The specific heat capacity of a pure substance can be found by dividing the heat needed to change the temperature of a sample of the substance by the mass of the sample and by the change in temperature. The specific heat capacity of a certain substance has been measured to be 3.52 J/g °C. Suppose 420.0 g of the substance is heated until the temperature of the sample has changed by 43.8 °C.
Write an equation that will let you calculate the last Q that was needed for this temperature change. Your equation should contain only symbols. Be sure to define each symbol.

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

The answers to your questions are given below.

Explanation:

Data obtained from the question include:

Mass (M) = 420.0 g

Temperature change (ΔT) = 43.8 °C

Specific heat capacity (C) = 3.52 J/g °C

Heat needed (Q) =...?

The heat needed for the temperature change can be obtained by using the following formula:

Q = MCΔT

Where:

Q is the heat needed measured in joule (J).

M is the mass of substance measured in grams (g)

C is the specific heat capacity of the substance with unit J/g °C.

ΔT is the temperature change measured in degree celsius (°C).

Thus, we can calculate the heat needed to change the temperature as follow:

Q = MCΔT

Q = 420 x 3.52 x 43.8

Q = 64753.92 J

Therefore, the heat needed to cause the temperature change is 64753.92 J


Related Questions

can you catch coronavirus from F.A.R.Ts?

Answers

Answer:

No

Explanation:

Droplets or aerosols. When an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, droplets or tiny particles called aerosols carry the virus into the air from their nose or mouth. Anyone who is within 6 feet of that person can breathe it into their lungs.

Airborne transmission. Research shows that the virus can live in the air for up to 3 hours. It can get into your lungs if someone who has it breathes out and you breathe that air in.

Surface transmission. Another way to catch the new coronavirus is when you touch surfaces that someone who has the virus has coughed or sneezed on. You may touch a countertop or doorknob that's contaminated and then touch your nose, mouth, or eyes. The virus can live on surfaces like plastic and stainless steel for 2 to 3 days. To stop it, clean and disinfect all counters, knobs, and other surfaces you and your family touch several times a day.

Fecal-oral. Studies also suggest that virus particles can be found in infected people's poop. But experts aren't sure whether the infection can spread through contact with an infected person's stool. If that person uses the bathroom and doesn't wash their hands, they could infect things and people that they touch.

Which scientist developed a new model of planetary motion?

Answers

Answer: Johannes Kepler

Answer:

i believe the answer us kepler

Explanation:

an atom Y has atomic number 13. It loses three electrons in order to be stable.

i.) What is the proton number and electron number of the atom

a)before it loses electrons
b) after losing electrons


ii.) name the tyoe of ion formed by the atom when it loses three electrons
Show by illustration​

Answers

(A) proton number= 13 electron =13
(B) proton number=10 electron =10

An atom Y has atomic number 13, so the no. of electrons and protons in it is 13 and after loses it will form cation and no. of electrons will become 10.

What is atomic number?

Atomic number of an atom is equal to the number of electrons or protons present in that atom.

Before loses electrons

Number of protons and electrons in the atom before loses electron is 13, as given atomic number is 13.

After loses 3 electrons

Number of elctrons in the atom is 10 and number of protons is 13, as protons are present in the nucleus.

Name of the ion which is formed by the atom is cation as it bears positive charge on it.

So, number of protons is always same i.e. 13 within the atom and no. of electrons after losing 3 electrons is 10.

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8.310x10^2 – 7.210x10^1

[?]x10^[?]​

Answers

Answer:

[tex]7.589\times 10^{2}[/tex]

Explanation:

The expression can be solved mathematically as follows:

1) [tex]8.310\times 10^{2}-7.210\times 10^{1}[/tex] Given

2) [tex]8.310\times 10^{1+1} - 7.210\times 10^{1}[/tex] Definition of sum

3) [tex](8.310\times 10^{1})\times 10^{1}-7.210\times 10^{1}[/tex] [tex]a^{m+n} = a^{m}\cdot a^{n}[/tex]/Associative property

4) [tex](8.310\times 10^{1}-7.210)\times 10^{1}[/tex] Distributive property

5) [tex](83.100-7.210)\times 10^{1}[/tex] Multiplication

6) [tex]75.89\times 10^{1}[/tex] Subtraction.

7) [tex](7.589\times 10^{1})\times 10^{1}[/tex] Multiplication/Associative property

8) [tex]7.589\times (10^{1}\times 10^{1})[/tex] Associative property

9) [tex]7.589\times 10^{2}[/tex] [tex]a^{m+n} = a^{m}\cdot a^{n}[/tex]/Result

What wavelength measures
A. Depth
B. Distance
C. Energy
D. Speed
E. Time
F. Volume

Answers

Answer:

Distance.

Explanation:

Wavelength (λ) can be defined as the distance between two successive crest or trough of a wave.

From the above definition, wavelength (λ) simply measures distance.

This can further be explained by obtaining the unit of measurement for wavelength (λ).

This can be illustrated below:

Wavelength is related velocity and frequency according to the following equation:

Velocity (v) = wavelength (λ) x frequency (f)

v = λf

λ = v/f

Velocity is measured in ms¯¹

Frequency is measured in hertz, Hz (s¯¹)

λ = v/f

λ = ms¯¹ / s¯¹

λ = m

We can see that wavelength is measured in metre (m) which is the same unit for measuring distance.

Therefore, wavelength measures distance.

Which of the following sequences describes how a four-stroke engine cycle
powers the engine?

Answers

Answer: Air and fuel intake, compression and ignition, combustion and expansion, exhaust

Explanation:

Explain why chlorine is a gas while iodine is a solid yet both are halogens. Select one: a. Both iodine and chlorine differ in strength of metallic bonds b. Chlorine has strong inter molecular forces than iodine c. Iodine molecules are large with strong inter molecular forces than chlorine

Answers

Answer:

Chlorine has strong inter molecular forces than iodine

Explanation:

Answer:

Chlorine has strong inter molecular forces than iodine

Explanation:

I2 is a solid while Cl2 is a gas because Iodine molecules are larger and therefore experience stronger intermolecular forces.

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How does antifreeze rely on colligative properties to work?

A. It causes the vapor pressure to increase and the increased outward pressure of the gasoline vapors prevents it from solidifying into ice.
B. It causes freezing point elevation which raises the temperature of the gasoline without letting it freeze.
C. It causes freezing point depression which requires the gasoline to reach a much lower temperature before freezing.
D. It causing boiling point elevation, which raises the temperature of the gasoline without letting it boil so that it can resist the cold.

WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST FOR CORRECT!!!

Answers

It causes freezing point depression which requires the gasoline to reach a much lower temperature before freezing. Hence, option C is correct.

What is the freezing point?

Whenever a solute is added to a solution/solvent, it leads to depression in the freezing point of that solution/solvent. Depression in the freezing point of a solution on the addition of a solute is a colligative property.

A colligative property is a physical property which depends upon the number of solutes added not on the nature of solutes which means it does not matter whether we are adding 1000 particles of sugar or salt in water, the depression in the freezing point will occur by the same °C. Also, the more a solute is added the more will be the depression at the freezing point.

The formula for depression at the freezing point is mentioned as under:

             Δ T = K x m

where Δ T = freezing point depression;

                 K = cryoscopic constant;

                 m = molality of the solution.

For example, The freezing point of water is 0 °C but as soon as we add a 92 gm solute like NaCl (common salt) in 1000 gm of water, its freezing point will be lower to −3.72 °C.

Hence, option C is correct.

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In the laboratory, a volume of 100 mL of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is recorded. How many g are there of the liquid if its density is 1.83 g / cm3?

Answers

Answer:

[tex]\large \boxed{\text{183 g}}[/tex]  

Explanation:

[tex]\begin{array}{rcl}\text{Density} & = & \dfrac{\text{Mass}}{\text{Volume}}\\\\\rho & = &\dfrac{m}{V}\\\\1.83 \text{ g$\cdot$ cm}^{-3} & = & \dfrac{m}{\text{100 cm}^{3}}\\\\m & = & \text{183 g}\\\end{array}\\\text{There are $\large \boxed{\textbf{183 g}}$ of sulfuric acid.}[/tex]

You are pushing a box with 20 N of force that has
a mass of 10 kg, solve for acceleration

Answers

Answer:

Force=mass ×acceleration.

20=10×acceleration.

20=10a.

a=2m/s^2.

Which statement best describes a compound formed by an ionic bond?

A) negatively charged
B) neutral
C) contains multiple charges
D) positively charged​

Answers

Answer is D

Explanation:

Answer:

B. Neutral

Explanation:

When there is a ionic bond,  one element steals or takes away an electron from the other element.

An example is NaCl

In this compound, Chlorine atom steals an extra electron from Sodium to fill its outer shell. So, this is a Ionic bond. Since, the Sodium compound gives away an atom, it is positively charged. Since, Chlorine steals an atom, it is negatively charged. Opposite charges attract, so they become a compound.

When positive and negative mix, it becomes neutral.

The primary function of a scuba regulator is to: Reduce high-pressure gas in the scuba cylinder to a more breathable intermediate pressure. Reduce high-pressure gas in the scuba cylinder to ambient (surrounding) pressure. Provide a diver with a continuous flow of oxygenated air. None of the above.

Answers

Answer:

Reduce high-pressure gas in the scuba cylinder to ambient (surrounding) pressure.

Explanation:

The primary function of a scuba regulator would be to reduce high-pressure gas in the scuba cylinder to ambient pressure.

A scuba regulator is a structure found attached to the scuba cylinder usually carried by scuba divers. The structure regulates the pressure of the breathing gas in the cylinder to a safe level before the gas becomes available for the breathing process of divers.

Usually, the gas in a scuba cylinder is at a high level. Hence, what the regulator does is to bring it down to a level that would be safe for the breathing of the diver.

Iron and aluminum are examples of

Answers

Answer:

Iron and aluminum are both examples of metals that are used commonly in everyday life.

The melting points of ionic compounds _____

Answers

Explanation:

ionic compounds have high melting points

Three determinations were made of the following percentage of oxygen in mercuric oxide. The results were 7.40%, 7.43%, and 7.35%. What was the average percentage?

Answers

7.39% Hope that helps! :)

A substance is followed by the symbol (I) in a chemical Equation. What does the symbol Represent

Answers

Answer:

Iodine

Explanation:

Hope this helps. Think about me, when giving out brainiest.

What happens during an alpha decay?

Answers

Answer:

Alpha decay is a type of radioactive disintegration in which unstable atomic nucleus releases a helium nucleus or alpha particle and transform into a different element. The new element formed will be reduced by four and the atomic number will be reduced by two.

Example of alpha decay is: Uranium 238 transform into Thorium 234 with the emission of an alpha particle.

5. What distinguishes the noble gases from other elements in the main group?
How does this contribute to the tendency for the various elements to react
with each other?

Answers

Answer:

Noble gases are the least reactive of all known elements. Their outer energy levels are full because they each have eight valence electrons. ... As a result, noble gases cannot become more stable by reacting with other elements and gaining or losing valence electrons.

Explanation:

Noble gases have complete valence shells so they do not participate in the reactions while the other elements in the main group have incomplete valence shells so they participate in the reaction to complete it.

What are noble gases?

Noble gases can be described as the six elements that belong to the 18th  group of the modern periodic table. The elements of group 18 are Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon, and Radon.

Under normal temperature and pressure conditions, all noble gases exist in the gaseous state and exhibit low chemical reactivity hence they are also referred to as inert gas.  All noble gases possess stable electronic configurations because their valence shell is fully filled.

Noble gases are generally found as mono-atomic gases. The general electronic configuration group 18 elements can be written as ‘ns²np⁶’ where n is the principal quantum number.

Therefore, the reactivity of the noble gases can be distinguished from other elements in the main group.

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PLZ HELP! TIMED TEST Which of the following groups of elements are likely to have elements in the three states of matter? (1 point)
Alkali metals
Actinides
Halogens
Lanthanides

Answers

Answer:

Halogens

Explanation:

Matter is defined as a substance which has mass and occupies volume. The three states of matter are solid, liquid and gas.

Elements which are present in group 17 are known as halogens.

Elements present in this group are fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.

At room temperature, both fluorine and chlorine exists as a gas.

Bromine exists as a liquid and iodine exists as a solid.

Therefore, we can conclude that halogen groups are likely to have elements in three states of matter.

5 (01.01 LC)
Which of the following would be a warning sign that information about a weight loss medication is not reliable science?

Answers

Answer:

The scientists and all test subjects involved in the investigation work for the company that sells the medication.

Explanation:

The options are as below:

A. The investigation compared a group that took the medication to a control group that did not take the medication.

B. The scientists and all test subjects involved in the investigation work for the company that sells the medication.

C. The weight loss medication worked for 95 out of the 100 test subjects, while only 15 of the 100 control subjects lost weight.

D. The weight loss results were replicated by scientists conducting a study at an independent institution

The correct option would be that the scientists and all test subjects involved in the investigation work for the company that sells the medication.

When selecting the test subjects for research, the selection must be as random as possible so as to ensure an unbiased outcome and increase the reliability of the research.

Limiting the test subjects to those that work in the company that sells the medication will generally reduce the reliability of the outcome because of element of bias that can be introduced either knowingly or unknowingly.

The test subjects must have been selected from the general population of target users for the medication and not limited to just the employees of the manufacturing company.

Correct option: B

Perform the forlowing
mathematical operation, and
report the answer to the correct
number of significant figures.
4568/13 = [?]

Answers

Answer:

[tex]\large \boxed{350}[/tex]

Explanation:

In multiplication and division problems, the answer can have no more significant figures than the number with the fewest significant figures.

My calculator gives the result:

[tex]\dfrac{4568}{13} = 351.3846154[/tex]

4658 has four significant figures.

     13 has two significant figures.

You must round to two significant figures.

That is, you drop all the digits to the right of the 5 — the red line in Fig. 1 below. You are rounding to the nearest ten.

To round a number to the nearest ten, you look at the number in the ones place (1). See Fig. 2.

If the number to be dropped — the digit in the ones place — is less than 5, you drop the digit in the ones place (Fig. 3). It becomes a zero.

The number in the tens place is a trailing zero. It is not significant.

[tex]\text{The quotient of $\dfrac{4658}{13}$ is $\large \boxed{\mathbf{350}}$}[/tex]

Consider the hypothetical chemical reaction represented by the equation 3 A + 2 B → A 3B 2 Which of the following is a correct interpretation of this equation? i. 3 grams of A react with 2 grams of B to form 1 gram of A 3B 2 ii. 3 atoms of A react with 2 atoms of B to form 1 molecule of A 3B 2 iii. 3 moles of A react with 2 moles of B to form 1 mole of A 3B 2

Answers

Answer:

iii. 3 moles of A react with 2 moles of B to form 1 mole of A 3B 2

Explanation:

A + 2 B → A 3B 2

A chemical equation among other things, gives the stoichiometry of the reaction; that is the relationship between reactants and products.

This relationship is basically stated in moles form the coefficients of the reactants and product.

From the reaction above, we can say;

1 mol of A reacts with 2 mol of B to form 1 mol of A3B2

It cannot be grams because the reactants and products all have different molar masses.

The correct interpretation of the equation of the hypothetical chemical reaction is; Choice (iii) 3 moles of A react with 2 moles of B to form 1 mole of A 3B 2.

Definition:

Chemical equations are equations that make use of chemical formulae and symbols to represent chemical reactions. The left-hand side of a chemical equation represents the reactants and the right-hand side represents the products.

Each reacting entity is also assigned its corresponding stoichiometric coefficient.

However, this stoichiometric coefficient is to quantify the no. of moles of the reactants consumed or products formed as the case may be.

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Define freezing....... Correct and detailed answers will be marked as Brainliest.

Answers

Freezing:

The transformation of liquid into solid when it reaches when it's temperature is below freezing point.

Answer:

Freezing:

When liquid is converted to solid, the process is called freezing.

Conditions for freezing:

1) Temperature must be lowered.

2) The temperature should be below 0 degree centigrade.

Example:

The conversion of "liquid water" into "ice".

=> We can use a "freezer" to freeze things.

WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST, Which of the following would have the greatest amount of surface area?
A. 1 cubic foot of watermelons
B. 1 cubic foot of matchbox cars
C. 1 cubic foot of loose sand
D. A 1 cubic foot block of concrete

Answers

Answer:

C. 1 cubic foot of loose sand

Explanation:

For many  objects having equal volume , surface area will be maximum

of the object which has spherical shape .

But when a sphere is broken into tiny small spheres , total surface area of all the small spheres will be more than surface area of big sphere .

Hence among the given option , surface area of loose sand will have greatest surface area . Loose sand is equivalent to small spheres .

Answer:

the answer would be C 1 cubic foot of loose sand.

Shalom, Guys!
The molar mass of strontium (\ce{Sr}SrS, r) is \pu{87.62 g/mol}87.62 g/mol87, point, 62, space, g, slash, m, o, l. Calculate the number of atoms in a \pu{67.5 mg}67.5 mg67, point, 5, space, m, g sample of \ce{Sr}SrS, r. Write your answer in scientific notation using three significant figures. \text{atoms Sr} ______________ atoms Sr
Love, Piper Rockelle

Answers

Answer:

4.30 × 10²⁰ atoms

Explanation:

You need to find out how many moles you have.  First, convert milligrams to grams.

62.5 mg × (1 g)/(1000 mg) = 0.0625 g

Next, use the molar mass to convert from grams to moles.

0.0625 g ÷ 87.62 g/mol = 7.13 × 10⁻⁴ mol

To convert from moles to atoms, you need to use Avogadro's number (6.022 × 10²³).  Avogadro's number is the number of atoms in a mole.

7.13 × 10⁻⁴ mol × 6.022 × 10²³ atoms/mol = 4.296 × 10²⁰ ≈ 4.30 × 10²⁰ atoms

You will have 4.30 × 10²⁰ atoms of strontium.

The number of Strontium atoms are 4.30 × 10²⁰ atoms

Given:

Mass of Strontium = 62.5 mg × (1 g)/(1000 mg) = 0.0625 g

Molar mass of Strontium = 87.62 g/mol

To find:

Moles of Strontium = ?

Number of moles:

It is defined as given mass over molar mass.

[tex]\text{Number of moles}=\frac{\text{Given mass}}{\text{Molar mass}}\\\\\text{Number of moles}=\frac{0.0625 g}{87.62 g/mol }\\\\\text{Number of moles}=7.13 * 10^{-4} mol[/tex]

Avogadro's number is the number of atoms in a mole (6.022 * 10²³)

Conversion of moles into atoms:

[tex]7.13 × 10^{-4} mol * 6.022 * 10^{23} atoms/mol \\\\\text{ Sr atoms}= 4.296 * 10^{20} = 4.30 * 10^{20} atoms[/tex]

Thus, Strontium atoms will be 4.30 × 10²⁰ atoms.

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Which of the following is NOT the property of a non-metal? A. Non-rigid structure B. Not ductile C. Low density D. Malleable

Answers

Answer:

The answer is D.

Explanation:

Malleable is the property of metal not non-metal.

Answer:

malleable

Explanation:

because a non metal cannot be harmmed into sheets

The electron in a hydrogen atom can undergo a transition from n = 4 to n = 3, emitting a photon with energy 1.06 × 10 –19J. Use this transition to answer the following questions.
i. What is the wavelength of this transition?
ii. How does this transition show that the position of the electron is quantized?

Answers

Answer:

Wavelength (λ) = 1.875 × 10⁻⁶ m

Explanation:

Given:

Energy (e) =  1.06 × 10⁻¹⁹ J

Find:

Wavelength (λ) = ?

Computation:

e = hc / λ

λ = hc / e

where c = 3 × 10⁸

Planck's constant (h) = 6.625 × 10⁻³⁴

So,

Wavelength (λ) = (6.625 × 10⁻³⁴)(3 × 10⁸) / (1.06 × 10⁻¹⁹)

1. Wavelength (λ) = 1.875 × 10⁻⁶ m

2. Given n = 4 to n = 3 both are integer not fraction so, electron is quantize

A student is reading the volume from a standard 50-mL buret identical to what you used in the lab. The bottom of the meniscus is exactly on the 20-mL line. What should she record as the correct volume

Answers

Answer:

20 mL

Explanation:

The student should record 20 mL as the correct volume.

The curved surface of a liquid that is usually observed in a buret is referred to as the meniscus. This meniscus is created as a result of the surface tension of the liquid against the walls of the buret. Hence, in order to avoid errors due to parallax, the bottom of the meniscus should be read and not the top.

Therefore, the correct volume that the student should record is 20 mL.

how scientific inferences can be made from scientific observations

Answers

Answer:

The scientific method is applied to inference through the steps taken to make both inductive and deductive inferences. Inductive inference begins with an observation, and then a pattern of such observation develops. One then makes a hypothesis based on the pattern and finally a theory based on the hypothesis

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What are cells and how are they important to maintaining life?

Answers

Answer:

Cells are the "building blocks for all living things." Without cells, we couldn't survive. Cells do many important things. Some of the things they can do are taking in food nutrients, frame our bodies, and change the food nutrients into energy.

Other Questions
Read the sentences from the passage.Some may argue that learning another language is difficult, and they are probably right.But there are more advantages that make the effort worth it.Why does the author include these sentences?A.to show that learning another language requires hard work and determinationB.to address an opposing view about the benefits of learning another languageC.to persuade others that the benefits of learning another language is job securityD.to suggest that not everyone has the ability of learning to speak another language Which statement about the relationship shown in the graph is true? A cylinder is submerged in water as illustrated in the diagram. At which two positions is the pressure the same? 1- A and B 2- B and C 3- A and D 4- B and D explain how healthcare professionals can attempt to equalize the unreal partnership between the adult patient and the provider what is the value of x ? solve the following inequality for v. 4v-85v+5 Please help with this Which of the following small GTPases are NOT involved in vesicle budding or docking? A. ARF B. Rab1 C. Ras D. Sar1p 1. Which material had the highest rate of absorption? What can you conclude about the rateof absorption in the natural world? How might this influence climate regions? A retired contract administrator who enjoyed gardening sought medical attention for what appeared to be a sinus infection. He received antimicrobials but the conditioned worsened and he was experiencing severe painful spasms in his jaw. He admitted to injuring himself with a gardening tool while wearing sandals in the yard but did not seek medical attention for the wound. The man is likely experiencing. A. allergic rhinitis. B. meningitis. C. septic shock. D. LPS-mediated inflammatory response. E. intoxication caused by a focal C. tetani infection. Which statement is true?O A. Vietnam was able to hold democratic elections with the help ofthe United States.B. Vietnam was not able to hold democratic elections because theUnited States would not allow them.OC. Vietnam was able to hold democratic elections with the help ofthe FrenchO D. Vietnam was not able to hold democratic elections because Chinawould not allow them. eally Great Corporation manufactures industrialsized landscaping trailers and uses budgeted machinehours to allocate variable manufacturing overhead. The following information pertains to the company's manufacturing overhead data: Budgeted output units 51,000 units Budgeted machinehours 10,200 hours Budgeted variable manufacturing overhead costs for 51,000 units $387,600 Actual output units produced 35,750 units Actual machinehours used 14,300 hours Actual variable manufacturing overhead costs $328,900 What is the budgeted variable overhead cost rate per output unit? PLEASE HELP ME!!!!!!!!!!!! perform the indicated operations. express the answer as a polynomial written in standard form.(2x+5y)^2 Can guys please help me, please solve E Merry Maidens Cleaning generally charges $280 for a detailed cleaning of a normal-size home. However, to generate additional business, Merry Maidens is offering a new-customer discount of 10%. On May 1, Ms. E. Pearson has Merry Maidens clean her house and pays cash equal to the discounted price. Required: Record the revenue earned by Merry Maidens Cleaning on May 1. If you wish to observe features that are around the size of atoms, say 5.5 10^-10 m, with electromagnetic radiation, the radiation must have a wavelength of about the size of the atom itself.Required:a. What is its frequency? b. What type of electromagnetic radiation might this be? Refer to the tree of life shown above. What can you conclude about fungus? Myers, Inc.Income StatementFor the Year Ended December 31, 2020Sales revenue $400,000Cost of goods sold 180,000Gross profit 220,000Expenses (including $10,000 interest and $20,000 income taxes) 80,000Net income $ 140,000Additional information:________.1. Common stock outstanding January 1, 2020, was 16,000 shares, and 24,000 shares were outstanding at December 31, 2020.2. The market price of Myers stock was $9.59 in 2020.3. Cash dividends of $19,600 were paid, $3,000 of which were to preferred stockholders.Compute the following measures for 2020. (Round Earnings per share to 2 decimal places, e.g. 1.65, and all other answers to 1 decimal place, e.g. 6.8 or 6.8%.)(a) Earnings per share $ (b) Price-earnings ratio times(c) Payout ratio %(d) Times interest earned times Inferences about individuals based on the results of group data on the stability of intelligence test scores may be misleading because: reliability of group data may not be high enough for individual interpretation. scores for a single person can still vary widely. the group may not be representative of the population. the individual may not be part of the group.