Three-year-old Adam happily explores the attractive toys located in the dentist's waiting room while his mother is in the room. However, if she briefly leaves then returns, he will return periodically to her side for brief moments. Adam most clearly displays signs of:
a. secure attachment.
b. object permanence.
c. egocentrism.
d. conservation.

The broaden-and-build hypothesis of positive emotions states that positive emotions broaden an individual's momentary thought-action repertoire, leading to the formation of positive personal resources.

This hypothesis was proposed by Barbara Fredrickson, a positive psychology researcher. Positive emotions have an evolutionary purpose of expanding a person's behavioral, cognitive, and social repertoire beyond what is usually required for basic survival. Positive emotions arise from feelings of joy, interest, love, serenity, gratitude, hope, amusement, inspiration, and pride. These emotions signal that there are no immediate threats to survival or well-being and that an individual can invest their resources in long-term personal development.

Positive emotions broaden the scope of attention, cognition, and behavior. People experiencing positive emotions have an expanded thought-action repertoire and greater flexibility in choosing their actions. Positive emotions have a cumulative effect of building personal resources, including physical, intellectual, social, and psychological resources. These resources, in turn, enhance the individual's ability to cope with stress, adversity, and other negative experiences.

Thus, the broaden-and-build hypothesis posits that positive emotions are not only desirable in their own right but also beneficial for long-term personal growth and well-being. Positive emotions also promote social connections and empathy, increasing an individual's ability to build positive relationships with others. Positive emotions enhance resilience and foster the development of personal resources, leading to positive developmental outcomes.

In summary, the broaden-and-build hypothesis of positive emotions argues that positive emotions are not only good for momentary well-being but also beneficial for long-term personal growth and resilience.

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Part-time religious specialists who use methods like going into trances and spirit possession to act as mediators between the human realm and the spirit realm are called Shamans.

Shamans are typically people who are regarded as having supernatural powers and the ability to mediate between the human realm and the spirit realm. The word "shaman" originates from the Tungus language of Siberia, where shamans were a common phenomenon. Shamans are known to practice spiritual healing and communicate with spirits. Shamanism is one of the oldest religious traditions in the world. It is believed that shamans have the power to connect with the spirit world through the use of rituals and ceremonies.

They are typically responsible for mediating between the spirit world and the physical world. Shamans often practice in indigenous cultures around the world, including Siberia, Africa, South America, and North America. They play a crucial role in the cultural life of these societies, and their work is highly respected.

In conclusion, part-time religious specialists who act as mediators between the human realm and the spirit realm using methods such as going in trances, spirit possession, etc. are called Shamans. Shamans are believed to have supernatural powers and are capable of communicating with the spirit world through the use of rituals and ceremonies. Shamans play an essential role in indigenous cultures worldwide, and their work is highly respected.

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In this example, refugees are victims of scapegoating, as they are blamed because of the frustration experienced within an in-group. Option C is the correct answer.

Scapegoating refers to blaming or punishing someone or a group of people without evidence of their culpability, mostly to relieve frustration or distract attention from the real source of the problem. The term scapegoating came from the ancient Hebrew ritual of casting the sins of the people onto a goat and then sending it to the wilderness to be taken away, symbolizing the exile of sins or guilt. This idea has been transferred to modern societies, where the actions of a group or individual are used to deflect attention from a different person or group's real faults.

This practice has been commonly used in many societies to legitimize discrimination, oppression, or persecution against particular social groups.In the given example, refugees are blamed for causing economic problems and terrorism. The blame is wrongly put on the refugees without substantial evidence that they are guilty of any wrongdoing. This blaming is an instance of scapegoating, where the refugees are unjustifiably made the target of the in-group's frustration and aggression.

To sum up, refugees are victims of scapegoating in this example, as they are blamed due to the frustration experienced within an in-group.

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Europe saw the colonization of Africa as an opportunity to acquire a surplus population, thus settler colonies were created. With this invasion, many European countries saw Africa as being available to their disposal.

Serial-position effect suggests that you are most likely to have trouble remembering music, as the word is listed in the middle. Thus, the correct answer is B.

The serial position effect refers to the tendency of people to better remember items that are presented at the beginning and end of a list, compared to items that are presented in the middle of a list.

The words at the beginning of the list are remembered better due to the primacy effect, while the words at the end of the list are remembered better due to the recency effect.

The recency effect is a phenomenon that refers to a person's ability to remember words, ideas, or other data that were just encountered in a list.

Thus, when you are later asked to recall the list, the serial-position effect would suggest that you are most likely to have trouble remembering music. So, option B is correct.

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Sylvia has used the research method of e. observation, as she has not asked teenage consumers any questions but has noted that they tend to purchase green nail polish, as opposed to purple.

Observation is a process of data collection in which researchers record behaviors and events without communicating with the participants. It is a useful tool for gathering preliminary information about the study topic. Observations can be made in natural or laboratory settings.

Observation can be classified into two categories, including structured observation and unstructured observation. In structured observation, researchers record specific behaviors while in unstructured observation, researchers record everything they see, hear, and feel.

The following are the different research methods that can be used in research studies:

In conclusion, the method used by Sylvia in her research is observation.

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According to Sigmund Freud, Mary is using the defense mechanism of denial.  

What is a defense mechanism?

A defense mechanism is a mental process used by the unconscious mind to control, manipulate, or dismiss anxiety-causing or unacceptable ideas, impulses, or feelings. Defense mechanisms are developed by the ego, a component of the personality that mediates conflicts between the demands of the id, superego, and reality.

Defense mechanisms are frequently used by the ego to resolve these conflicts and protect itself from negative feelings such as anxiety, frustration, or anger. Different types of defense mechanisms include denial, displacement, projection, repression, rationalization, reaction formation, sublimation, and undoing.

According to Sigmund Freud, Mary is using the defense mechanism of denial. She's attempting to ignore evidence of her husband's infidelity by creating an explanation to explain it away. Her brain is concealing something that is emotionally distressing for her to comprehend.

The defense mechanism of denial enables the person to cope with reality, but it can also lead to significant difficulties in their personal and professional lives.

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They also complain that it frequently worsens environmental problems, discriminates against developing nations, says that the international taxes that it regulates are burdensome to smaller countries, and charges that the WTO's subsidy policies unfairly target poor people. However, the WTO aims to assist governments in establishing a sustainable trade policy by increasing the transparency of the global trade environment. What is the World Trade Organization (WTO)?The World Trade Organization (WTO) is a forum for countries to negotiate trade agreements. The organization promotes free and fair trade, as well as economic growth and development. The WTO is designed to create rules that governments agree to follow to make trade more accessible and predictable.

Moreover, it helps to ensure that countries have a voice in trade negotiations, which increases their ability to participate and prosper in the global economy. The WTO has been the subject of numerous criticisms by several interest groups. Some of the criticisms are based on the belief that the organization is responsible for several of the world's economic problems, while others suggest that the organization is inefficient and ineffective at achieving its objectives.

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People from every nation rely on the same petroleum and steel to drive their cars and build their homes. These two products are examples of what type of need?

These two products are examples of universal need. What is petroleum? Petroleum is a viscous, homogenous, and a naturally occurring liquid consisting of complex hydrocarbons and various organic compounds. Petroleum or crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons that are mainly found beneath the earth's surface in sedimentary rocks.What is homogenous?A homogenous mixture is a blend of substances that have been mixed thoroughly and evenly distributed throughout the mixture. It is the same throughout its entire composition; its composition is uniform throughout. It may contain a single phase or multiple phases. Click here for more information about Petroleum.

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I will focus my attention and avoid distractions when studying by setting a specific time and place to do so, attending all classes, and completing all assigned readings.

Attention is the ability to focus on a specific thought or task while blocking out irrelevant information. It is a cognitive process that involves the selection of relevant information from the environment, and is a fundamental component of higher-order functioning. Attention can be divided into two categories: selective and divided. Selective attention involves focusing on one particular stimulus in a crowded environment, while divided attention involves the simultaneous processing of multiple stimuli.

I will focus my attention and avoid distractions when studying by setting a specific time and place to do so, attending all classes, and completing all assigned readings. I will actively engage with the material by taking detailed notes and seeking out opportunities to ask my instructors questions. I will review my notes and re-read passages from my textbook before tests to help me better understand the material. I will also seek out resources such as online tutorials or study groups to help me better understand the material. I will use my test results and instructor feedback to help me identify and address areas of weakness, and to make sure I'm prepared for future tests.

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According to Erikson, people who fail the adolescence stage develop Role Confusion and enter adulthood without a solid sense of who they are or what they think is the meaning of their lives . (D)

According to Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, during adolescence (12-18 years old), individuals go through a process of identity vs. role confusion. (D)

During this stage, individuals explore who they are and where they fit in, while simultaneously trying to develop a sense of self. Those who are unsuccessful at this stage will enter adulthood without a solid sense of who they are or what they think is the meaning of their lives, leading to role confusion.

Role confusion is a state of not having a clear understanding of one's identity or sense of self, and not having a clear purpose in life.

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For off-campus work-study positions, students should contact the financial aid office. Thus, the correct option is (B).

Student financial assistance in the United States is money that is only accessible to students who are enrolled in post-secondary educational institutions in the United States. This grant is provided to help with the high expenditures associated with pursuing post-secondary education.

Scholarships, grants, student loans, and work-study programs are all examples of financial help for students. Each of these techniques of giving financial assistance to students has advantages and disadvantages.

Financial aid may have only a tertiary relationship to educational rank in nations that give education to all at no cost, instead related to the economic situations of the family, and financial support for students is mostly indirect.

Therefore, the correct option is "B".

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Intelligence refers to the ability to analyze, judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast. Analytical is the correct option that represents intelligence.

Analytical intelligence is the ability to dissect a problem or situation, establish the underlying structure of the situation, and devise a method for solving it.

Analytical intelligence is the capacity to think critically, solve problems, and make choices based on prior knowledge and experience. It is considered to be one of the most essential types of intelligence.

Practical intelligence is the ability to get things done. In other words, practical intelligence is the capacity to put knowledge into action. It is important in our everyday lives.

Creative intelligence is the ability to come up with original ideas. It is the capacity to envision new concepts and develop innovative solutions to problems.

Imaginative intelligence is the ability to visualize and imagine things. It is related to the capacity to think creatively and to form pictures in the mind.

Therefore, the correct answer is analytical.

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B. new buy, straight rebuy, and modified rebuy are the three general categories that marketers use to classify business-to-business buying situations.

A new buy situation occurs when a business customer purchases a product or service for the first time, and it involves a high degree of decision-making and risk-taking.

A straight rebuy situation occurs when a business customer reorders a product or service that it has purchased in the past with little or no modification to the original order.

A modified rebuy situation occurs when a business customer wants to modify the specifications, terms, or suppliers of a product or service it has purchased in the past. In this situation, the buying process may involve significant research and evaluation to ensure the modifications meet the customer's needs.

By understanding these three general categories of business-to-business buying situations, marketers can tailor their marketing strategies and tactics to meet the specific needs and expectations of their customers, and improve their chances of success in the market.

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The  statements that correctly describe primate vocalizations are:

Statements 1, 3, and 4 correctly describe primate vocalizations. Primate vocalizations are a form of vocal communication that allows individuals to communicate with one another. Vocal systems of primates are complex and can vary across species. Selective pressures, such as the need to communicate effectively with other members of their social group, likely shaped the evolution of primate vocalizations.

However, not all primates produce vocalizations. Some species, such as orangutans, are relatively silent and rely more on body language and visual cues to communicate.

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Richard Nixon can be credited with the formal repudiation of the termination of Native American tribes from federal assistance. Hence, option B is correct.

Richard Milhous Nixon served as the 37th president of the US from 1969 to 1974. He was a Republican who'd already served time as the senator from California. He was Vice President Dwight D. Eisenhower's 36th Vice President from 1953 until 1961.

Reconciliation was the primary priority for President Richard M. Nixon. The nation was cruelly split by war overseas and unrest in the cities. Nixon was able to restore relations with China and the Soviets while also halting American military operations in Vietnam. Yet, the Watergate scandal deepened rifts already present in the country and ultimately led to his departure.

After successfully bringing an end to American military operations in Vietnam and improving ties with the USSR and China, he became the sole President to ever resign from office as a result of the Watergate scandal.

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The ethical principle that focuses on the common good rather than on individual rights is utilitarianism.

Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that emphasizes maximizing overall happiness or pleasure and reducing overall suffering. It is a form of consequentialism, implying that the morality of an action is dependent on its consequences. It is often contrasted with deontological ethical theories, which emphasize following moral principles or duties, such as the principle of individual rights.

It holds that the most ethical action is the one that maximizes overall happiness or pleasure and reduces overall suffering or pain, for the greatest number of people possible. The ethical principle that focuses on the common good rather than on individual rights is utilitarianism.

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Judith Lorber believes that gender is a social institution because it "is a major structure organizing our day-to-day experiences" (Option C).

Gender, as a social institution, refers to the social roles, behaviors, and expectations that society has assigned to individuals based on their sex categories. Gender is a social construction instead of a biological construction, according to Judith Lorber.

This implies that gender is not fixed and unchanging across cultures or across time. Rather, gender is a set of cultural practices that are subject to change based on social and historical contexts, and is created by societies to suit their specific needs or desires.Based on the given options, the correct option would be: Option (c) is a major structure organizing our day-to-day experiences.

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An increase in the rate of inflation, an increase in the frequency with which workers are paid, and an increase in the availability of interest-bearing checking accounts will cause an increase in the velocity of money.

The velocity of money is defined as the number of times a unit of money is used to purchase goods and services in a given period. It is calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to the money supply. According to the quantity theory of money, velocity is proportional to the ratio of nominal GDP to the money supply. The velocity of money tends to increase when people have lower money balances and tends to decrease when people have higher money balances. This is because as people have less money, they tend to spend more of it in order to meet their basic needs.

The following factors can increase the velocity of money:

An increase in the rate of inflation: Inflation erodes the value of money over time. As a result, people are motivated to spend their money more quickly in order to avoid losses due to inflation. This increased spending leads to an increase in the velocity of money.

A long period of low inflation: A long period of low inflation can create an environment in which people feel more secure about their financial situation. This increased sense of security can lead people to spend more freely, which leads to an increase in the velocity of money.

An increase in the frequency with which workers are paid: When workers are paid more frequently, they tend to spend more of their money. This increased spending leads to an increase in the velocity of money.

An increase in the availability of interest-bearing checking accounts: When interest-bearing checking accounts are available, people are more likely to deposit their money in them. This increased availability of interest-bearing checking accounts leads to an increase in the velocity of money.

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In terms of reinforcement schedules, interval schedules always relate to the elapsed time between reinforcements. The correct option is A. elapsed time between reinforcements.

Reinforcement schedules are a part of operant conditioning. They are designed to reward and strengthen particular behaviors. A reinforcement schedule is a predetermined plan that explains when and how a reinforcer should be delivered for a particular response. An example of reinforcement would be an employer offering a bonus to employees who surpass their sales goals.

In this scenario, the bonus acts as the reinforcer. Interval schedules are reinforcement schedule that pertains to how long the organism must wait to receive reinforcement. An example of an interval schedule would be getting paid every two weeks for working a 40-hour workweek. The two-week waiting period is between the behavior (working) and the reinforcement (payment). So, in terms of reinforcement schedules, interval schedules always relate to the elapsed time between reinforcements.

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The concept of the avatar is similar to concepts in other religious traditions concerning a divine presence on earth, such as Christianity's concept of Jesus as the incarnation of God. The key difference is that an avatar is generally seen as a manifestation of a deity, rather than a being who is equal to God or contains part of God's essence.

In Hinduism, the concept of Avatar describes the belief that the Supreme Being manifests in various forms or incarnations in response to human suffering and moral decay. Krishna, Rama, Buddha, and Kalki are among the ten most popular avatars. They embody the divine force's physical manifestation in human form, and they seek to restore dharma and order to the universe.

In other religions, the divine presence is considered to be one with God, not a separate entity. The concept of avatars in Hinduism is closely tied to the doctrine of reincarnation, whereas in other religions, there is no equivalent concept of rebirth.

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True, a (bring your own device) BYOD policy is a statement concerning employees' permissions and responsibilities when they use their own device for organizational business.

BYOD (bring your own device) policy is a statement that outlines an organization's acceptable use of personal devices for work purposes. It describes the specific devices that are permitted, who is authorized to use them, and the security standards that must be followed when using those devices.

BYOD policies include guidelines for employees and help ensure that sensitive business information is protected. It is the company's responsibility to ensure that employees use devices properly and to educate them about security procedures to minimize the risk of a data breach.

The organization's BYOD policy must be regularly reviewed and updated to reflect changing security threats and technological advancements. However, not every company requires a BYOD policy. It is up to the company's management to decide whether or not a BYOD policy is needed for their employees.

A BYOD policy is not necessary for companies that do not require their employees to use their personal devices for work purposes.

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The concept argued that the "deserving poor" solely blanketed children.

Social Darwinists accept as true with in “survival of the fittest”—the thinking that certain people become powerful in society because they are innately better. Social Darwinism has been used to justify imperialism, racism, eugenics and social inequality at more than a few instances over the previous century and a half.

Social Darwinism is typically understood to suggest the application of Darwin's biological theories to the social and cultural realm. In reality, sociocultural evolutionary theories developed in parallel to organic theories, instead than emerging from them.

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Two social science principles that affect our lifestyle in comparison to the areas of increased longevity are: Social Capital - It can be broken down into two types: bonding social capital and bridging social capital.

Bonding social capital is the connections between individuals of similar backgrounds and identities. It provides social support and a sense of belonging. Bridging social capital is the connections between individuals of different backgrounds and identities.

It fosters cooperation and understanding. In our day-to-day life, we can cultivate social capital by joining clubs, volunteering, or attending events. This can help us build relationships and support systems that can improve our overall well-being and longevity.

Social Determinants of Health - This principle recognizes that social, economic, and environmental factors contribute to health outcomes. These factors include income, education, access to healthcare, housing, and environment.

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False. Both private and public solutions can produce efficient solutions to externalities, depending on the specific circumstances of the situation.

Private solutions, such as negotiation between parties or the use of market-based instruments like taxes and subsidies, can incentivize individuals and firms to internalize the costs and benefits of their actions, leading to more efficient outcomes.

Public solutions, such as regulations and public provision of goods and services, can also internalize externalities by setting standards or providing public goods that create positive externalities, leading to more efficient outcomes.

Ultimately, the effectiveness of any solution depends on the nature of the externality, the behavior of the parties involved, and the feasibility of implementing and enforcing the solution.

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Answer:

Explanation:

The media plays a crucial role in shaping public opinion in a country. It can influence the way people perceive events, issues, and individuals, and can have a significant impact on the attitudes and behaviours of the public. There are several ways in which the media can frame public opinion, and here are a few examples:

Selective Reporting: The media may choose to report on certain events or issues and ignore others. This can lead to a biased representation of reality, and the public may form an opinion based on incomplete or inaccurate information. For example, if the media only reports on crimes committed by a certain group of people and ignores crimes committed by others, it can create a negative perception of that group in the minds of the public.

Agenda Setting: The media can also influence public opinion by setting the agenda for what issues are considered important. By giving more coverage to certain issues, the media can direct public attention and shape perceptions. For instance, if the media consistently reports on the dangers of a particular food item, it can create a perception that it is unsafe, even if the risks are minimal.

Framing: The way the media presents the information can also affect public opinion. By framing an issue in a certain way, the media can influence the way people perceive it. For example, if the media frames an election as a battle between two opposing sides, it can create a perception that there are only two choices, even if there are other candidates or parties.

An example of media framing can be seen during political campaigns. The media often frames candidates in a certain way, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses and shaping public opinion. For example, if the media portrays a candidate as a strong leader, it can create a perception that they are the best choice for the job. Similarly, if the media portrays a candidate as dishonest or corrupt, it can create a negative perception of that candidate in the minds of the public. The way the media covers debates, speeches, and rallies can also influence public opinion by emphasizing certain issues or topics and ignoring others.

According to Verba, Schlozman, and Brady, the three reasons people don't participate in politics are resources, psychological orientation, and situational elements.What are resources?Resources can be financial, social, or educational.

Resources are essential for political participation because people cannot take part in politics without them. Those who have fewer resources may have limited opportunities to participate in political activities because of social, economic, or education barriers.

Psychological OrientationThe psychological orientation refers to a person's attitude toward politics. Some people believe that politics does not concern them, which may be due to their upbringing or education. Others may feel that they do not have the skills or knowledge to participate in politics.

Situational ElementsSituational elements refer to the factors that influence political participation at a specific time. The situational elements may include the policies and candidates proposed by a political party or the structure of the political system.

Situational factors may vary from place to place and from one election to another.These are the three reasons people don't participate in politics according to Verba, Schlozman, and Brady.

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When parents refuse to accept several psychologists' diagnoses of a child's mental illness, they are using the defense mechanism of denial.

Defense mechanisms are automatic psychological behaviors that protect people from anxiety or unwanted reality. Defense mechanisms are mechanisms that protect the mind against feelings and ideas that may cause anxiety. It's a subconscious approach to addressing stressful situations.

A defense mechanism is a way of responding to stress and anxiety. It is an automatic emotional mechanism that helps the individual maintain self-esteem by reducing the effects of stress or emotional pain. Defense mechanisms can also take the form of emotions or behaviors. There are several types of defense mechanisms, some of which include projection, repression, rationalization, denial, and displacement.

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With globalization, urbanization of the countryside, the increase of prosperity, education, and private responsibility, nuclear families tend to follow more and more the Western trends.

What is Globalization?

Globalization is the worldwide movement toward economic, financial, trade, and communications integration. This implies that national economies, socio-cultural frameworks, and legal systems are intertwined.

This convergence leads to the development of a global economy, a global culture, and a global society.The most common family structure in Western culture is the nuclear family. A married couple and their children are included in a nuclear family.

The modern Western nuclear family is frequently linked with the culture's changing social and economic structures. Globalization, urbanization of the countryside, the increase of prosperity, education, and private responsibility all contribute to the increase of the Western trend-following nuclear family structure.

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