Answer:
la respuesta es la a espero te ayude
A company is trying to decide between two independent projects. Each project has a cost of capital of 12%. Project A has an IRR of 11.4%. Project B has an IRR of 11.1%. Which project should the company choose if the goal of the firm is to maximize shareholder wealth
Answer:
Neither project should be chosen
Explanation:
Given that
Each project cost of capital is 12%
The IRR of project A is 11.4%
And, the IRR of project B is 11.1%
As we can see that the cost of capital of each project with their internal rate of return so no project should be selected
Therefore the above statement represent an answer
The same should be relevant
The purpose of rough cut capacity planning is to: Select one: a. place a time fence around the MPS. b. determine a production schedule that offers a rough order of magnitude. c. cut excess capacity from the MPS. d. assess the feasibility of the MPS. e. govern the length of the execution cycle.
Answer:
The answer is "Option d".
Explanation:
To compute the estimated work on master capacity planning, the objective of basic resource allocation is utilized. It is then contrasted to a proven ability that enhances organizational MPS feasibility.
It verifies that you have enough ability at your disposal that satisfy the needs of your master's programs. It is a tool in long-term production scheduling for marketing and production to accomplish the ratio of the capacity required and accessible and to manage changes in the plan and/or looking.
The Japanese economy has been experiencing slow growth. As a result the Prime Minister, who thinks John Maynard Keynes was the greatest economist ever, has decided to increase government spending. As head of the economic council the Prime Minister asks you to determine the size of the increase needed to bring the economy to full employment.
Assume there is a GDP gap of 1 billion yen and the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) is .60. What advise do you give the Prime Minister?
a. The recessionary gap is equal to 625 million yen.
b. The inflationary gap is equal to 1 billion yen divided by 2.5 or 0.4 billion yen.
c. The recessionary gap is equal to 1 billion yen divided by 2.5 or 0.4 billion yen.
d. The inflationary gap is equal to 1 billion yen divided by 1.66 or 0.625 billion yen.
Answer:
c. The recessionary gap is equal to 1 billion yen divided by 2.5 or 0.4 billion yen.
Explanation:
The computation is shown below:
The multiplier is
= 1 ÷ (1 - MPC)
= 1 ÷ (1 - 0.60)
= 2.5
Now the increase in government expenditure for closing out the recessionary gap should be
Change in income = change in government purchase × multiplier
100 = change in government purchase × 2.5
So, the change in government purchase should be
= 100 ÷2.5
= 40
Hence, the option c is correct
Ivo Company has a $10 million face value bond issue outstanding. These bonds include a call option that permits Ivo to redeem the bonds at any time for 101% of par. These bonds were issued at a premium and have a carrying value of $10,200,000. If Ivo calls the bonds, its income statement will reflect:_---.
a. neither a gain nor a loss on redemption.
b. a gain on redemption.
c. a loss on redemption.
Answer:
b. a gain on redemption.
Explanation:
Given that
The face value of the bond is $10 million
The bond should be redeemed at 101% of par
Also it is issued for a premium and its carrying value is $10,200,000
Since the carrying value is more than the face value that means the income statement represent the gain on redemption of the bonds
Therefore the option b is correct
If you want to increase your purchasing power by investing in a bond, then: _____________
a. you must purchase that bond at a discount.
b. the nominal rate of return on that bond must be less than the inflation rate.
c. you should purchase a premium bond.
d. the nominal rate of return must equal or exceed the rate of inflation.
e. you must earn a positive real rate of return on that bond.
Answer:
b. the nominal rate of return on that bond must be less than the inflation rate
The Northern Division of Southwest Clothing Inc. forecasts (has budgeted) the following income statement for the upcoming year: Sales $850,000 Variable Costs (520,000) Contribution Margin 330,000 Fixed Costs (480,000) Operating loss ($150,000) Unfortunately, every other division in the company is also expecting an operating loss for the coming year. The company's management is considering shutting down the Northern Division and has determined that $350,000 of the $480,000 Fixed Costs shown would be eliminated if that happens. If the Northern Division is shutdown, what is the change (impact) in Southwest's forecast operating results
Answer:
Operating loss will decrease by $20,000
Explanation:
Operating loss from normal business activities and if the division is not shut down = $150,000.
Operating loss if division is shut down by the management = $130,000 ($480,000 - $350,000) because the management has determined that $350,000 of the $480,000 Fixed Costs shown would be eliminated if that happens.
So, if the Northern Division is shutdown, the Operating loss will decrease by $20,000 (From $150,000 to $130,000)
WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF PHYSICAL ERGONOMICS
Answer:
▫️Increased savings. • Fewer injuries. • More productive and sustainable employees. ...
▫️Fewer employees experiencing pain. • Implementing ergonomic improvements can reduce the risk factors that lead to discomfort.
▫️Increased productivity. • ...
▫️Increased morale. • ...
▫️Reduced absenteeism. •
hope it's help you.....!!!!!!!!!!
plz mark as brain list and follow me #rishu..........!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Explanation:
Hope it will help you
.
.
.
.
Binford Corporation's contribution margin ratio is 58%, and its fixed monthly expenses are $94,000. Assume that the company's sales for May are expected to be $178,000.
Required:
Estimate the company's net operating income for May, assuming that the fixed monthly expenses do not change.
Answer:
$9,240
Explanation:
Calculation to Estimate the company's net operating income for May, assuming that the fixed monthly expenses do not change
Using this formula
Net operating income = (CM ratio × Sales) - Fixed expenses
Let plug in the formula
Net operating income= (0.58× $178,000) - $94,000
Net operating income= $103,240 - $94,000
Net operating income= $9,240
Therefore the company's net operating income for May, assuming that the fixed monthly expenses do not change is $9,240
The US imposes a tariff on the import of a computer chip that is also produced at higher cost by a US firm. The US firm is an important supplier to the US Navy. The US is probably using the _____ argument for protectionism.
Answer: d. Strategic industry
Explanation:
Sometimes countries will introduce a tariff in order to reduce the importation of a good or service that might be ruled as important for the security of the country and so would need to be produced by a company in the country. Goods related to national defense are especially more likely to fall under such tariffs.
The industry is therefore said to be strategic. This is what happened in the scenario above because the chip is used by the U.S. Navy which makes it national defense related.
Suppose Gulf Shipping Company has the following results related to cash flows for 2019:
Net Income of $7,800,000
Decrease in Accounts Payable of $300,000
Increase in Accounts Receivable of $800,000
Depreciation of $1,200,000
Increase in Inventory of $900,000
Other Adjustments from Operating Activities of $700,000
Assuming no other cash flow adjustments than those listed above, create a statement of cash flows with amounts in thousands.
What is the Net Cash Flow from Operating Activities?
Note: Financial results are provided in dollars but the income statement units are thousands of dollars.
Please specify your answer in the same units as the statement of cash flows (i.e., enter the number from your completed statement of cash flows).
Answer:
$7,700
Explanation:
Cash Flow from Operating Activities
Particulars Amount
Net Income $7,800
Add: Depreciation $1,200
Add: Other adjustments $700
Cash flow before working capital adjustments $9,700
Less: Decrease in Accounts payable ($300)
Increase in Accounts receivable ($800)
Increase in Inventory ($900)
Net Cash flow from Operating activities $7,700
Using the high-low method, the fixed cost is calculated ______. Multiple select question. by adding the total cost to the variable cost using either the high or low level of activity before the variable cost is calculated after the variable cost per unit is calculated
Answer:
is calculated after the variable cost per unit is calculated
Explanation:
Costing is the measurement of the cost of production of goods and services by assessing the fixed costs and variable costs associated with each step of production.
In Financial accounting, fixed cost can be defined as predetermined expenses in a business that remain constant for a specific period of time regardless of the quantity of production or level of outputs. Some examples of fixed costs in business are loan payments, employee salary, depreciation, rent, insurance, lease, utilities, etc.
On the other hand, variable costs can be defined as expenses that are not constant and as such usually change directly and are proportional to various changes in business activities. Some examples of variable costs are taxes, direct labor, sales commissions, raw materials, operational expenses, etc.
Using the high-low method, the fixed cost can only be calculated after the variable cost (VC) per unit is calculated through the application of either the low or high level of activity.
Using the high-low method, the fixed cost is calculated : After the variable cost per unit is calculated.
What is costing?Costing refers to the measurement of the cost of production of goods and services whereby, the fixed costs and variable costs associated with production are examined.
Fixed costs are costs that do not vary with the level of output, while variable cost are cost that varies with the activity level.
Using the high-low method, the fixed cost can only be calculated after the variable cost (VC) per unit is calculated through the application of either the low or high level of activity.
Hence, using the high-low method, the fixed cost is calculated after the variable cost per unit is calculated.
Learn more about costing here : https://brainly.com/question/24516871
Green Corporation reported pretax book income of $1,040,000. During the current year, the net reserve for warranties increased by $52,000. In addition, tax depreciation exceeded book depreciation by $110,000. Finally, Green subtracted a dividends received deduction of $26,000 in computing its current-year taxable income. Green's cash tax rate is
Answer:
19.30%
Explanation:
Calculation to determine what Green's cash tax rate is
First step is to calculate the Taxes payable using this formula
Taxes payable = (Pretax book income + provision for warranties - depreciation in excess of books - dividends received deduction) x 21%
Let plug in the formula
Taxes payable= ($1,040,000 + $52,000 - $110,000 - $26,000) x 21%
Taxes payable=$956,000×21%
Taxes payable= $200,760
Now let determine the Cash tax rate using this formula
Cash tax rate = Taxes payable / Pretax book income
Let Plug in the formula
Cash tax rate = $200,760 / $1,040,000
Cash tax rate = .1930
Cash tax rate=19.30%
Therefore Green's cash tax rate is 19.30%
Kermit plans to open a boutique. The initial investment is $10,000. He has to spend $1,500 in annual operations and maintenance. The boutique generates $3,000 in revenues every year. Kermit uses a 10 year planning horizon and a MARR of 12%. The correctly calculated Rate of Return for this project is ________________%.
Answer:
8.14
Explanation:
The Rate of Return is 8.14 from my calculations which you can find in the attached file.
Now since the Rate of return is 8.14. Which is less than MARR of 12%, it shows that investment is not good.
Year Initial Annual Maintenance Annual Revenue Total Cash Flow
0 -$10,000 -$10,000
1 -$1,500 $3,000 $1,500
2 -$1,500 $3,000 $1,500
3 -$1,500 $3,000 $1,500
4 -$1,500 $3,000 $1,500
5 -$1,500 $3,000 $1,500
6 -$1,500 $3,000 $1,500
7 -$1,500 $3,000 $1,500
8 -$1,500 $3,000 $1,500
9 -$1,500 $3,000 $1,500
10 -$1,500 $3,000 $1,500
Internal Rate of Return 8.1442% [IRR() in excel]
The rate of return is 8.1442 which is less than MARR of 12% investment is not worth it
Inventory balances for the Jameson Company in October 2018 are as follows:
October 1, 2018 October 31, 2018
Raw materials $27,000 $21,000
Work in process 48,000 37,200
Finished goods 108,000 90,000
During October, purchases of direct materials were $36,000. Direct labor and factory overhead costs were $60,000 and $84,000, respectively. What are the total manufacturing costs added to production in the period?
Answer:
Total manufacturing costs added to production $186,000
Explanation:
The computation of the total manufacturing cost to be added is given below:
Raw materials,beginning $27,000
Add: Purchases of direct materials $36,000
Less: Raw materials,ending -$21,000
Direct materials used $42,000
Direct labor $60,000
Factory overhead costs $84,000
Total manufacturing costs added to production $186,000
Assume that Corn Co. sold 7,600 units of Product A and 2,400 units of Product B during the past year. The unit contribution margins for Products A and B are $34 and $59, respectively. Corn has fixed costs of $378,000. The break-even point in units is a.9,450 units b.11,340 units c.7,560 units d.14,175 units
,Answer: a. 9,450 units
Explanation:
You need to find the weighted average contribution margin for both products.
Product A
Weighted average contribution margin = Contribution margin * Units sold / Total units sold
= 34 * 7,600 / (7,600 + 2,400)
= $25.84
Product B
= 59 * 2,400 / 10,000
= $14.16
Breakeven point in units = Fixed costs/ (Weighted average contribution margin of both A and B)
= 378,000 / (25.84 + 14.16)
= 9,450 units
Duane Miller wants to know what price home he can afford. His annual gross income is $67,200. He has no other debt expenses and expects property taxes and insurance to cost $320 per month. He knows he can get a 8.50%, 15 year mortgage so his mortgage payment factor is 9.85. He expects to make a 25% down payment. What is Duane's affordable home purchase price?
a. $107,929.
b. $158,793.
c. $138,207.
d. $209,139.
e. $179,665.
Paid for wages Rs. 2000 and for commission Rs. 3000. Journal entry for this?
Answer:
Wages A/c Dr.
To cash A/c
(being wages paid)
Commission A/c Dr
To cash A/c
(being comission paid)
TRUE OR FALSE ? WHY ? Plesae help me
1. The goods that the enterprise wants or intends to add to its capital stock are inventories.
2. In a simple economy, the gross national product is the same as the gross domestic product and the national income.
3. The central bank cannot go bankrupt because it is always able to repay depositors' withdrawals by printing new notes at a faster rate.
4. Inflation is a phenomenon of money, so just reducing the money supply will reduce inflation.
Answer:
1. True
2. False
3. True
4. True
Explanation:
1. in accounting the stock is treated as inventories
2. because the GNP considers the output of a country's citizens regardless of where that economic activity occurred. GNP expresses the total value of all goods (products and services) produced by the residents of a particular country, regardless of national borders, thus including their foreign assets. while GDP considers the activity within a national economy regardless of the residency of the producers.
3. Financing for central banks is completely different to that of commercial banks and private corporations because their commitments – banknotes and commercial banks’ overnight deposits held at central banks are the only authorized forms of payment in their jurisdiction. Central banks have a monopoly on creating money,
4. inflation is a monetary phenomenon means to control the supply of money
Bearington Enterprises uses an activity-based costing system to assign costs in its auto-parts division.
Activity Est. Indirect Activity Costs Allocation Base Cost Allocation Rate
Materials $60,000 Material moves $5.00/move
Assembling $175,000 Direct labor hours $5.00/dir. labor hour
Packaging $70,000 # of finished units $2.50/finished unit
The following units were produced in December with the following information:
Part # # Produced Materials Costs # Moves Dir. Labor Hrs.
Part 001 1,350 $2,500 100 500
Part 002 5,500 $5,000 400 200
Part 003 4,050 $7,000 2,800 1,550
Total manufacturing costs for Part 003 are : _______
Answer:
the Total manufacturing costs for Part 003 is $38,875
Explanation:
The computation of the Total manufacturing costs for Part 003 is given below:
= material cost + indirect cost
= $7000 + (2,800 × $5) + (1550 × $5) + (4,050 × $2.50)
= $7,000 + $14,000 + $7,750 + $10,125
= $38,875
Hence, the Total manufacturing costs for Part 003 is $38,875
The same should be considered and relevant
On November​ 1, Equipment had a beginning balance in the Office Supplies account of . During the​ month, purchased of office supplies. At November​ 30, Equipment had of office supplies on hand.
Required:
The Office Supplies​ T-account has been opened for you. Post the beginning balance and purchase of office supplies. ​
Answer:
T-account entry:
Office Supplies
Dr Cr
Nov. 1 Balance b/d $1,700
Nov. Purchases $2,000
The following standards for variable manufacturing overhead have been established for a company that makes only one product: The following data pertain to operations for the last month: What was the variable overhead efficiency/quantity variance for the month? Group of answer choices
Answer:
$17,871 U
Explanation:
Note The missing word have been attached as picture below
Variable overhead efficiency variance = (Standard hour - Actual hour) * Standard rate
Variable overhead efficiency variance = (1,480 hours - 2,775 hours) * $13.80
Variable overhead efficiency variance = 1,295 hours * $13.80
Variable overhead efficiency variance = $17,871 U
On December 31, Ott Co. had investments in equity securities as follows:
Cost Fair value Lower of cost or fair value
Mann Co. $10,000 $8,000 $8,000
Kemo, Inc. $9,000 $11,000 $9,000
Fenn Corp. $11,000 $9,000 $9,000
$30,000 $28,000 $26,000
The Mann investment is classified as held-to-maturity, while the remaining securities are classified as available-for-sale. Ott does not elect the fair value option for reporting financial assets. Ott's December 31, Year 1, balance sheet should report total marketable debt securities as:_____.
a. $29,000.
b. $26,000.
c. $30,000.
d. $28,000.
Answer:
c. $30,000.
Explanation:
The calculation of the total marketable debt securities reported in the balance sheet is given below;
= Mann Co cost + Kemo Co fair value + Fenn corp fair value
= $10,000 + $11,000 + $9,000
= $30,000
Hence, the total marketable debt securities reported in the balance sheet is $30,000
Therefore the option c is correct
A software company is raising the prices on all of its products to increase revenue. For each price change described below, do the following: _____
State the percent change in the price.
State the number we can multiply the original price by to determine the new price.
Determine the new price (in dollars).
Answer:
%increase=increase+original number×100
Percent change, multiplying factor and new price are 5%, 1.05, $304.5 respectively.
Incomplete information;
Original price of software = $290
Increase rate = 5%
Find:
Percent change in the price Multiplying factor New price of softwareComputation:
Percent change in the price = Increase rate
Percent change in the price = 5%
New price of software = 290 + [290 × 5%]
New price of software = 290(1 + 5%)
New price of software = 290(1+0.05)
New price of software = 290 × 1.05
So, multiplying factor = 1.05
New price of software = 290 × 1.05
New price of software = $304.5
Learn more:
https://brainly.com/question/11315345?referrer=searchResults
The lender charges you $9 per week for each $100 you borrow.
Assuming you borrow $300 for 2 weeks, what APR will you be paying?
Answer:
i believe 2,107.5711%
Explanation:
The January 1, Year 1 trial balance for the Tyrell Company is found on the trial balance tab. The beginning balances are assumed. Tyrell Co. entered into the following transactions involving short-term liabilities. (Use 360 days a year.) Year 1.
Apr. 20 Purchased $40,250 of merchandise on credit from Locust, terms n/30.
May 19 Replaced the April 20 account payable to Locust with a 90-day, 10%, $35,000 note payable along with paying $5,250 in cash.
July 8 Borrowed $80,000 cash from NBR Bank by signing a 120-day, 9%, $80,000 note payable.
Aug. 17 Paid the amount due on the note to Locust at the maturity date.
Nov. 5 Paid the amount due on the note to NBR Bank at the maturity date.
Nov. 28 Borrowed $42,000 cash from Fargo Bank by signing a 60-day, 8%, $42,000 note payable.
Dec. 31 Recorded an adjusting entry for accrued interest on the note to Fargo Bank. Year 2
Jan. 27 Paid the amount due on the note to Fargo Bank at the maturity date.
Required:
Prepare the 2016 journal entries related to the notes and accounts payable of Tyrell Co.
Answer:
Tyrell Company
Journal Entries:
2016
Apr. 20 Debit Inventory $40,250
Credit Accounts Payable (Locust) $40,250
To record the purchase of inventory on account, terms n/30.
May 19 Debit Accounts Payable (Locust) $40,250
Credit 10% Note Payable (Locust) $35,000
Credit Cash $5,250
To record the issuance of note payable for 90 days and cash payment.
July 8 Debit Cash $80,000
Credit 9% Note Payable (BR Bank) $80,000
To record the borrowing on note payable for a 120-day period.
Aug. 17 Debit 10% Note Payable (Locust) $35,000
Debit Interest Expense $875
Credit Cash $35,875
To record payment on account, including interest calculated as follows: ($35,000 + $35,000 * 10% * 90/360)
Nov. 5 Debit 9% Note Payable (BR Bank) $80,000
Debit Interest Expense $2,400
Credit Cash $82,400
To record payment on account, including interest calculated as follows:
($80,000 + $80,000 * 9% * 120/360)
Nov. 28 Debit Cash $42,000
Credit 8% Notes Payable (Fargo Bank) $42,000
To record the borrowing on note payable for a 60-day
Dec. 31 Debit Interest Expense $308
Credit Interest Payable $308
To accrue interest ($42,000 * 8% * 33/360).
Explanation:
a) Data and Analysis:
2016
Apr. 20 Inventory $40,250 Accounts Payable (Locust) $40,250 terms n/30.
May 19 Accounts Payable (Locust) $40,250 10% Note Payable (Locust) $35,000 Cash $5,250
July 8 Cash $80,000 9% Note Payable (BR Bank) $80,000 a 120-day
Aug. 17 10% Note Payable (Locust) $35,000 Interest Expense $875 Cash $35,875 ($35,000 + $35,000 * 10% * 90/360)
Nov. 5 9% Note Payable (BR Bank) $80,000 Interest Expense $2,400 Cash $82,400 ($80,000 + $80,000 * 9% * 120/360)
Nov. 28 Cash $42,000 8% Notes Payable (Fargo Bank) $42,000 a 60-day
Dec. 31 Interest Expense $308 ($42,000 * 8% * 33/360) Interest Payable $308
2017
Jan. 27 8% Notes Payable (Fargo Bank) $42,000 Interest Payable $308 Interest Expense $252 Cash $42,560
Given the following information, prepare an income statement for the Dental Drilling Company.
Selling and administrative expense $90,000
Depreciation expense 75,000
Sales 621,000
Interest expense 46,000
Cost of goods sold 231,000
Taxes 50,000
Answer:
Results are below.
Explanation:
Giving the following information:
Selling and administrative expense $90,000
Depreciation expense 75,000
Sales 621,000
Interest expense 46,000
Cost of goods sold 231,000
Taxes 50,000
With the information listed above, we need to make an income statement following the structure below:
Sales= 621,000
COGS= (231,000)
Gross profit= 390,000
Selling and administrative expense= (90,000)
Depreciation expense= (75,000)
Interest expense= (46,000)
Eearning before taxes (EBT)= 179,000
Taxes= (50,000)
Net operating income= 129,000
Use the following information to determine the break-even point in units (rounded to the nearest whole unit): Unit sales 53,000
Units Unit selling price $14.65
Unit variable cost $7.80
Fixed costs $189,000
12,901
27,591
8,419
46,545
24,231
Answer:
27,591 units
Explanation:
The computation of the break even point in units is shown below:
Contribution margin is
= (Sales - Variable costs)
= ($14.65 - $7.80)
=$6.85
Now
breakeven point in units is
= fixed cost ÷ Contribution margin
= ($189,000 ÷ $6.85)
= 27,591 units
Presented below are definitions of certain terms. Select the appropriate term from the dropdown list. Definitions 1. Quantity of input required if a production process is 100% efficient. 2. Managing by focusing on large differences from standard costs. 3. Record that accumulates standard cost information. 4. Preset cost for delivering a product or service under normal conditions. a. Standard cost card b. Management by exception c. Standard cost d. Ideal standard
Answer:
1. Ideal standard
2. Management by exception
3. Standard cost card
4. Standard cost
Explanation:
Costing is the measurement of the cost of production of goods and services by assessing the fixed costs and variable costs associated with each step of production.
In Financial accounting, a direct cost can be defined as any expense which can easily be connected to a specific cost object such as a department, project or product. Some examples of direct costs are cost of raw materials, machineries or equipments.
On the other hand, any cost associated with the running, operations and maintenance of a company refers to indirect costs. Some examples of indirect costs are utility bill, office accessories, diesel etc.
1. Ideal standard: quantity of input required if a production process is 100% efficient.
2. Management by exception: Managing by focusing on large differences from standard costs.
3. Standard cost card: record that accumulates standard cost information.
4. Standard cost: preset cost for delivering a product or service under normal conditions.
(Perpetuities) What is the present value of the following? a. A $ perpetuity discounted back to the present at percent b. A $ perpetuity discounted back to the present at percent c. A $ perpetuity discounted back to the present at percent d. A $ perpetuity discounted back to the present at percent
Answer:
The present value of a perpetuity is calculated as follows:
= Cashflow / Discount rate
a. Present value of $400 perpetuity discounted at 15%
= 400 / 0.15
= $2,666.67
b. Present value of $3,000 perpetuity discounted at 19%
= 3,000 / 0.19
= $15,789.47
c. Present value of $110 perpetuity discounted at 16%
= 110 / 16%
= $687.50
d. Present value of $60 perpetuity discounted at 12%
= 60 / 0.12
= $500
Flag
Collective case studies are known as multiple-case studies, cross-case studies, comparative case studies and contrasting case studies. What is a cross-case study?
Answer:
Explanation:
Cross case studies involves the use to several individual case studies in other to support a scientific study or research with the aim of reaching a reasonable and acceptable conclusion which can be generalized and adopted for use in similar cases. Researchers usually employ the use of cross case case study in the formulation of new knowledge by collating several case studies based on the research scenario, then rigorous relationships are examined by comparing and contrasting features of the existing cases.
