Meiosis and mitosis are both forms of cell division. However, the outcomes of these processes differ. Meiosis produces genetic variation.
Homologous chromosomes move randomly to opposite poles of the cell during metaphase of meiosis I. Random fertilization of gametes leads to offspring with various combinations of genetic traits. Synapsis and crossing over occur during prophase I of meiosis, resulting in the formation of new gene combinations. During metaphase of meiosis I, homologous pairs line up randomly along the metaphase plate. During the production of gametes in a diploid organism, meiosis takes place. Meiosis leads to genetic variability in the offspring. Each gamete contains only one set of chromosomes, which results in haploid cells. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material, allowing for the creation of novel combinations of genes. Thus, meiosis typically results in genetic variation.
however , Mitosis does not typically produce genetic variation since the parent cell and the resulting daughter cells contain the same number of chromosomes and have the same genetic makeup. Mitosis results in genetically identical daughter cells. Hence, mitosis doesn't lead to genetic variation.
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what is the function of the styloid process of the temporal bone?
The styloid process of the temporal bone is a thin, pointed bone protrusion located at the base of the skull just in front of the ear.
The primary function of a styloid process is to provide attachment points for muscles and ligaments of the neck and face, more specifically, it serves as the attachment point for the stylohyoid ligament, which connects the hyoid bone to the styloid process, and for the stylomandibular ligament, which connects the mandible to the styloid process. It also provides attachment points for the styloglossus and stylopharyngeus muscles, which help to move the tongue and pharynx, respectively. Also, it helps to support the structures of the throat and neck, including the pharynx, larynx, and esophagus.
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Identify the structure that synthesizes MHC class I molecules.
a. Ribosomes
b. Smooth endoplasmic
c. Rough ER
d.Mitochondria
The structure that synthesizes MHC class I molecules is the Rough ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum). Therefore, the correct answer is option c. Rough ER.
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I molecules are transmembrane proteins that are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and are involved in antigen presentation to cytotoxic T lymphocytes. MHC class I molecules are essential components of the immune system that play a critical role in immune responses to pathogenic infections and tumor development. The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is a type of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) with attached ribosomes that synthesize proteins destined for insertion into the ER, plasma membrane, or secretion from the cell. The RER plays an important role in the synthesis and folding of secretory and membrane proteins, as well as in the modification, quality control, and transport of newly synthesized proteins. MHC class I molecules are synthesized in the RER and transported to the cell surface via the secretory pathway, where they present peptides derived from intracellular pathogens or self-antigens to CD8+ T cells.
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There is some evidence that pharyngeal gill slits occur in certain species of echinoderms that appear early in the fossil record. If confirmed, what do these data suggest?
The presence of pharyngeal gill slits in certain species of echinoderms that appear early in the fossil record would suggest that these structures are not unique to chordates and that they may have evolved independently in different lineages.
One of the distinguishing characteristics of chordates are pharyngeal gill slits, which are employed for breathing or filter feeding. It would imply that they perform a comparable purpose in these species if echinoderms, which are not chordates, also evolved these structures. This would strengthen the argument that evolution is a branching process rather than a linear path, with numerous independent adaptations taking place in various lineages throughout time.
It's crucial to remember that the existence of these features in early echinoderms does not necessarily mean that echinoderms and chordates have a direct evolutionary connection. Instead, it would imply the evolution of identical structures in several lineages in a convergent fashion. To validate the existence of pharyngeal gill slits in echinoderms and to comprehend the consequences for our comprehension of the evolution of these features in various species, additional study and investigation are required.
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which phase of hemostasis is vessel contractility most important during?
Vessel contractility is most important during the vascular phase of hemostasis. Because the vascular phase is the initial phase of hemostasis that occurs immediately after injury to a blood vessel.
Blood vessels are tubular structures that form a network throughout the body, transporting blood to and from the heart. There are three types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries. Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the rest of the body, while veins carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart. Capillaries are small, thin vessels that connect arteries and veins, allowing for the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the blood and tissues.
The walls of blood vessels are composed of three layers: the inner layer or endothelium, the middle layer or smooth muscle, and the outer layer or connective tissue. These layers work together to regulate blood flow, maintain blood pressure, and provide structural support to the vessels.
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how are the lock and key and induced fit models different
The lock and key model is a theoretical illustration of how enzymes interact with substrate molecules while the induced fit model suggests that the enzyme changes its shape as it interacts with the substrate molecule. In this way, the two models are different.
The lock-and-key model of enzymes claims that the shape of the active site on the enzyme molecule is such that it specifically matches the shape of a complementary substrate molecule. According to this model, the active site is rigid and unchanging, and the substrate molecule's shape must fit into it precisely.
The induced fit theory suggests that as a substrate approaches the enzyme's active site, the active site's shape shifts slightly to accommodate the substrate's shape, resulting in a tighter, more snug fit. According to this theory, the active site and substrate molecule both shift as they interact, with the enzyme shifting into a new shape that is optimized for catalysis when bound to the substrate molecule.
The induced fit theory is the most widely acknowledged theory of enzyme-substrate interactions.
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Some invertebrates combine morphological simplicity with features of great structural or biochemical complexity. Select all correct examples of this statement. a. Trematodes. b. Cnidarians
c. Porifera
d. a dan b are true
Some invertebrates combine morphological simplicity with features of great structural or biochemical complexity" are b. Cnidarians and d. a and b.
What is Morphological simplicity?Morphological simplicity and biochemical complexity coexist in some invertebrates. Among the invertebrates that show a combination of morphological simplicity and great structural or biochemical complexity are cnidarians, particularly corals, and trematodes. Corals, for example, have a simple body structure with no organs, but they are biochemically complex.
Corals have fluorescent pigments that protect them from the sun and photosynthetic algae that provide them with nutrients. Trematodes are parasitic worms that have complex biochemical mechanisms for modifying their host's immune system and secreting toxins to protect themselves from host responses.
Cnidarians and Trematodes are two examples of invertebrates that combine morphological simplicity with features of great structural or biochemical complexity. Thus, the correct options are b. Cnidarians and d. a and b.
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Select the feature(s) common to ecdysozoans. (Choose one or more.)
A. spiral cleavage
B. Intermittent growth with molting
C. Waxy cuticle
D. Continuous growth
in mitosis, the main difference between plant and animal cells is that
The main difference between plant and animal cells during mitosis is the process of cytokinesis. Animal cells undergo cytokinesis through the formation of a cleavage furrow, which is the constriction of the cell membrane at the equator of the cell, which eventually separates the two daughter cells.
The plant cells undergo cytokinesis through the formation of a cell plate. During telophase, the vesicles from the Golgi apparatus fuse at the centre of the dividing cell, forming a cell plate that gradually grows outward towards the cell walls, separating the two daughter cells.
Another difference between plant and animal cells during mitosis is that plant cells have a rigid cell wall that must be split during cytokinesis, while animal cells have a flexible cell membrane that can easily form a cleavage furrow. Additionally, plant cells have a unique organelle called the spindle pole body, which helps to organize the spindle fibres during mitosis.
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what must be true of organisms that have the most shared derived characters
The creatures with the most derived character similarities are the ones with the closest genetic ties. A shared derived character is a feature or aptitude that two lineages share.
For instance, all mammals, snakes, amphibians, and turtles have four limbs as a shared characteristic (and many more not mentioned). All living things have genetic material in their DNA that was passed down from previous generations. Many genes are shared by a variety of creatures, and these organisms also exhibit significant homologies that can be used to infer evolutionary relationships. Other species that have the shared derived trait but not the progenitor of that particular common ancestor are explicitly shared with that common ancestor. similar term is synapomorphy.
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how do cancer cell differ from noncancerous cell? how are they similar ?
It is possible for a cell to make proteins that last for months; hemoglobin in red blood cells is a good example. However, many proteins are not this long-lasting. They may be degraded in days or even hours. What is the advantage of short-lived proteins?
A). Most cells have a short life span.
B). Short-lived proteins enable the cells to adjust (control) gene expression when this is critical to their well-being.
C). Long-lasting proteins are likely to make the cell cancerous.
D). Cells lack the raw materials to make most of the proteins they need.
E). Most proteins are used only once.
The advantage of short-lived proteins is that they enable the cells to adjust (control) gene expression when this is critical to their well-being. The correct option is B.
Proteins are biomolecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acid residues, which play a significant role in most biological processes. Amino acids are connected to each other in a linear chain through peptide bonds in a particular order defined by the genetic code. The sequence of amino acids in a protein defines the structure and functionality of the protein, allowing it to carry out a broad range of functions within the cell or organism. Proteins have many vital functions in the body, such as providing structure, acting as enzymes to catalyze chemical reactions, serving as signalling molecules, and performing various other metabolic, transport, and regulatory functions.Short-lived proteins, unlike long-lived proteins, are responsible for a variety of cellular functions, including the regulation of gene expression, rapid responses to environmental stimuli, and short-term metabolic adjustments, among others. As a result, they assist cells in adapting to their environment, maintaining homeostasis, and avoiding cellular dysfunction caused by the buildup of unwanted molecules.Long-lived proteins, on the other hand, may produce accumulated damage over time, leading to cellular and tissue impairment. Short-lived proteins are highly regulated, and their speedy elimination from the cell is critical for their proper function. Furthermore, short-lived proteins are degraded by the cell's intracellular proteolytic machinery, allowing the cell to quickly remove proteins that are no longer required or have become harmful. Thus, short-lived proteins play a critical role in maintaining cellular health and preventing disease. So, the answer to the given question is option B. Short-lived proteins enable the cells to adjust (control) gene expression when this is critical to their well-being.Learn more about proteins: https://brainly.com/question/884935
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how we know the membrane is a bilayer with a variety of proteins that can move and are either peripheral or integral
The cell membrane is a bilayer that is composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. The two layers of the membrane are made up of phospholipids, which are amphipathic molecules that have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.
The hydrophilic heads are located on the outside of the membrane, where they come into contact with water molecules. The hydrophobic tails are located on the inside of the membrane, where they are shielded from water molecules by the hydrophilic heads.
Proteins are embedded in the bilayer, and they play a variety of roles in membrane function. Some proteins are peripheral, which means they are loosely attached to the membrane and can be easily removed. Other proteins are integral, which means they are firmly attached to the membrane and cannot be easily removed.
There are two different types of integral proteins: transmembrane proteins and lipid-anchored proteins. Transmembrane proteins span the entire membrane, while lipid-anchored proteins are attached to the membrane through a lipid molecule.
Proteins can move laterally within the membrane, which means they can move from one side of the membrane to the other. This movement is known as lateral diffusion.
The fluid mosaic model of the membrane describes the membrane as a fluid structure that is composed of a mosaic of different proteins and lipids. This model explains how the membrane can be both flexible and robust, allowing it to perform its many functions.
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which substance acts like a machine that pushes together molecules of ADP and phosphate (P) groups?
Answer: A. ATP SYNTHASE
Explanation: Explanation
Place the following structures in the order that an electrical impulse would travel beginning with the post-synaptic membrane.
1. axon terminals
2. dendrites
3. node of ranvier
4. axon hillock
5. terminal arborization
6. soma
7. internode
Dendrites, Soma, Axon Hillock, Internode, Node of Ranvier, Axon Terminals, and Terminal Arborization are the structures through which an electrical impulse should pass correctly, starting at the post-synaptic membrane.
What is the sequence in which neuronal impulses move?Dendrites are the starting point for nerve impulses as they travel towards the cell body and down the axon. Electrical and chemical impulses from a nerve impulse pass along the neuron.
What happens in what order as a nerve impulse moves down the axon?The action potential has three stages: depolarization, repolarization, and recovery. At an electrical or chemical synapse, a nerve impulse is sent from one cell to another.
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Which trinucleotide repeat disorder would not be consistent with the hairpin formation part of this model?
CG
AA
GC
CG
AA
GC
CG
A
a) Huntington disease (CAG repeat)
b) Fragile X syndrome (CGG repeat)
c) Jacobsen syndrome (CGG repeat)
d) Friedreich ataxia (GAA repeat)
d) Friedreich ataxia is a trinucleotide repeat disorder that is not consistent with the hairpin formation portion of this model. (GAA repeat).
The increase of a GAA trinucleotide repeat in the first intron of the frataxin (FXN) gene on chromosome 9 causes Friedreich ataxia. The expanded GAA repeat in this disorder causes the creation of a stable DNA hairpin structure.
Frataxin is a mitochondrial protein that is required for iron-sulfur cluster formation and oxidative phosphorylation. The trinucleotide repeat sequence in the provided model is CGAA, which is inconsistent with the GAA repeat seen in Friedreich ataxia.
This model's hairpin formation component is also irrelevant to the pathogenesis of the other trinucleotide repeat disorders mentioned in the because their repeat sequences do not form stable hairpin structures.
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A concise diagram of a fruit
The exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp are normally the three major components of a fruit.
Exocarp: Often referred to as the fruit's skin, this is the fruit's outermost covering.
The central, fle shy layer of the fruit known as the mesocarp is where the majority of the fruit's mass is located.
The endocarp, or innermost layer of the fruit, encloses the seeds.
FruitA flower's developed ovary that bears seeds is referred to as a fruit. Usually, an ovary develops into a fruit and the ovules inside mature into seeds after pollination and fertilization of the flower. The fruit is then propagated via a variety of techniques, including wind, water, or animals, which aid in dispersing the seeds and ensuring the survival of the plant species.The exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp are the fruit's three primary structural components. The fruit's exocarp, commonly referred to as the skin, is its outermost covering. It serves to guard the fruit against harm, water loss, and pests and is frequently thin and colorful. Depending on the fruit, the exocarp may be smooth, ha iry, waxy, or textured.learn more about fruit here
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in pea plants, the allele for purple flowers, p, is dominant over the allele for white flowers, p. which conclusion about phenotype and genotype is possible?(1 point) responses A. if a plant has white flowers, then its genotype must be pp. B. if a plant has white flowers, then its genotype must be , pp, . C. if a plant has white flowers, then its genotype must be pp. D. if a plant has white flowers, then its genotype must be , pp, . E. if a plant has purple flowers, then its genotype must be pp. F. if a plant has purple flowers, then its genotype must be , pp, . G. if a plant has purple flowers, then its genotype must be pp.
A plant's genotype must be pp if it produces white blooms. On pea plants, purple flowers are predominate and white flowers are recessive. The blossom will be purple if at least one P allele is present.
What is the most accurate way to define genotype?The genetic configuration of a property that an organism inherits from its parents is called a genotype. The total set of genes that a child or adult acquired from each parent is referred to as the genotype.
How can a genotype be determined?With a Punnett square, you may ascertain a genotype. To identify the genotypes that are present, you can utilize analytical techniques like PCR analysis and genomic dna hybridization if you are functioning in a more sophisticated laboratory.
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Classify each characteristic of grains as refined grain or whole Grain.Refined Grain Characteristics ______.Whole Grain Characteristics _______.- Densexture- Lighter texture - Contains endosperm only - Typically more expensive to purchase - Typically less expensive to purchase - Faster blood glucose response - Higher in fiber - Contains all components of the grain - Lower in liber - Slower blood glucoso response - Lower in nutrient density but enriched - Higher in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants
Refined Grain Characteristics are: Lighter texture, contains endosperm only, typically more expensive to purchase, faster blood glucose response.
Whole Grain Characteristics: Densexture, higher in fiber, contains all components of the grain, typically less expensive to purchase, slower blood glucose response, lower in nutrient density but enriched, and higher in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants.
Refined grains, such as white bread, white rice, and white pasta, have been processed to remove the bran and germ. The bran and germ contain fiber, vitamins, and minerals, making refined grains less nutritious than whole grains, which contain all three components of the grain.The whole grain characteristics are high in fiber, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. Refined grains are lower in fiber and nutrient density, but they can be enriched with some vitamins and minerals.
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Using change of base matrices to find coordinate matrices of linear transformations Let B and C be two ordered bases of R2, and consider a linear transformation T: R2 + R2. Suppose that the change of base matrix Ic, B is given by 0 -2 3 3 and the coordinate matrix Tc,c of T with respect to C is given by [ -=-1) 2 Use this to determine coordinate matrix TB,B of T with respect to B. TB,B ?
To find TB,B, we use the inverse of Ic,B to obtain the change of base matrix from B to C. We then multiply this matrix with Tc,C and Ic,B to get TB,B as a 2x2 matrix with entries 2, 2, -3, -3.
To find the coordinate matrix TB,B of T with respect to B, we need to use the change of base matrix from B to C, which is the inverse of the change of base matrix from C to B. That is:
Ib, C = (Ic, B)⁽⁻¹⁾
First, we find the inverse of Ic, B:
| 0 -2 |⁻¹ | 3 3 |
| 3 3 | = |-1 2 |
Now, we can use this matrix to find the coordinate matrix TB,B as follows:
TB,B = Ib, C * Tc,C * Ic, B
TB,B = (Ic, B)⁽⁻¹⁾ * Tc,C * Ic, B
TB,B = | -1 2 | * | -1 0 | * | 0 -2 |
| 3 3 | | 2 1 | | 3 3 |
TB,B = | 2 2 |
|-3 -3 |
Therefore, the coordinate matrix TB,B of T with respect to B is:
TB,B = | 2 2 |
|-3 -3 |
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How did collections of living plants from around the world probably MOST help botanists to increase their knowledge about plants?
A.
by enabling them to experiment with diverse plants
B.
by allowing them to study plant anatomy more closely
C.
by making it possible to grow plants anywhere
D.
by building public support for botanical research
Curators create living collections for a variety of reasons, such as scientific study and education. Living collections for plants contain plant genetic resources that are preserved for study and conservation in germplasm repositories, such as the largest in the world, the National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) of the USDA.
What is living plants?A living plant is one that is still connected to its source of life. In the case of the leafy greens sold by Cultiveat, they are sent to you in the nutrition-filled cartridges that keep them alive. Because of this, you may leave the plant's roots in water outside of the refrigerator and still observe that they are still attached. Tillandsia is one of the simplest indoor plants to grow since air plants are epiphytes, which means they can grow without soil. To maintain the health of your air plants, simply spritz them with water once a week. The plant's name translates to "two leaves that cannot die" in Afrikaans as "tweeblaarkanniedood." Welwitschia only produces two leaves continually for the course of a lifetime that can last millennia, hence the name is appropriate.To learn more about living plants, refer to:
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fruits that have a central pit enclosing a single seed are known as
According to the chemiosmotic mechanism, ATP is generated when
A) Electrons are transferred between carrier molecules.
B) A high-energy phosphate group is transferred from an intermediate metabolite to ADP.
C) Chlorophyll liberates an electron.
D) Protons are moved across a membrane.
E) Cells lyse in a hypotonic environment.
According to the chemiosmotic mechanism, ATP is generated when (D) protons are moved across a membrane.
It suggests that ATP synthesis is caused by a gradient of protons established across the inner mitochondrial membrane or the thylakoid membrane in photosynthetic organisms through the redox reactions of the electron transfer chains.
The transfer of electrons through the electron transport chain is coupled with proton translocation across the membrane in the chemiosmotic mechanism. This activity establishes an electrochemical gradient across the membrane with protons building up on one side of the membrane.
To achieve ATP synthesis, this gradient of protons must be restored to equilibrium by moving the protons back to the other side of the membrane. The energy derived from this gradient is then utilized for ATP synthesis.
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How did scientists form the geologic time scale?
Scientists form the geologic time scale by dividing Earth’s history into major and minor eras. This is based on the evidence from the rock layers, fossils, and other data gathered from around the world.
Scientists first divided Earth’s history into the four main eras: Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic. Each of these eras is further divided into smaller and more specific periods, such as the Jurassic period during the Mesozoic era. Each of these periods has its own set of rock layers, fossils, and other evidence that can be studied.
By examining these features, scientists can build a timeline of Earth's history and map out when certain events occurred, such as mass extinctions or changes in the environment. This is how they have formed the geologic time scale.
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what needs to be improved about the human activity system?
Answer:
Brain
Explanation:
The brain needs to be improved because we always use it not only in storing words or something else but we can also use our brains to see without the eyes so the brains need to be improved
Question 6 1 pts The fossils of Pakicetus, Ambulocetus, Rodhocetus, and Dorudon are examples of fifteen million years of evolution between Indohyus and Balaena (modern baleen whale). demonstrating the O adaptive traits O analogous traits O transitional fossils O homologous traits
The fossils of Pakicetus, Ambulocetus, Rodhocetus, and Dorudon are examples of transitional fossils. This means that the organisms they represent have traits that are intermediate between the ancestral forms and the derived forms.
Transitional fossils are fossils that represent the transitional phases between two groups of animals. These fossils are unique in that they have intermediate traits between two groups of organisms, showing the evolutionary change from one form to another. Transitional fossils are critical because they help to fill in gaps in the fossil record, which is incomplete due to the rarity of preservation under specific circumstances. They provide a means of examining the evolutionary transitions that occurred, allowing scientists to understand the timing and sequence of significant changes in the anatomy of species, as well as their origin and evolutionary relationships.
The fossils of Pakicetus, Ambulocetus, Rodhocetus, and Dorudon are examples of fifteen million years of evolution between Indohyus and Balaena (modern baleen whale). This demonstrates that the organisms they represent have traits that are intermediate between the ancestral forms and the derived forms, i.e., they have transitional traits.
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question mushrooms and bacteria serve an important role in an ecosystem, that of the decomposer. decomposers break down the organic material of once living organisms, such as carbon and nitrogen. why are decomposers important to the ecosystem?
Decomposers are essential for maintaining the balance of nutrients in an ecosystem. They break down organic matter, releasing essential nutrients such as carbon and nitrogen back into the soil and water, which can then be used by plants and other organisms. This process of nutrient cycling is essential for maintaining healthy ecosystems and the life cycles of living organisms.
Decomposers are significant to the ecosystem for the reason that they break down organic matter in order to recycle the nutrients back to the earth. The reasons why decomposers are significant to the ecosystem are given below:
Decomposers help in maintaining the nutrient cycle. The decomposers break down the organic matter of dead organisms like fungi, bacteria, insects, earthworms, etc. These dead organisms are important sources of nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon, and other essential nutrients. Decomposers release these nutrients in the soil where they are used by plants to produce food. Decomposers help in cleaning up. The decomposers clean up the environment by removing dead and decaying material. They help to keep the environment clean and healthy. They help to keep the environment free of dead and decaying material.Decomposers prevent the accumulation of waste. Decomposers prevent the accumulation of waste by breaking down the organic matter.Learn more about Decomposers at https://brainly.com/question/380333
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Which of these statements about lymphocytes is false?They mostly occur in lymphoid tissues.They are phagocytic.They occur as B, T, and NK types.They bind antigens.
Statements about lymphocytes are false are they are phagocytic.
The lymphocyte is the type of cell that makes up the majority of lymphoid tissue. Lymphocytes, like macrophages, are made from stem cells in the bone marrow and transported to lymphoid tissue in the blood. Before moving on to other lymphoid organs like the spleen, T lymphocytes mature in the thymus.
It is generally believed that specialized APCs 10, but not naive B cells 11, 12 carry out phagocytosis. However, it has been demonstrated that a specific subpopulation of B cells known as B1 B cells can also phagocytose bacteria, 13, 14, 15, and 16.
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Identify all of the following that are components of the prokaryotic core RNA polymerase. Two identical alpha subunits. In a bacterial cell, several genes can be clustered together and transcribed onto the same mRNA molecule....transcribes rRNA.transcribes mRNA.transcribes tRNA.
The prokaryotic core RNA polymerase consists of two identical alpha-subunits. In a bacterial cell, several genes can be clustered together and transcribed onto the same mRNA molecule called the operon.
Five subunits make up the bacterial RNA polymerase's central structure. There are two identical alpha subunits in the core enzyme. Similar genes are frequently located together on the chromosome of bacteria, where they are produced as a single unit from a single promoter (RNA polymerase binding site).
An operon is a collection of genes that is under the control of a single promoter. Operons are frequent in bacteria but uncommon in eukaryotes like humans. Several genes that will be translated into proteins can be found in the mRNA molecule that is created during transcription. Messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA are the three RNA molecule types that are created during transcription (tRNA).
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Complete question is:
Identify all of the following that are components of the prokaryotic core RNA polymerase.
Two identical alpha subunits.
One β' subunit
One β subunit
In a bacterial cell, several genes can be clustered together and transcribed onto the same mRNA molecule.
transcribes rRNA.
transcribes mRNA.
transcribes tRNA.
what part of the eye changes shape to adjust the size of the pupil?
The iris is the part of the eye that changes shape to adjust the size of the pupil.
The iris is a thin, circular structure located in front of the lens and behind the cornea. It contains pigment cells that give the eye its color and muscles that control the size of the pupil. The circular muscles within the iris, known as the sphincter pupillae muscles, contract to constrict the pupil and reduce the amount of light entering the eye.
The radial muscles within the iris, known as the dilator pupillae muscles, relax to widen the pupil and allow more light to enter the eye. This process is called pupillary reflex and is important for regulating the amount of light that reaches the retina.
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what is anabolic steroids are the synethetic version of the male hormone estrogen.?
Anabolic steroids are synthetic (man-made) versions of testosterone. Testosterone is the main sex hormone in men.
It is needed to develop and maintain male sex characteristics, such as facial hair, deep voice, and muscle growth. Women do have some testosterone in their bodies, but in much smaller amounts.
Anabolic steroids are prescribed by medical professionals to treat some hormonal issues in men, delayed puberty, and muscle loss caused by certain disorders. Some individuals do however abuse anabolic drugs.
Anabolic steroids are used by some bodybuilders and sportsmen to bulk up and enhance their athletic abilities. The steroid dosage can be administered orally, intramuscularly, topically, or as a gel or cream to the skin. These doses could be anywhere between 10 and 100 times more than those used to treat illnesses. It is neither legal nor safe to use them in this way without a prescription from a doctor.
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