Answer:
Retained earning balance at the end would be = $205,000
Explanation:
Retained earnings at the end = Retained earning at the beginning + Net income - Dividend paid
The net income would increase the balance of the retained earnings hence it is added to it.
The Dividend paid would be a cash outflow which would reduce the balance of the retained earnings, hence it is deducted from it.
So applying this to the question, we have
Retained earning balance at the end would be:
25,000 + 200,000 - 20,000 = $205,000
Retained earning balance at the end would be = $205,000
Janitor Supply produces an industrial cleaning powder that requires 31 grams of material at $0.30 per gram and 0.40 direct labor hours at $10.00 per hour. Overhead is applied at the rate of $16 per direct labor hour. What is the total standard cost for one unit of product that would appear on a standard cost card
Answer:
Total standard cost per unit will be $19.7
Explanation:
The standard cost card of the product will be,
$
Material (0.3 * 31) 9.3
Direct Labor (0.4 * 10) 4
Overheads (0.4 * 16) 6.4
Total cost per unit 19.7
Thus, the standard cost per unit will be $19.7
To determine cash payments for operating expenses for the statement of cash flows using the direct method, a decrease in accrued expenses is added to operating expenses other than depreciation.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
True
Explanation:
To determine cash payments under direct method the decrease in accrued expenses is added to the operating expenses payable . Accrued expense mean expenses incurred but not yet paid. A decrease in accrued expenses would suggest that accrued expenses have been paid therefore there has been an outflow of cash which will be added to cash paid for operating expenses.
Take a real business activity example and relate with the concept of commission depreciation and simple and compound interest rate?
Answer & Explanation: Commission: This is a percentage earned on total sales. Using a health insurance company as an example, brokers earn commission on premium received by the company.
Depreciation: This relates to the wear and tear of an asset. The health insurance company fixed assets such as motor vehicle, furniture and equipments will be depreciated and expensed periodically.
Simple and compound interest rates: Simple interest rate is a rate charged directly on the principal amount deposited. If the health insurance company decides to invest in fixed income or call deposits with a bank for a period of 1 year. The bank can put a specific rate that will be paid to the company as an interest earned.
Compound interest rate on the other hand is beneficial to the financier. It is a rate charged on both the principal amount and the interest earned. For instance if the company decides to take a loan with the bank, the bank can charge a compound interest rate.
Smiley Corporation sold equipment costing with of accumulated depreciation for cash. Which of the following journal entries should be prepared?
a. debit Cash for $10, 000, credit Equipment for $6000 and credit Gain on Sale of Equipment for $4000
b. debit Cash for $10, 000, debit Accumulated Depreciation - Equipment for $66, 000, credit Equipment for $72000 and credit Gain on Sale of Equipment for $4000
c. debit Cash for $10, 000 and credit Gain on Sale of Equipment for $10, 000
d. debit Accumulated Depreciation - Equipment for $66, 000 and credit Equipment for $66, 000
The question is incomplete as the figures are missing. The complete question is,
Smiley Corporation sold equipment costing $72, 000 with $66, 000 of accumulated depreciation for $10, 000 cash. Which of the following journal entries should be prepared?
A. debit Cash for $10, 000, credit Equipment for $6000 and credit Gain on Sale of Equipment for $4000
B. debit Cash for $10, 000, debit Accumulated Depreciation - Equipment for $66, 000, credit Equipment for $72000 and credit Gain on Sale of Equipment for $4000
C. debit Cash for $10, 000 and credit Gain on Sale of Equipment for $10, 000
D. debit Accumulated Depreciation - Equipment for $66, 000 and credit Equipment for $66, 000
Answer:
Option B is the correct answer.
Explanation:
To calculate the gain or loss on disposal of the equipment, we first need to determine the book value of the equipment on the date of sale.
Net Book Value = Cost - Accumulated depreciation
Net Book value = 72000 - 66000 = $6000
The gain/(loss) on disposal = Sales Proceeds - Net Book value
The gain/(loss) on disposal = 10000 - 6000 = $4000 Gain
The entry to record this transaction will be,
Cash $10000 Dr
Accumulated depreciation - Equipment $66000 Dr
Equipment $72000 Cr
Gain on sale-Equipment $4000 Cr
Entries for Investments in Bonds, Interest, and Sale of Bonds Kalyagin Investments acquired $220,000 of Jerris Corp., 7% bonds at their face amount on October 1, 20Y2. The bonds pay interest on October 1 and April 1. On April 1, 20Y3, Kalyagin sold $80,000 of Jerris bonds at 103.
Journalize the entries to record the following:
a. The initial acquisition of the Jerris Corp. bonds on October 1, 20Y2.
b. The adjusting entry for three months of accrued interest earned on the Jems Corp. bonds- or December 11, 20Y2.
c. The receipt of semiannual interest on April 1. 20Y3.
d. The sale of 580,000 of Jerris Corp. bonds on April, 20Y3, at 103.
Answer:
a. Investments in Jerris Corp. bonds (Dr.) $220,000
Cash (Cr.) $220,000
b. Interest Receivable (Dr.) $3,850
Interest received (Cr.) $3,850
c. Cash (Dr.) $7700
Interest Received (Cr.) $3,850
Interest Receivable (Cr.) $3,850
d. Cash (Dr.) $80,000
Investment in Jerris Corp. bonds (Cr.) $80,000
Explanation:
Interest received is the amount interest that is accrued on the bond over the period of time.
Interest accrued = Amount of investment * Coupon rate * time proportion
Interest accrued = 220,000 * 7% * 3/12
Interest accrued = $3,850.
Suppose the rate of inflation was 2 percent in India from 2008-2012 and, over that same period, the inflation rate in the United States was 2.7 percent. Based on these inflation trends, which of the following is true?
a. The PPP condition implies that the rupee has depreciated relative to the dollar.
b. The PPP condition implies that the rupee has appreciated relative to the dollar
Answer:
b. The PPP condition implies that the rupee has appreciated relative to the dollar
Explanation:
Remember, the inflation rate looks at how the prices of goods and services in a country increases over a period of time, and it's effects on the the purchasing value or power of money in the country.
As in this scenario, India had 2 percent inflation rate while United States had 2.7 which is a higher price increases not in a different period but the same one, meaning that the Purchasing power parity (PPP) condition of the rupee has appreciated relative to the dollar from 2008-2012.
You are going to form a portfolio with stocks A & B with the following information: Stock Expected Return Standard Deviation wi A 10% 30% 0.2 B 20% 40% 0.8 What is the portfolio’s standard deviation
Answer:
portfolio's standard deviation = 0.3256
Explanation:
Stock Expected Return Standard Deviation Wi
A 10% 30% 0.2
B 20% 40% 0.8
covariance = [(10% - 10%) x (20% - 20%)] / (2 - 1) = 0
portfolio's standard deviation = (stock A's Wi² x variance) + (stock B's Wi² x variance) + (2 x covariance x weight A x weight B)
portfolio's standard deviation = √{(0.2² x 0.09) + (0.8² x 0.16) + 0} = √(0.0036 + 0.1024) = √0.106 = 0.3256
Determine which of the following situations describe games and which describe decisions. In each case, indicate what specific features of the situation caused you to classify it as you did. (a) A group of grocery shoppers in the dairy section, with each shopper choosing a flavor of yogurt to purchase (b) A pair of teenage girls choosing dresses for their prom (c) A college student considering what type of postgraduate education to pursue (d) The New York Times and the Wall Street Journal choosing the prices for their online subscriptions this year (e) A presidential candidate picking a running mate
Answer:
Situation which describes:
1. Game:
(a) A group of grocery shoppers in the dairy section, with each shopper choosing a flavor of yogurt to purchase
(Because of the attribute of each shopper choosing a flavor of yogurt.)
2. Decisions:
(b) A pair of teenage girls choosing dresses for their prom. (The prom which date and time has been fixed already)
(c) A college student considering what type of postgraduate education to pursue. (Because of decision to be educated)
(d) The New York Times and the Wall Street Journal choosing the prices for their online subscriptions this year. (Due to the various financial ability of its reader)
(e) A presidential candidate picking a running mate ( Due to the election that is upcoming)
Explanation:
Martin Farley and Ashley Clark formed a limited liability company with an operating agreement that provided a salary allowance of $70,000 and $56,000 to each member, respectively. In addition, the operating agreement specified an income-sharing ratio of 3:2. The two members withdrew amounts equal to their salary allowances. Revenues were $668,000 and expenses were $520,000, for a net income of $148,000. a. Determine the division of $148,000 net income for the year. Schedule of Division of Net Income Farley Clark Total Salary allowance $ $ $ Remaining income Net income $ $ $ b. Provide journal entries to close the (1) revenues and expenses and (2) drawing accounts for the two members. For a compound transaction, if an amount box does not require an entry, leave it blank.
Answer:
a) Farley should get $83,200
Clark should get $64,800
b) December 31, closing entry income summary account
Dr Income summary 148,000
Cr Farley, Martin, capital 83,200
Cr Clark, Ashley, capital 64,800
Explanation:
Martin Farley:
$70,000 salary allowance
60% of remaining income
Ashley Clark:
$56,000 salary allowance
40% of remaining income
if net income = $148,000, then:
Farley should get $70,000 + (60% x $22,000) = $83,200
Clark should get $56,000 + (40% x $22,000) = $64,800
Carter Company reported the following financial numbers for one of its divisions for the year; average total assets of $4,100,000; sales of $4,525,000; cost of goods sold of $2,550,000; and operating expenses of $1,372,000. Compute the division's return on investment:
Answer:
14.7%
Explanation:
The computation of return on investment is shown below:
Return on Investment = Net Income ÷ Average total assets × 100
where,
Net Income is
= Sales - Cost of goods sold - Operating expense
= $4,525,000 - $2,550,000 - $1,372,000
= $603,000
And,
Average total assets = $4,100,000
So,
Return on Investment is
= $603,000 ÷ $4,100,000 × 100
= 14.7%
A car dealership union negotiates a contract that dramatically increases the salaries of all salesmen. If one of the salesmen is thinking of changing careers to be a hardware salesman, his opportunity cost:___________.
a. Would not be affected
b. Of becoming a hardware salesman would decrease
c. Of becoming a hardware salesman would increase
d. None of the above
Answer:
c. Of becoming a hardware salesman would increase
Explanation:
Opportunity cost defines that when a person gets to benefit from another than he received. So, that person takes another benefit from where he gets more benefit or we can say that he will choose the best alternative.
According to the given situation, A car dealership association is negotiating a contract that significantly increases all salesmen 's wages. Now, the Opportunity cost when one of the salespersons feels that shifting the path to hardware is of becoming a hardware salesperson that would increase.
Hence, the right answer is C
A retired customer has an existing stock portfolio held in a cash account. He has heard that "leveraging" his portfolio can increase his return. The portfolio holds blue chip stocks that pay current dividends. He wants to transfer the positions to a margin account and use them as collateral to buy more stocks of the same blue chip companies. Which statement is TRUE
Answer: C. This is not an appropriate strategy because the customer's income will decline
Explanation:
A. The options for the question are:
This is an appropriate strategy that will increase the customer's income
B. This is not an appropriate strategy because the customer's tax liability will increase if the securities appreciate and are sold
C. This is not an appropriate strategy because the customer's income will decline
D. This is an appropriate strategy because the customer has the potential for larger capital gains
From the information that have been provided in the question, we can see that the customer needs income but based on the information that have been provided in the question, the interest that will be charged will eat up the dividend paid by the the stock.
Therefore, this is not an appropriate strategy because the customer's income will decline.
What is the expected yield on the market portfolio at a time when Treasury bills are yielding 6%, and a stock with a beta of 1.5 is expected to yield 18%
Answer:
8%
Explanation:
According to CAPM :
expected stock yield =risk free rate + (beta x market yield)
6% + 1.5 x market yield = 18%
18% - 6% = 1.5market yield
solving for market yield gives
market yield = 8%
In a company's annual report, the section called Management Discussion and Analysis provides critical information for interpreting the financial statements and assessing the future of the company.
A. True
B. False
Answer:
A. True
Explanation:
The section called Management Discussion and Analysis in an annual report analyzes the performance of a company, includes comments from the management about the financial statements to allow the readers to understand the information in a better way and includes the future objectives and plans. According to this, the answer is that the statement that indicates that in a company's annual report, the section called Management Discussion and Analysis provides critical information for interpreting the financial statements and assessing the future of the company is true.
If the actual quantity of direct materials used in producing a commodity differs from the standard quantity, the variance is a
Answer:
quantity variance
Explanation:
Quantity variance is a variance that compares standard quantity of materials that should have been used to the actual materials used. This type of variance is used by firms to know the difference between actual usage of materials and it's expected usage.
Where the actual usage is more than the expected usage, it is adverse ; while it is favorable if the expected usage is more than the actual usage.
At the beginning of the school year, Priscilla Wescott decided to prepare a cash budget for the months of September, October, November, and December. The budget must plan for enough cash on December 31 to pay the spring semester tuition, which is the same as the fall tuition. The following information relates to the budget:
Cash balance, September 1 (from a summer job) $8,220
Purchase season football tickets in September 110
Additional entertainment for each month 290
Pay fall semester tuition in September 4,400
Pay rent at the beginning of each month 400
Pay for food each month 220
Pay apartment deposit on September 2 (to be returned December 15) 600
Part-time job earnings each month (net of taxes) 1,020
a. Prepare a cash budget for September, October, November, and December. Enter all amounts as positive values except an overall cash decrease which should be indicated with a minus sign.
b. Are the four monthly budgets that are presented prepared as static budgets or flexible budgets?
c. Priscilla can see that her present plan will not provide sufficient cash. If Priscilla did not budget but went ahead with the original plan, she would be $ short at the end of December, with no time left to adjust.
Answer:
a) Priscilla Wescott's
Cash budget
Months
Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
beginning balance 8,220 3,220 3,330 3,340
football tickets -110
other entertainment -290 -290 -290 -290
semester tuition -4,400
rent -400 -400 -400 -400
food -220 -220 -220 -220
apartment deposit -600 600
part time jobs earnings 1,020 1,020 1,020 1,020
ending balance 3,220 3,330 3,340 4,150
b) This is a static budget because it is being prepared in advance. A flexible budget adjusts a static budget to the real cash outflows and inflows.
c) The spring semester tuition costs $4,400 and she will only have $4,150, that means she will be $250 short.
Firms with high capital intensity ratios have found ways to lower this ratio permitting them to achieve a given level of growth with fewer assets and consequently less external capital. For example, just-in-time inventory systems, multiple shifts for labor, and outsourcing production are all feasible ways for firms to reduce their capital intensity ratios. True or False
Answer: True
Explanation:
The capital intensity ratio of a company
is used to measure the amount of capital that is required per dollar of revenue. The capital intensity ratio is calculated when the total assets that a company has is divided by its sales.
It should be noted that firms that has high capital intensity ratios have found ways to lower this ratio which allows them to achieve a given level of growth with fewer assets and consequently less external capital.
Tom Company reports the following data.
Sales $385,187
Variable costs 200,887
Fixed costs 87,300
Required:
Determine Tom Company's operating leverage. Round your answer to one decimal place.
Answer: 1.9
Explanation:
The Operating Leverage is calculated by;
Operating leverage = Contribution margin / Operating income
Contribution Margin
= Sales - Variable Costs
= 385,187 - 200,887
= $184,300
Operating Income
= Contribution Margin - Fixed Costs
= 184,300 - 87,300
= $97,000
Operating Leverage = 184,300/ 97,000
= 1.9
Jacob Corcoran bought 10,000 shares of Grebe Corporation stock two years ago for $24,000. Last year, Jacob received a nontaxable stock dividend of 2,000 shares in Grebe Corporation. In the current tax year, Jacob sold all of the stock received as a dividend for $18,000.
Required:
a. Complete the letter to Jacob describing the tax consequences of the stock sale.
b. Prepare a memo for the tax research file describing the tax consequences of the stock sale.
c.
Answer:
Jacob purchased 10000 shares form Grebe corporation two years ago for $24000
last year Jacob received a non taxable stock dividend of 2000 shares from Grebe corporation
In the current year tax year Jacob sold all stock received as dividend that's 2000 shares for $18000
The gain of the sale of 2000 shares can be calculated by subtracting the basis in the shares from the cost price. the cost of shares = ( $24000 / 12000 ) = $2 per share
profit made from the sales of 2000 shares is calculated as follows ; selling price ( $18000 ) - cost price of 2000 shares ( $2 * 2000) , the profit is $14000 and it is in the long term because the original shares bought has been held for at least 1 year
Explanation:
Jacob purchased 10000 shares form Grebe corporation two years ago for $24000
last year Jacob received a non taxable stock dividend of 2000 shares from Grebe corporation
In the current year tax year Jacob sold all stock received as dividend that's 2000 shares for $18000
The gain of the sale of 2000 shares can be calculated by subtracting the basis in the shares from the cost price. the cost of shares = ( $24000 / 12000 ) = $2 per share
profit made from the sales of 2000 shares is calculated as follows ; selling price ( $18000 ) - cost price of 2000 shares ( $2 * 2000) , the profit is $14000 and it is in the long term because the original shares bought has been held for at least 1 year
Which of the following is a true statement about the limitation on business interest deductions? This limitation is not imposed on businesses with average annual gross receipts of $25 million of less for the prior three taxable years. A. Interest disallowed by this limitation is carried back three years and then forward five years B. The limitation is calculated as a percentage of the taxpayers total taxable income C. This limitation is not imposed on businesses with average annual gross receipts of $26 million or less for the prior three taxable years D. All of the choices are false E. All of the choices are true
Answer:
Limitation on Business Interest Deductions:
B. The limitation is calculated as a percentage of the taxpayers total taxable income
Explanation:
30% (or 50% for years 2019 and 2020, as amended by the CARES Act) of the adjusted taxable income of a business is the limit of business interest expense that is allowed by the IRS. The excess after this limitation may be carried forward by the tax paying organization to future tax years indefinitely until the interest expense is completely applied.
Following the CARES Act, "the business interest expense deduction limitation does not apply to certain small businesses whose gross receipts are $26 million or less, electing real property trades or businesses, electing farming businesses, and certain regulated public utilities. The $26 million gross receipts threshold, which applies for the 2020 tax year, is adjusted annually for inflation."
The accounts receivable turnover is computed as __________ divided by __________. sales; accounts receivable sales; average accounts receivable sales; net income accounts receivable; net income
Answer:
sales ; average accounts receivables
Explanation:
Accounts receivable turnover refers to how a business firm manage its assets. Businesses, companies uses accounts receivables to know and quantify how perfectly goods bought on credit by their customers are being paid back. It also measures how business gives credit and collects back it's debt .It is calculated as net sales divided by average accounts receivables.
On January 1, 2021, Splash City issues $320,000 of 8% bonds, due in 15 years, with interest payable semiannually on June 30 and December 31 each year. Required:Assuming the market interest rate on the issue date is 8%, the bonds will issue at $320,000. Record the bond issue on January 1, 2021, and the first two semiannual interest payments on June 30, 2021, and December 31, 2021. (If no entry is required for a particular transaction/event, select "No Journal Entry Required" in the first account field.)
Answer:
Journal entries are given below
Explanation:
Entry for the bond issue on January 1, 2021, and the first two semiannual interest payments on June 30, 2021, and December 31, 2021, are prepared as follows
January 01, 2021 (Splash City issues $320,000 of 8% bonds)
Debit Credit
Cash 320,000
Bonds payable 320,000
June 30, 2021 (Interest paid)
Debit Credit
Interest expense $12,800
Cash $12,800
Working
Interest expense = $320,000 x 8% x 6/12
Interest expense = $12,800
December 31, 2021 (Interest paid)
Debit Credit
Interest expense $12,800
Cash $12,800
Working
Interest expense = $320,000 x 8% x 6/12
Interest expense = $12,800
"A customer invests $50,000 in a non-qualified variable annuity. Over the years, it has grown in value to $110,000. The customer’s cost basis in the annuity contract is::"
Answer:
The customer's cost basis in the annuity contract is $50,000.
Explanation:
The customer's cost basis in the annuity contract is the initial payments or premiums made in an annuity amounting to $50,000. This amount is usually taxed at the initial point. This implies that the $110,000 which the annuity has accumulated to will no longer be taxed. The customer will enjoy her lump sum and withdrawals undisturbed by the Internal Revenue Service.
Morgan Company issues 10%, 20-year bonds with a par value of $720,000 that pay interest semiannually. The current market rate is 9%. The amount paid to the bondholders for each semiannual interest payment is:
Answer:
$36,000
Explanation:
Calculation for the amount to be paid to the bondholders for each semiannual interest payment
Using this formula
Semiannual interest payment = Face value Amount*Interest Rate*Time
Let plug in the formula
Semiannual interest payment = $720,000*0.10*0.50
Semiannual interest payment = $36,000
The amount paid to the bondholders for each semiannual interest payment is $36,000
If a bank has required reserves of $27,000,000, excess reserves of $41,000,000, and deposits of $90,000,000 with a required reserve ratio of 30 percent, how much can the bank lend out?
Answer:
$41,000,000
Explanation:
Excess reserves can be described as the amount of money that is kept by a bank. This amount of money can be given out to individuals or different organisations in the form of a loan, this is done to generate more profits as a certain amount of interest is being added to the amount of cash that will be given out.
In the scenario described above, the bank has an excess reserve of $41,000,000. Therefore, the bank will be willing to lend out $41,000,000 as loan.
It is March 31, 2014. What is the latest reported number of E-Bay shares beneficially owned by the company’s CEO? Please provide your answer without comma separator or decimal (Ex: 23456326563)
Answer: 2663844
Explanation:
According to page 22 of eBay's March 2014 Definitive Proxy statement on the SEC's website, the President and CEO Mr John J. Donahoe, beneficially owned 2,663,844 shares in the company. This includes, 2,083,628 shares that he can acquire pursuant to some Options and 35,306 in Restricted stock units.
In this module, you learned about the risks or costs associated with financial goals. What are the risks or costs associated with your goal, and how can you overcome these challenges
Answer with Explanation:
My goal is to start a business totally based on a new idea with great potential to influence the lives of the people of America. For this I had worked on a startup idea for couple of years and continuously reforming it.
The biggest risks associated with this goal is funding problems, business risks, market research, innovation issues and Software designing issues.
Now these are some risks that I face but I overcome these challenges by:
Risks Solution
Funding Risk: By presenting my startup idea on a international competition by writing business proposal based on well researched market, product innovation and the financial prospect of the business. There are numerous accelerator programs operated by the state and other organizations that encourage startups and helps with numerous facilities. So I will also present my idea here to secure funding from a wider number of investors.
Business Risks: Giving special considerations to business risks and their mitigation strategies.
Innovation: The products will be innovative enough to generate handsome amount of profit and must be capable of giving tough time to its competitors.
Market Research: The best performing businesses know who their customers are and what they are desiring from them. So market research would capable of identifying my potential customers and that it must be representative of the sample taken.
Software Designing: The software design must be user friendly and must effectively resolve users issues. Furthermore, it must be continuously updated with better features and friendly functioning.
Which of the following is an example of an oligopolistic market with a standardized product?
A) The market for breakfast cereal.
B) The market for aluminum.
C) The market for jewelry.
D) The market for automobiles.
Answer:
B) The market for aluminum.
Explanation:
An oligopoly is a market form in which the market or industry is dominated by a small group of large sellers. Oligopolies can result from various forms of collusion that reduce market competition which then majorly leads to higher prices for consumers. They have their own market structure.
Oligopolistic market with standardised product is an homogeneous oligopoly that is an oligopoly in which firm produce a standardised product. And a good example of that is the Aluminum market.
Central Systems desires a weighted average cost of capital of 12.7 percent. The firm has an aftertax cost of debt of 4.8 percent and a cost of equity of 15.4 percent. What debt-equity ratio is needed for the firm to achieve its targeted weighted average cost of capital?
a. 0.37
b. 0.44
c. 0.42
d. 0.56
e. 0.34
Answer:
e. 0.34
Explanation:
Let debt be $D
Equity be $E
Total=(D+E)
WACC = Respective cost * Respective weight
12.7 = {(D*4.8)/(D+E)} + {(15.4*E)/(D+E)}
12.7*(D+E)=4.8D+15.4E
12.7D+12.7E=4.8D+15.4E
D=(15.4-12.7)E /(12.7-4.8)
D = 2.7E / 7.9
D = 0.0341772
D = 0.34 E
Hence, debt-equity ratio=debt/equity
=0.34
Which of the following types of decisions involves deciding whether to perform a particular activity in-house or purchase it from an outside supplier?
A. Special-order
B. Make-or-buy
C. Continue or discontinue
D. Sell-or-process further
Answer: Make-or-buy
Explanation:
The decision that involves deciding whether to perform a particular activity in-house or purchase it from an outside supplier is regarded to as the Make-or-buy.
A company can decide to purchase a particular activity when it sees that it's cheaper or when the company wants to focus on other aspects of production.
