembling products (DLHs) $ 720,000
Preparing batches (batches) 263,250
Product support (product variations) 1,080,000
Total $ 2,063,250
Expected Activity
I63E E76I Total
DLHs 24,000 21,000 45,000
Batches 1,080 675 1,755
Product variations 2,115 1,485 3,600
The manufacturing overhead that would be applied to a unit of product E76I under the activity-based costing system is closest to:________.
Answer:
Unitary cost= $30.91
Explanation:
First, we need to calculate the activities rate:
Predetermined manufacturing overhead rate= total estimated overhead costs for the period/ total amount of allocation base
Assembling products= 720,000/45,000= $16 per DLH
Preparing batches= 263,250/1,755= $150 per batch
Product support= 1,080,000/3,600= $330 per product variation
Now, we allocate costs to Product E76l:
Assembling products= 16*21,000= $336,000
Preparing batches= 150*675= $101,250
Product support= 330*1,485= $490,050
Total= $927,300
Finally, the unitary cost:
Unitary cost= 927,300 / 30,000
Unitary cost= $30.91
Vandelay Industries stock has a 50% chance of producing a 20% return, a 30% chance of producing a 8% return, and a 20% chance of producing a -21% return. What is Vandelay expected rate of return?
Answer:
8.2%
Explanation:
Calculation to determine the expected rate of return
Expected rate of return= (.50 (.20)) +(.30(.08)) + (.20*(-.21)
Expected rate of return=0.1+0.024+(0.042)
Expected rate of return=.082*100
Expected rate of return=8.2%
Therefore the expected rate of return is 8.2%
During the month of March, Harley's Computer Services made purchases on account totaling $43,500. Also during the month of March, Harley was paid $8,000 by a customer for services to be provided in the future and paid $36,900 of cash on its accounts payable balance. If the balance in the accounts payable account at the beginning of March was $77,300, what is the balance in accounts payable at the end of March?
a. $6,600
b. $75,900
c. $83,900
d. $91,900
Answer:
c. $83,900
Explanation:
The computation of the balance in accounts payable at the end of March is given below;
Opening Balance $77,300
Add: Purchases made $43,500
Less: Cash Paid $(36,900)
Closing Balance $83,900
hence, the balance in accounts payable at the end of March is $83,900
Therefore the option c is correct
If the potential customers belong to the same segment, display comparable characteristics, and choose the same product qualities consistent with their segment, then which condition for the ideal market segment approach should be used
Answer: internally homogenous
Explanation:
Since the potential customers belong to the same segment, display comparable characteristics, and choose the same product qualities that are consistent with their segment, then the condition for the ideal market segment approach which should be used is the internally homogeneous.
On the other hand, if the potential customers are in different segments, have different characteristics, and choose different product qualities, then the externally homogeneous will be ideal.
internally homogenous
True of false management is the execution of a number of integrated and related tasks for the achievement educative goals
Answer:
True
Explanation:
Management could be defined or explained in a number of ways as it is a word which incorporates the the ability to plan, corrdonate, supervise projects, handle the affairs and workings of an organization in other to ovation a desirable outcome. It could also be explained as the ability to undertake or oversee a number of task, activities or related or integrated projects in other to achieve the desired or planned outcome. The ability to manage is gauged or measured by the success achieved at the end or the impact made by the resulting project, the accomplishment of the organization or the growth of the establishment during the managerial period or tenure.
Highsmith Rental Company purchased an apartment building early in 2021. There are 20 apartments in the building and each is furnished with major kitchen appliances. The company has decided to use the group depreciation method for the appliances. The following data are available:
Appliance Cost Residual Value Service Life (in Years)
Stoves $15,000 $3,000 6
Refrigerators 10,000 1,000 5
Dishwashers 8,000 500 4
In 2019, three new refrigerators costing $2,700 were purchased for cash. The old refrigerators, which originally cost $1,500, were sold for $200.
Requried:
a. Calculate the group depreciation rate, group life, and depreciation for 2016.
b. Prepare the journal entries to record the purchase of the new refrigerators and the sale of the old refrigerators.
Answer:
A. Group depreciation rate 17.197%
Group life 5.02 years
Depreciation for 2016 $5,675
B. 2019
Dr Stove, refrigerator and dishwasher $2,700
Cr Cash $2,700
2019
Dr Accumulated Depreciation $1,300
Dr Cash $200
Cr Stove, refrigerator and dishwasher $1,500
Explanation:
A. Calculation to determine the group depreciation rate, group life, and depreciation for 2016.
First step is the Computation of Group depreciation rate, group life and depreciation for 2016
Assets Original Residual Depreciation Estimated Depreciation
Cost Value Cost Life-Years per year-SLM
Stoves $15,000-$3,000= $12,000 6 $2,000 ($12,000/6=$2,000)
Refrigerators $10,000-$1,000=$9,000 5 $1,800 ($9,000/5=$1,800)
Dishwashers $8,000-$500=$7,500 4 $1,875
($7,500/4=$1,875)
Total $33,000 $4,500 $28,500 $5,675
Now let determine the group depreciation rate, group life, and depreciation for 2016.
Calculation for group depreciation rate using this formula
Group Depreciation Rate = Total depreciation per year ÷ Total original cost
Let plug in the formula
Group depreciation rate = $5,675 ÷ $33,000*100
Group depreciation rate= 17.197%
Calculation for Group life using this formula
Group life = Total depreciation cost ÷ Total depreciation per year
Let plug in the formula
Group life = $28,500 ÷ $5,675
Group life = 5.02 years
Calculation for Depreciation for 2016 using this formula
Depreciation for 2016= Original Cost × Group Depreciation Rate
Let plug in the formula
Depreciation for 2016 = $33,000 × 0.17197
Depreciation for 2016= $5,675
Therefore the group depreciation rate is 17.197%, group life is 5.02 years, and depreciation for 2016 is $5,675
B. Preparation of the journal entries to record the purchase of the new refrigerators and the sale of the old refrigerators.
2019
Dr Stove, refrigerator and dishwasher $2,700
Cr Cash $2,700
(To record purchase of new refrigerator)
2019
Dr Accumulated Depreciation $1,300
($1,500-$200)
Dr Cash $200
Cr Stove, refrigerator and dishwasher $1,500
(To record sale of old refrigerator)
From the standpoint of the issuing company, a disadvantage of using bonds as a means of long-term financing is that Group of answer choices bond interest is deductible for tax purposes. interest must be paid on a periodic basis regardless of earnings. income to stockholders may increase as a result of trading on the equity. the bondholders do not have voting rights.
Answer:
interest must be paid on a periodic basis regardless of earnings.
Explanation:
A bond can be defined as a debt or fixed investment security, in which a bondholder (investor or creditor) loans an amount of money to the bond issuer (government or corporations) for a specific period of time. The bond issuer are expected to return the principal (face value) at maturity with an agreed upon interest (coupon), which are paid at fixed intervals.
The disadvantages of bonds are listed below as;
1. Bonds can decrease a person's return on equity.
2. Bonds require a payment of the principal amount.
3. Bonds typically require a payment of periodic interest.
Generally, most bonds with shorter maturity time respond less dramatically to changes in interest rates when compared to bonds having longer maturity. Thus, the risk associated with short bonds isn't really significant because their interest rates are less likely to change substantially within that short period of time unlike bonds with longer maturity.
Hence, regardless of the earnings by bondholders, interest must be paid on a periodic basis on a long-term bond.
Red Co. recorded a right-of-use asset of $140,000 in a 10-year finance lease. Payments of $22,784 are made annually at the end of each year. The interest rate charged by the lessor and known by Red was 10%. The balance in the lease payable after two years will be: (Round your final answer to the nearest whole dollar.)
Answer: $121554
Explanation:
Lease liability = $140,000
Less: Lease liability in 1st year= $8784
Lease payable after one year = $131216
Less: Lease liability in 2nd year = $9662.40
Lease payable after 2nd year = $121553.60 = $121554
Note:
Lease liability in 1st year:
= $22,784 - (10% × $140000)
= $22784 - $14000
= $8784
Lease liability in 2nd year:
= $22784 - (10% × $131216)
= $22784 - $13121.60
= $9662.40
McCann Co. has identified an investment project with the following cash flows.
Year Cash Flow
1 $840
2 1,170
3 1,430
4 1,575
a. If the discount rate is 9 percent, what is the present value of these cash flows?
b. What is the present value at 16 percent?
c. What is the present value at 25 percent?
Answer:
McCann Co.
Present value
a. At 9$ = $2,017.38
b. At 16% = $3,379.42
c. At 25% = $2,798.71
Explanation:
a) Data and Calculations:
Year Cash Flow Discount Present
Factor at 9% Value
1 $840 0.917 $770.28
2 1,170 0.842 143.14
3 1,430 0.772 1,103.96
4 1,575 0.708 1,115.10
Total Present value = $2,017.38
Year Cash Flow Discount Present
Factor at 16% Value
1 $840 0.862 $724.08
2 1,170 0.743 869.31
3 1,430 0.641 916.63
4 1,575 0.552 869.40
Total Present value = $3,379.42
Year Cash Flow Discount Present
Factor at 25% Value
1 $840 0.800 $672.00
2 1,170 0.640 748.80
3 1,430 0.512 732.16
4 1,575 0.410 645.75
Total Present value = $2,798.71
he following materials standards have been established for a particular product: Standard quantity per unit of output 4.2 meters Standard price $ 18.40 per meter The following data pertain to operations concerning the product for the last month: Actual materials purchased 7,200 meters Actual cost of materials purchased $ 138,600 Actual materials used in production 6,700 meters Actual output 1,550 units. What is the materials price variance for the month?
a. $3,658 U
b. $7,700 U
c. $11,770 U
d. $6,120 U
Answer:
d. $6,120 U
Explanation:
Calculation to determine the materials price variance for the month
Using this formula
Materials price variance = (AQ × AP) – (AQ × SP)
Let plug in the formula
Materials price variance = $138,600 – (7,200 meters × $18.40 per meter)
Materials price variance = $138,600 – $132,480
Materials price variance = $6,120 U
Therefore Materials price variance is $6,120 U
Sturbridge Company manufactures fine furniture and grandfather clocks. Sturbridge has an excellent reputation, and each grandfather clock sells for several thousand dollars. Which of the following should not be treated as direct costs, assuming the cost object is individual clocks?
a. The clock face
b. The timing mechanism for each clock
c. Wood
d. Depreciation on dock-making equipment
Answer:
D)depreciation on clock making equipment
Explanation:
From the question we are informed about Sturbridge Company manufactures who fine furniture and grandfather clocks. Sturbridge has an excellent reputation, and each grandfather clock sells for several thousand dollars. In this case, all the following should be treated as direct costs, assuming the cost object is individual clocks;
✓ The clock face
✓The timing mechanism for each clock
✓Wood
A direct cost can be regarded as price which can be tied directly to manufacture of particular goods or services. Direct and indirect costs can be regarded as two major types of costs that can be incurred by companies. Direct costs are been regarded as variable costs often, i.e this cost could fluctuate as q result of production levels like inventory.
Several years ago, Castles in the Sand Inc. issued bonds at face value of $1,000 at a yield to maturity of 8%. Now, with 7 years left until the maturity of the bonds, the company has run into hard times and the yield to maturity on the bonds has increased to 12%. What is the price of the bond now
Answer:
$814.10
Explanation:
Calculation to determine what the price of the bond now
Using this formula
Bond price = PV of coupon payments + PV of face value
Bond price= C×((1 / r) – {1 / [r(1 + r)t]}) + FV / (1 + r)t
Let plug in the formula
Bond price= [(.080 ×$1,000) / 2] ×[[1 / (.12 / 2)] – (1 / {(.12 / 2)[1 + (.12 / 2)](7 ×2)})] + $1,000 / [1 + (.12 / 2)](7 ×2)
Bond price= $814.10
Therefore the price of the bond now is $814.10
THE IMPORTANCE OF INFORMATION IN MARKETING
Answer:
u r answer
Explanation:
Marketing information and research address the need for quicker, yet more accurate, decision making by the marketer. These tools put marketers close to their customers to help them understand who they customers are, what they want, and what competitors are doing.
Lara Technologies is considering a cash outlay of $239,000 for the purchase of land, which it could lease out for $39,450 per year. If alternative investments that yield a 15% return are available, the opportunity cost of the purchase of the land is a.$39,450 b.$35,850 c.$75,300 d.$3,600
Answer:
kOUC VWDODU gaiyw vwiyd viyqdc8y1rv8eyc8eyvc8wyfvy82
Explanation:
to the end of the sixth year;
b/ The number of years required before the capital stock exceeds $200 000.
Renee paid $4,000 in mortgage interest on a $110,000 mortgage that was taken out when she bought her home several years ago. She also has a home equity loan of $130,000 that she used to pay for a cruise around the world. The interest on the home equity loan was $8,000. What amount is deductible as interest expense for Renee in 2021
Answer:
The amount that is deductible as interest expense for Renee in 2021 is:
= $4,000.
Explanation:
a) Data:
Home mortgage - $110,000
Interest on home mortgage = $4,000
Home equity loan for a cruise around the world = $130,000
Interest on the home equity loan = $8,000
Deductible interest expense for Renee in 2021 is $4,000
b) Usually, the interest expenses that a taxpayer pays on her home equity loan to enjoy a cruise around the world, on personal credit card, on automobile loan, and on other types of personal consumer finance interests are not tax-deductible.
In an economy open to international trade ________.
A) saving equals investment in equilibrium
B) saving is the difference between net exports and investment
C) saving equals investment as long as the economy has no exports
D) saving equals investment as long as NX
Answer: D) saving equals investment as long as NX = 0
Explanation:
The last option was incomplete as it should have said ...NX = 0.
The Income/GDP of a country that is open to international trade is calculated as follows:
Income = Consumption + Investment + Government spending + Net exports
Y = C + I + G + NX
If NX = 0 then the formula becomes:
Y = C + I + G
Investment in this scenario is therefore:
I = Y - C - G
This is the same as savings as savings is calculated by subtracting consumption and government spending from the total income. This is because government spending is derived from taxes so the cash that people get to save is their income less than their taxes and consumption expenses.
S = Y - C - G = Y
