Respiration (both aerobic and anaerobic) begins with glycolysis in the cytoplasm of a cell;
1 glucose molecule (C₆H₁₂O₆) is converted into 2 molecules of pyruvate in a 10-step process, consuming 2 ATPs and yielding 4 ATPs;
Additionally, 2 NAD+ molecules are reduced to NADH molecules;
In aerobic respiration, each pyruvate molecule then goes through the link reaction, getting converted to acetyl co-A in the mitochondrial matrix, producing 1 CO₂ molecule and 1 reduced NADH molecule;
Acetyl co-A then enter the Krebs or tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) where 2 CO₂, 1 ATP, 3 NADH (by reduction of NAD+) and 1 FADH₂ molecules are produced;
The NADH and FADH₂ molecules produced are electron carriers required for the electron transport chain (ETC);
The electron transport chain consists of 4 proteins within the inner mitochondrial membrane which are involved in the production of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation;
The first protein (C1) is responsible for oxidising NADH to NAD+, releasing energy used to generate the proton motive force (PMF) by pumping the protons (H+ ions) into the intermembrane space and the electrons released are transferred to a ubiquinone molecule;
The second protein (C2) is responsible for oxidising FADH₂ to FADH, also releasing energy used to generate the proton motive force (PMF) and, similarly to C1, the electrons released are transferred to ubiquinone;
The third protein complex (C3) transfers the electrons from ubiquinone to cytochrome C;
Finally, cytochrome C transfers these electrons to the fourth complex (C4), where they combine with free protons in the matrix and O₂ to to produce H₂0;
The PMF is then harvested via an ATP synthase protein where H+ flood back into the mitochondrial matrix, and the energy released is used to generate ATP from ADP and Pi;
ATP is now ready for use for bodily processes requiring it.
What best describes main component of carbohydrates
Answer:
All carbohydrates, including sugar, therefore contain the same three elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Different arrangements of these elements form single units to make different types of carbohydrates.
Name the organ that helps a turtle to swim in water?
Answer:
Turtles utilize all four of their legs, extending them to propel themselves through the water.
Explanation:
Proszeee o poommoooc
Answer:
Explanation: Proszeee o poommoooc
Tornado Effects on the Land
Answer:
They have a small effect
Explanation:
Because when you consider the size of the earth, tornadoes have a small effect on earth, that's your answer?
Answer:
Tornado Effects on the Land-well tornadoes strike are greatly impacted. Trees and plants can be uprooted, and diseases in the soil are spread.
Explanation:
DEADLY!!
Question in the picture
Answer:
1.255hpq
Explanation:
hope it helps po...
What does the cell nucleus contain?
cytoplasm
vacuoles
chromosomes
chloroplastsWhat does the cell nucleus contain?
cytoplasm
vacuoles
chromosomes
chloroplasts
A nucleus cell contains chromosomes among other things.
What key environmental factors determine the location of terrestrial ecosystems?
Answer: Temperature and rainfall
Explanation:
Indicater I need the meaning
Answer:
indicator can mean two different things,
1. a thing, especially a trend or fact, that indicates the state or level of something.
2. a gauge or meter of a specified kind.
Hope this heled!
Question 1) Describe what is meant when water is called a polar molecule? ( Will Mark Brainliest).
Which brain region is believed to play a critical role in OCD?
anterior cortex
prefrontal cortex
orbitofrontal cortex
cingulate cortex
What color do you see when all colors of light are reflected? (2 points) Group of answer choices Black Blue Maroon White
Answer:
white
Explanation:
Answer:
white colour
Explanation:
when all colours are reflected back then we see white colour
Salamander and Snake difference between
Answer:
https://wikidiff.com/salamander/snake
https://www.burkemuseum.org/collections-and-research/biology/herpetology/all-about-amphibians/what-are-salamanders
Explanation:
According to WikiDiff "snake and salamander, are that a snake is a legless reptile of the sub-order serpents with a long, thin body and a fork-shaped tongue while salamander is a long, slender, chiefly terrestrial amphibian of the order caudata, resembling a lizard or a newt." moreover "Salamanders are a type of amphibian; they have moist skin and are usually found in damp habitats near or in water. Salamanders are closer related to frogs despite how different frogs and salamanders look. Lizards are a type of reptile; they have dry skin with scales and are purely terrestrial (burkemuseum, 2021).
Irradiated mice given a stimulatory antigen fail to mount an adaptive immune response. A robust response can be restored by:
Answer:
A bone marrow transplant (BMT)
Explanation:
An irradiated mouse would have immune hypocellularity or acellularity. A BMT would replenish its immune system to mount a robust immune response.
I need help with dis plz the one dat says during
Answer:
cytokinesis
Explanation:
It’s the process that separates the parent cell into two indistinguishable daughter cells
Which selection from the article "Scientists study Persian Gulf reefs for coral survival clues" identifies the biggest threat to coral reefs?
Question 5 options:
Warming waters spark bleaching events. Along with the bleaching, the ocean is becoming more acidic.
The researchers demonstrated that this new organism was the most commonly found algae throughout the gulf's coral reefs. They say it probably adapted as a result of the gulf's harsh conditions.
Warm and acidic water leads to bleaching of coral reef and the new algae can survive due to mutation in its gene.
The biggest threat to coral reefs in the Persian gulf is the warming of waters due to climatic change as well as acidification of water. Algae present on coral reefs can't tolerate acidic water as well as warm water which leads to the death of algae and the coral looks white or colorless.
A new organism was the most commonly found algae throughout the gulf's coral reefs due to change in the genetic makeup due to harsh climatic conditions so we can conclude that warm and acidic water leads to bleaching of coral reef and the new algae can survive due to mutation in its gene.
Learn more: https://brainly.com/question/25778242
Cells of the nervous system which supports the neurons by producing myelin sheaths and
attaching neurons to blood vessels are called:
Answer:
Schwann cells :)
9. Which substance is cut by
restriction enzymes?
A. DNA
B. proteins
C. amino acids
D. chromosomes
Scientists primarily use two different techniques to create multiple copies of a DNA sequence: cloning and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Which of the following statements about these methods is true?
Cloning is more rapid than PCR at creating billions of copies of a DNA sequence.
PCR can be used to translate DNA into a protein, while cloning cannot.
PCR generates more copies of a DNA sequence in less time than cloning.
PCR is better at creating copies of large DNA samples than cloning.
Answer:
The answer to your question would be Option 3.
PCR generates more copies of a DNA sequence in less time than cloning.
Explanation:
PCR creates copies exponentially, creating many copies in a short amount of time.
Answer:
PCR generates more copies of a DNA sequence in less time than cloning.
Explanation:
I took the test.
The cuticle which covers crustacean bodies is composed of
How to find cane yield?
From an agronomical point of view, there is a lot that the grower can do to maximize sugarcane yield. Proper crop nutrition is an important factor to achieve this.
In a large number of cases, nutrients that drive sugarcane yield forward, will also improve the sugar content and quality of the harvested sugarcane crop.
Most required nutrients have specific roles to play in improving yield:
what is the difference between DAMPS and PAMPS?
The difference that can be attributed to both PAMPs and DAMPs is ;
PAMPs is one that drive inflammation as a result of infection and it is usually derived from microorganisms.DAMPs is been derived from some host cells.What are PAMPs and DAMPs ?Both PAMPs and DAMPs always posses their own derivation, DAMPs goes with host cell which could be tumor cells, dead or dying cells, and PAMPs on the other hand is been drive inflammation in response to infections.
Learn more about DAMPs at;
https://brainly.com/question/2684713
What happens to the tides if the earth spinner fast??
Answer:
it would be a disaster
Explanation:
The centrifugal force would pull hundreds of feet of water toward the Earth's waistline.
Answer:
If the Earth were to spin faster, the tides would change because the fast speeds would increase stress; making tighter circles of convection. This would cause more natural disasters like hurricanes, cyclones, and tsunamis.
Explanation:
Hope this helps! BH
PLEASE HELP!!!!!! How many carbon dioxide (CO2) molecules are needed so there are enough Carbon atoms to make a glucose molecule?
Answer:
ok I know this is late and you probably don't need me anymore but the answer is 6
Explanation:
( love the pfp)
The process of converting food so that it can be absorbed into the blood and used by the blood vessels
A. Peristalsis
B. Bowel Elimination
C. Constipation
D. Digestion
Answer:
The answer would be digestion
Explanation:
When food is digested, it's broken down into smaller pieces so its can convert into energy for our body.
hope this helps :3
in metaphase what is missing from the cells and what happens to the chromosomes?
Which of the following best explains the strength of collagen fibers?
I'm really sorry but you didn't provide any options...
Collagen fiber is the fiber in the extracellular matrix of connective tissues characterized by being elongated and made up of collagen glycoproteins. It is typically arranged in branching bundles of indefinite length. It is a strong insoluble fiber. It occurs in the skin, tendon, ligaments, bone, and cartilage.
What are the unique properties of carbon
carbon have high catination property means self linking property
Explain why sickle cell anaemia is persistent in the tropics yet it is lethal and these areas have high malaria Providence.
Sickle cell anemia is persistent in the tropics because those with sickle cell anemia cant contract the malaria virus because of the shape of their blood cells, and this is advantageous in the tropics where there are more malaria cases. So those with sickle cell anemia live to pass on their genes.
how do the ranges for the marine bird and sea turtle species species compared
Answer: Varies
Explanation:
It's based on there being many different types.
What is the most likely explanation for
the DNA found in mitochondria?
Answer:
Origin. Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA are thought to be of separate evolutionary origin, with the mtDNA being derived from the circular genomes of bacteria engulfed by the early ancestors of today's eukaryotic cells.
Explanation:
