Answer:
$11881.4
Explanation:
Given :
Future value, FV = $15,000
Interest rate, r = 6%
Period, n = 4 years
Using the Present Value formula :
PV = FV(1 ÷ (1 + r)^n)
15000(1 ÷ (1 + r)^n)
15000(1 ÷ (1 + 0.06)^4)
15000(1 ÷ 1.06^4)
15000(1 ÷ 1.26247696)
15000(0.7920936)
= $11,881.4
Cash outflows can be categorized into all of the following groups except: Multiple Choice opportunity costs associated with selecting a specific capital project. outflows associated with the initial investment. working capital commitments.
Answer:
opportunity costs associated with selecting a specific capital project.
Explanation:
The cash outflows should be classified in various kind of groups like the outflows that attached with the initial investment, commitment related to the working capital, also at the same time it increased the operating expense but does not considered the opportunity cost along with the capital project as the outflow of cash means the payment is to be done in cash but the opportunity cost is the cost that provides the benefit over the another choice
So the above statement should be the answer
A company is planning to purchase a machine that will cost $57,000 with a six-year life and no salvage value. The company expects to sell the machine's output of 3,000 units evenly throughout each year. A projected income statement for each year of the asset's life appears below. What is the payback period for this machine?
Sales $138,000
Costs:
Manufacturing $68,000
Depreciation on machine 9,500
Selling and administrative expenses 46,000 (123,500)
Income before taxes $14,500
Income tax (35%) 5,075
Net income $9,425
a. 6.00 years.
b. 1.99 year.
c. 6.05 years.
d. 12.10 years.
e. 3.01 years.
Answer:
e. 3.01 years
Explanation:
Cost of Asset = $57,000
Net annual cash Inflow = Net Income after Tax + Depreciation
Net annual cash Inflow = $9,425 + $9,500
Net annual cash Inflow = $18,925
Payback Period = Cost of Asset (Investment) / Net annual cash Inflow
Payback Period = $57,000 / $18,925
Payback Period = 3.01188904
Payback Period = 3.01 years
Renegade Publishers Inc. projected sales of 29,000 diaries for 2016. The estimated January 1, 2016, inventory is 1,200 units, and the desired December 31, 2016, inventory is 3,000 units. What is the budgeted production (in units) for 2016
Answer:
30,800 units
Explanation:
Production Budget for 2016
Budgeted Sales 29,000
Add Budgeted Closing Inventory 3,000
Total 32,000
Less Budgeted Opening Inventory (1,200)
Budgeted Production 30,800
therefore,
The budgeted production (in units) for 2016 is 30,800 units
Over a certain period, large-company stocks had an average return of 12.94 percent, the average risk-free rate was 2.65 percent, and small-company stocks averaged 17.73 percent. What was the risk premium on small-company stocks for this period
Answer:
15.08 percent
Explanation:
Calculation to determine What was the risk premium on small-company stocks for this period
Using this formula
Risk premium =Average risk-free rate -small-Company stocks averaged
Let plug in the formula
Risk premium=2.65 percent-17.73 percent
Risk premium=15.08 percent
Therefore the risk premium on small-company stocks for this period is 15.08 percent
Wildcat, Inc., has estimated sales (in millions) for the next four quarters as follows:
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Sales $165 $185 $205 $235
a. Sales for the first quarter of the year after this one are projected at $180 million. Accounts receivable at the beginning of the year were $71 million. Wildcat has a 45-day collection period.
b. Wildcat's purchases from suppliers in a quarter are equal to 45 percent of the next quarter's forecast sales, and suppliers are normally paid in 36 days. Wages, taxes, and other expenses run about 20 percent of sales. Interest and dividends are $16 million per quarter.
c. Wildcat plans a major capital outlay in the second quarter of $99 million. Finally, the company started the year with a $78 million cash balance and wishes to maintain a $40 million minimum balance.
Complete the following cash budget for Wildcat, Inc.
WILDCAT, INC. Cash Budget (in millions)
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Beginning cash balance $78.00 $ $ $
Net cash inflow
Ending cash balance $ $ $ $
Minimum cash balance -30.00 -30.00 -30.0 -30.00
Cumulative surplus (deficit) $ $ $ $
Answer:
Wildcat, Inc.
WILDCAT, INC. Cash Budget (in millions)
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Beginning cash balance $78.00 $115.90 $48.45 $83.40
Net cash inflow 37.90 -67.45 34.95 71.05
Ending cash balance $115.90 $48.45 $83.40 $154.45
Minimum cash balance -40.00 -40.00 -40.00 -40.00
Cumulative surplus (deficit) $75.90 $8.45 $43.40 $114.45
Explanation:
a) Data and Calculations:
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1
Sales (in millions) $165 $185 $205 $235 $180
Accounts receivable at beginning of the year = $71 million
Collection period = 45 days = 50% in each quarter and 50% in the next
Purchases for the quarter = 45% of next quarter's forecast sales
Payment period = 36 days
Wages, taxes, etc. = 20% of sales
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1
Sales (in millions) $165 $185 $205 $235 $180
Cash collections:
50% quarter of sales 82.50 92.50 102.50 117.50
50% next quarter 71.00 82.50 92.50 102.50
Total cash collections 153.50 175.00 195.00 220.00
Purchases 83.25 92.25 105.75 81.00
Cash Payments:
80% month of purchase 66.60 73.80 84.60 64.80
20% following purchase 16.65 18.45 21.15
Total purchases payments 66.60 90.45 103.05 85.95
Wages, taxe, etc. 33 37 41 47
Interest and dividends 16 16 16 16
Capital outlay 99
Total cash disbursements 115.60 242.45 160.05 148.95
Net cash inflow 37.90 -67.45 34.95 71.05
Cash, beginning = $78 million
Desired minimum balance = $40 million
A corporate bond returns 12 percent of its cost (in PV terms) in the first year, 11 percent in the second year, 10 percent in the third year and the remainder in the fourth year. What is the bond's duration in years?
Answer: 3.32 years
Explanation:
The remainder return in the fourth year will be calculated as:
= 1 - 0.12 - 0.11 - 0.10
= 0.67
Year 1:
Return = 12% = 0.12
Year × Return = 1 × 0.12 = 0.12
Year 2
Return = 11% = 0.11
Year × Return = 2 × 0.11 = 0.22
Year 3
Return = 10% = 0.10
Year × Return = 0.30
Year 4
Return = 0.67
Year × Return = 2.68
Bond's duration = 0.12 + 0.22 + 0.30 + 2.68 = 3.32 years
Young Corporation is considering purchasing equipment that costs $80,000 and is expected to provide the following cash inflows over its five-year useful life: Year Cash inflow 1 $ 18,000 2 22,000 3 24,000 4 16,000 5 9,000 What is the payback period of this investment project
Answer:
It will take 4 years to cover the initial investment.
Explanation:
Giving the following information:
Initial investment= $80,000
Cash flows:
1 $ 18,000
2 22,000
3 24,000
4 16,000
5 9,000
The payback period is the time required to cover the initial investment:
Year 1= 18,000 - 80,000= -62,000
Year 2= 22,000 - 62,000= -40,000
Year 3= 24,000 - 40,000= -16,000
Year 4= 16,000 - 16,000= 0
It will take 4 years to cover the initial investment.
what are the consequences on the auditor if he auditor fails to report information??
Answer: Audit failures are routinely implicated with loss deposits, loss of employments and loss of livelihoods of individuals.
Explanation: Example of audit failures and its effects to individuals: The damage done to people's lives by audit failures is well documented
this might be helpful for you ..
Prepare a memo to management recommending data storage, input and output devices, networking equipment, and how the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) can be used to analyze, plan, and document systems changes.
Answer:
Following are the response to the given question:
Explanation:
Many previous studies are published about the methods, technologies for successful system implementation of distinct SDLC s development cycles. Not only technical activities but also design, process improvement, user experience, social democracy, user effect, and proper security procedures. The SDLC is an element of the process and installs programs. These complex life-cycles of knowledge management are addressed by books like David Identify factors that contribute & Guy Fitzgerald's Information System Developments and Alan Daniels as well as Don Yeats's Fundamental Systems Design.
This paper offers a comprehensive background, description, stages, advantages, and risks, along with methods supporting the life cycle of system development.
We first have to define the systems to understand the notion of a life cycle of the system development. A system is an element of IT - hardware, programming, or a mix of both. Each program is designed from initial planning to disposal via a development cycle. To avoid costly errors and also to speed up the development, some approaches provide the necessary framework to guide the challenging and complex operations, all of which aim to put in action or software-based systems through stages.
A lifespan is analogous to a project life cycle. SDLC is now in reality regarded in many situations as a staged plan model that sets the corporate, personnel, political, and budgetary limits of the large project. The term "Project" implies that the cycles began and finished and the methodologies inherent inside the strategy for just a systems development life cycle give clear, different stages of the work inside the strategy, development, testing, implementation, and maintenance parts.
SDLC membership also includes c-suite management, however, the multilayered process is managed via construction managers, technology, systems and system engineers, customers, and the design team. Each program is individually complex in planning and execution, and project leaders often use numerous SDLC approaches inside a company.
Barry Boots Inc. is considering adding a new line of boots. Based on preliminary market research, management has decided that each pair of boots should be priced at $300. Furthermore, management believes that the profit margin should be 30 percent of sales revenue.
What is the target cost?
a. $150.75
b. $225.50
c. $260.00
d. $157.50
Answer:
the target cost is $210
Explanation:
The computation of the target cost is shown below;
Given that
sale price = $300
Profit margin = 30%
Now
Profit = $300 × 30%
= $90
Since the profit is $90
So, the Cost is
= sales - profit
= $300 - $90
= $210
hence, the target cost is $210
This is the answer but the same is not provided in the given options
Match the definitions that follow with the term it defines.
a. Demand-based concept
b. Competition-based concept
c. Product cost concept
d. Target costing
e. Production bottleneck
1. Constraint
2. Combines market-based pricing with a cost-reduction emphasis
3. Only includes the costs of manufacturing in product cost per unit
4. Sets the price according to competitors
5. Sets the price according to demand
Answer:
1)e. Production bottleneck
2)d. Target costing
3)c. Product cost concept
4)b. Competition-based concept
5)a. Demand-based concept
Explanation:
1.) Constraint ( Production bottleneck)
A bottleneck as regards production can be explained as point of congestion that is reach in a production system, for instance in
an assembly line which takes place
as a result of arrival of workloads so quickly for the handling of production process.
2. Combines market-based pricing with
a cost-reduction emphasis(Target costing)
Target costing can be regarded as approach used in determining of life-cycle cost of product that is required to be sufficient to develop specified functionality as well as quality, making sure desired profit is ensured.
3. Only includes the costs of manufacturing in product cost per unit
(Product cost concept)
Product cost can be regarded as costs that is been incurred during creation of a product. Some of these costs are
factory overhead, direct labor as well as direct materials, and consumable production supplies.
4. Sets the price according to competitors(Competition-based concept)
Competition based pricing can be regarded as Concept that is been used in setting one's prices in relation to the prices of one's competitors.
5. Sets the price according to demand
(Demand-based concept)
Demand Based Pricing can be regarded as pricing method which is focus on customer's demand as well as perceived value of the product.
Adjani is hearing more complaints from his employees about headaches and breathing difficulties. A consultant found that the air quality in his building was poor and recommended all of the following EXCEPT:________.
A. Install new carpeting.
B. Reduce the use of automatic air fresheners.
C. Clean air ducts regularly.
D. Use cleaning supplies that do not emit irritation fumes.
E. Check office equipment for airborne contaminants.
Answer:
a
Explanation:
Green Melon Electronics Company's management plans to finance its operations with bank loans that will be repaid as soon as cash is available. The company's management expects that it will take 60 days to manufacture and sell its products and 50 days to receive payment from its customers. Green Melon's CFO has told the rest of the management team that they should expect the length of the bank loans to be approximately 110 days.
Which of the following responses to the CFO's statement is most accurate?
a. The CFO is not taking into account the amount of time the company has to pay its suppliers. Generally, there is a certain length of time between the purchase of materials and labor and the payment of cash for them. The CFO can reduce the estimated length of the bank loan by this amount of time.
b. The CFO's approximation of the length of the bank loans should be accurate, because it will take 110 days for the company to manufacture, sell, and collect cash for its goods. All these things must occur for the company to be able to repay its loans from the bank.
Setting and implementing a credit policy is important for three main reasons:
1. It has a major effect on sales, it influences the amount of funds tied up in receivables, and it affects bad debt losses.
2. It has a minor effect on sales, it influences the amount of funds tied up in receivables, and it affects bad debt losses.
Answer: a. The CFO is not taking into account the amount of time the company has to pay its suppliers. Generally, there is a certain length of time between the purchase of materials and labor and the payment of cash for them. The CFO can reduce the estimated length of the bank loan by this amount of time.
1. It has a major effect on sales, it influences the amount of funds tied up in receivables, and it affects bad debt losses.
Explanation:
A. Since the company's management expects that it will take 60 days to manufacture and sell its products and 50 days to receive payment from its customers, while Green Melon's CFO informed the rest of the management team that they should expect the length of the bank loans to be approximately 110 days, then it can be inferred that the CFO is not taking into account the amount of time the company has to pay its suppliers.
2. Setting and implementing a credit policy is important because it has a major effect on sales, nfluences the amount of funds tied up in receivables, and it also affects bad debt losses.
Computech Corporation is expanding rapidly and currently needs to retain all of its earnings; hence, it does not pay dividends. However, investors expect Computech to begin paying dividends, beginning with a dividend of $0.50 coming 3 years from today. The dividend should grow rapidly - at a rate of 49% per year - during Years 4 and 5; but after Year 5, growth should be a constant 9% per year. If the required return on Computech is 16%, what is the value of the stock today? Round your answer to the nearest cent. Do not round your intermediate calculations.
Answer: $8.81
Explanation:
To solve this, add the present values of the dividends from years 3, 4 and 5 and then add the present value of the terminal value of the stock at year 5.
Year 3 dividend = $0.50
Year 4 dividend = 0.50 * (1 + 49%) = $0.745
Year 5 dividend = 0.745 * 1.49 = $1.11005
= Dividend in year 3 / (1 + required rate of return)³ + Dividend in year 4 / (1 + required rate of return)⁴ + Dividend in year 5 / (1 + required rate of return)⁵ + (Dividend in year 5 * (1 + growth rate) / ( required rate of return - growth rate ) ) / (1 + required rate of return)⁵
= 0.5 / 1.16³ + 0.745/1.16⁴ + 1.11005/1.16⁵ + ( 1.11005 / (16% - 9%)) / 1.16⁵
= $8.81
If the required return on Compu tech is 16%, the value of stock today is $8.81. To answer this, sum the present values of the dividends from years 3, 4, and 5, followed by the present value of the stock's terminal value in year 5.
The current value of a future sum of money or stream of cash flows at a predetermined rate of return is known as its present value (PV). The present value of future cash flows is reduced by the discount rate, and the higher the discount rate, the lower the present value of future cash flows.
Given,
Year 3 dividend = $0.50
Year 4 dividend = 0.50 * (1 + 49%) = $0.745
Year 5 dividend = 0.745 * 1.49 = $1.11005
Dividend in year 3 / (1 + required rate of return)³ + Dividend in year 4 / (1 + required rate of return)⁴ + Dividend in year 5 / (1 + required rate of return)⁵ + (Dividend in year 5 * (1 + growth rate) / ( required rate of return - growth rate ) ) / (1 + required rate of return)⁵
= 0.5 / 1.16³ + 0.745/1.16⁴ + 1.11005/1.16⁵ + ( 1.11005 / (16% - 9%)) / 1.16⁵
= $8.81
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In the context of a marketing mix, the product includes: Group of answer choices the name of the brand. personal selling the elements of advanced strategic planning the point of purchase
Answer:
the name of the brand.
Explanation:
Marketing mix can be defined as the choices about product attributes, pricing, distribution, and communication strategy that a company blends and offer its targeted markets (customers) so as to build and maintain a desired response.
Generally, a marketing mix is made up of the four (4) Ps;
1. Promotions: for a good sales record or in order to increase the number of people buying a product and taking services, it is very important to have a good marketing communication such as advertising, sales promotion, direct marketing, etc.
2. Price: this represents the amount of money a customer buying goods and services are willing to pay for it.
3. Place: this represents the areas of distribution of these goods and services for easier access by the potential customers.
4. Products: this is typically the brand name, goods and services that gives satisfaction to the customer's needs and wants. They are either tangible or intangible items.
In the context of a marketing mix, the product includes the name of the brand.
The demand rate for raw material A is normally distributed with an average of 300 pints per day. The standard deviation of daily demand is 15 pints. If the lead time for this material is 4 days, what is the standard deviation of demand during the 4-day lead time
Answer:
the standard deviation of demand during the 4-day lead time is 30
Explanation:
the computation of the standard deviation of demand during the 4-day lead time is given below;
= Sqrt(Lead time) × Std deviation daily demand
= Sqrt(4) × 15
=2 × 15
= 30
Hence, the standard deviation of demand during the 4-day lead time is 30
Hurdzan, Inc., has a 30-day average collection period and wants to maintain a minimum cash balance of $20 million, which is what the company currently has on hand. The company currently has a receivables balance of $196 million and has developed the following sales and cash disbursement budgets (in millions):
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Sales $441 $513 $594 $558
Total cash disbursement 368 465 720 456
Required:
Wrtie down cash budget for the company.
Answer:
Attached below
Explanation:
Receivables balance = $196 million
Minimum cash balance = $20 million
Given data :
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Sales $441 $513 $594 $558
Total cash disbursement 368 465 720 456
attached below is the cash budget for the company as required
what is cost variance
Answer:
Cost variance is the difference between the actual cost incurred and the planned/budgeted cost at a given time on a project.
Explanation:
In spite of people living longer and healthier lives, stereotypes about older workers being hard to manage and slow to adapt to new technologies still persist. How do the media contribute to and reinforce these perceptions?
(your answer must be a minimum of 200 words)
Answer:
I think although older workers may need a rather difficult time learning new technological concepts, nothing takes from them the dedication and commitment they will bring back any company.
Explanation:
The media contributes to its idea pretty vastly. If the media promoted more within the older generation it'll help reinforce the commitment and drive of the elderly. They do not go to work, they prefer to work. they need to remain active, they need to continue doing what they love. sure being retired is great but they get bored. Not many of us just want to remain home, especially from that operation. The baby boomers and generation y workers want and wish for social interaction and need to continue mental stimulation.
A new coffee machine costs $50,850 and the finance office has quoted you an Annual Percentage Rate (APR) of 5.9%, compounded monthly, for 36 months. What is the Effective Annual Rate (EAR)?
Answer:
6.062189766%
Explanation:
[tex](1+\frac{.059}{12})^{36}=(1+i)^3\\[/tex]
we flew to ___Dublin Airport in ___ Ireland. correct determiners
Answer:
we flew to the Dublin Airport in the Ireland
In the Shaping Department of Jenkins Company the unit materials cost is $3.00 and the unit conversion cost is $1.80. The department transferred out 8,000 units and had 2,000 units in ending work in process 20% complete. If all materials are added at the beginning of the process, the total cost to be assigned to the ending work in process is?
Answer:
$6,720
Explanation:
Calculation to determine what the total cost to be assigned to the ending work in process is
First step
Materials cost=2000 units * 100%
Materials cost=2,000
Conversion costs=2000 units *20%
Conversion costs= 400
Now let determine the ending work in process
Ending work in process=(2000 units *$3.00 per unit)+(400 units *$1.80 per unit)
Ending work in process= $6,000+$720
Ending work in process=$6,720
Therefore the total cost to be assigned to the ending work in process is $6,720
Consider a telephone call to London that currently would cost $5. If the real price of telephone calls does not change in the future, how much will it cost you to make a call to London in 50 years if the inflation rate is 5% (roughly its average over the past 30 years)? What if inflation is 10%.
Answer:
If inflation were 5%, the value of the call in 50 years would be $ 57.33; while if inflation were 10% the value of the call would be $ 586.95.
Explanation:
Given that a telephone call to London that currently would cost $ 5, to determine, if the real price of telephone calls does not change in the future, how much will it cost you to make a call to London in 50 years if the inflation rate is 5% and if inflation is 10%, the following calculations must be made:
5 x 1.05 ^ 50 = X
5 x 11.4674 = X
57.33 = X
5 x 1.1 ^ 50 = X
5 x 117.39 = X
586.95 = X
Therefore, if inflation were 5%, the value of the call in 50 years would be $ 57.33; while if inflation were 10% the value of the call would be $ 586.95.
The purpose or objectives of Competition policy
Answer:
Competition policy promotes market competition by regulating anti-competitive behavior undertaken by firms. The fundamental reason for competition policy is to allow the smooth functioning of the free market and the price mechanism, thus maximizing economic welfare.
Explanation:
Below are several amounts reported at the end of the year. Currency located at the company $ 950 Supplies 2,800 Short-term investments that mature within three months 1,850 Accounts receivable 3,100 Balance in savings account 8,100 Checks received from customers but not yet deposited 550 Prepaid rent 1,350 Coins located at the company 100 Equipment 9,000 Balance in checking account 5,800 Required: Calculate the amount of cash to report in the balance sheet.
Answer:
$17,350
Explanation:
Calculation to determine the amount of cash to report in the balance sheet.
Currency located at the company $950
Add Short-term investments that mature within three months 1,850
Add Balance in savings account 8,100
Add Checks received from customers but not yet deposited 550
Add Coins located at the company 100
Add Balance in checking account 5,800
Total Cash $17,350
Therefore the amount of cash to report in the balance sheet is $17,350
$100 compounded annually for two years at 3% interest would provide the investor with how much of a return?
a). $6.09
b). $3.03
c). $6.00
d). $3.00
e). None of these
Scarcity, opportunity cost, and marginal analysis Alex is training for a triathlon, a timed race that combines swimming, biking, and running. Consider the following sentence: Because his pool sessions are helping him swim more quickly, Alex plans to reduce by 1 hour per week the time he spends training on the bike and increase by 1 hour the time he spends in the swimming pool; however, his wife says that he should stop doing any biking and running and spend all 20 hours per week in the pool. Which basic principle of individual choice does Alex's plan illustrate that his wife's advice does not?
a. All costs are opportunity costs.
b. People usually exploit opportunities to make themselves better off.
c. Resources are scarce.
d. Many decisions are made on the margin.
Answer:
D
Explanation:
Marginal decisions involves considering the cost and benefit of taking a particular action. If the marginal benefit of taking a particular action exceeds the marginal cost, the activity should be undertaken
Which of the following businesses poses the highest degree of difficulty in e-commerce? Portals and infomediaries Businesses such as Travelocity, and those that sell digital music, and software Businesses that rely on a physical infrastructure Brick and mortar companies
Answer:
Businesses that rely on a physical infrastructure.
Explanation:
e-commerce is a short for electronic commerce and it can be defined as a marketing strategy that deals with meeting the needs of consumers, by selling products or services to the consumers over the internet.
This ultimately implies that, e-commerce is strictly based on the buying and selling of goods or services electronically, over the internet or through a digital platform. Also, the payment for such goods or services are typically done over the internet such as online payment services.
In view of the above details, businesses that rely on a physical infrastructure poses the highest degree of difficulty in e-commerce because it's only dependent online retailing.
Compare a market operating at a quantity lower than equilibrium (ie. a price floor) with the same market operating at the equilibrium quantity. Which of the following statements are true?
a. A price floor will increase the producer and total surplus.
b. It is unclear if the consumer surplus is greater or less at the market operating below equilibrium.
c. A market operating below equilibrium will transfer some producer surplus to consumers
d. A market operating below equilibrium will transfer some consumer surplus to producers.
Answer:
D
Explanation:
A price floor is when the government or an agency of the government sets the minimum price of a product. A price floor is binding if it is set above equilibrium price.
A price floor increases producer surplus and reduces consumer surplus
Consumer surplus is the difference between the willingness to pay of a consumer and the price of the good.
Consumer surplus = willingness to pay – price of the good
Producer surplus is the difference between the price of a good and the least price the seller is willing to sell the product
Producer surplus = price – least price the seller is willing to accept
The dead weight loss of tax can be determined by calculating the reduction in total surplus as a result of the tax
Which of the following statements is true? Question 2 options: Velocity equals the money supply. GDP is larger than the money supply if velocity is greater than 1. The money supply must be equal to GDP. GDP is always twice the money supply.
Answer:
GDP is larger than the money supply if velocity is greater than 1
Explanation:
According to the quantity theory of money :
price x quantity = money supply x velocity
GDP = money supply x velocity
If velocity = 2
money supply is 20
then GDP = 2 x 20 = 40
gdp is greater than money supply
