is considering an investment with an initial cost of $236,000. In Year 4, the project will require an additional investment and finally, the project will be shut down in Year 7. The annual cash flows for Years 1 to 7, respectively, are projected as $64,000, $87,000, $91,000, −$48,000, $122,000, $154,000, and −$30,000. If all negative cash flows are moved to Time 0 using a discount rate of 13 percent, what is the project's modified IRR?
Answers
Answer:
18.54%
Explanation:
The computation of the project modified IRR is shown below:
Here we use the spreadsheet for determining the IRR
but before that we need to find out the cash inflows
Years Amount (in dollars)
Year 0: = - $278,191.12
($236,000 - $48,000 ÷ 1.13^4 -$30,000 ÷ 1.13^7)
Year 1: 64000
Year 2: 87000
Year 3: 91000
Year 4: 0
Year 5: 122000
Year 6: 154000
Year 7: 0
Now we use the excel
=IRR({-$278,191.12,$64,000,$87,000,$91,000,$0,$122,000,$154,000,0})
= 18.54%
Related Questions
Many gluten-free food options are found on the store shelves in the United States, but they are scarcely available in international markets. Given the increasing awareness of a healthy lifestyle, such products satisfy an unmet need. Therefore, a product such as gluten-free food in international markets:_________.
Answers
Answer: Is likely to have greater value
Explanation:
Gluten-free food are food that are safe to eat. Examples are most dairy products, such as cheese, butter and milk, fruit and vegetables, meat and fish (although not breaded or battered)
potatoes, rice and rice noodles. Although they are available at stores in America, they are scarce in the other part of world due to how they are valued. The demand of such food in those region is higher than that of America hence their shortage there.
Which option is correct. A, B, C, or D
In 2019, Osgood Corporation purchased $6.1 million worth of 10-year municipal bonds at face value. On December 31, 2021, the bonds had a fair value of $4,300,000 and Osgood reclassified the bonds from held-to-maturity to trading securities. Osgood's December 31, 2021, balance sheet and the 2021 income statement would show the following:
Investment in bonds (TS) Income statement loss on investments
a. $4,300,000 $ 0
b. $4,300,000 $1,800,000
c. $6,100,000 $1,800,000
d. $6,100,000 $ 0
a) Option d.
b) Option c.
c) Option b.
Answers
Answer:
b. $4,300,000 $1,800,000
Explanation:
Calculation for what Osgood's December 31, 2021, balance sheet and the 2021 income statement would show
First step is to find the Loss on investments using this formula
Income statement Loss on investments =Face value municipal bonds-Fair value
Let plug in the formula
Income statement Loss on investments=6,100,000-4,300,000
Income statement Loss on investments= $1,800,000
Second step is to find the investment in bonds
Based on the information given we were told that On December 31, 2021, the bonds had a Fair value of the amount of $4,300,000 which simply means that the Fair value amount of $4,300,000 will be the Investment in municipal bonds.
Therefore the Income statement Loss on investments will be $1,800,000 while Investment in municipal bonds will be $4,300,000.
Explain the concept of an opportunity cost with an appropriate example
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
Opportunity cost is an economics tool that is useful in the process of making a choice of goods and services in order to ensure that scarce resources are used efficiently.
The opportunity cost of a product or service is the name given to an income that could be earned when such product or service is put to an alternative use.
It can also be described as the cost of the alternative forgone to achieve a particular product or service
For an example , if a student decides to give up on watching a movie to study for his exam , the opportunity cost of the exam is the cost and pleasure related to the movie
You are going to receive $80 at the end of each year for the next 12 years. If you invest each of those amounts at 12%, then what amount of money will you have at the end of the 12th year
Answers
Answer:
FV= $1,930.65
Explanation:
Giving the following information:
Cash flow= $80 a year
Number of periods= 12 years
Interest rate= 12% compounded annually
To calculate the future value, we need to use the following formula:
FV= {A*[(1+i)^n-1]}/i
A= annual deposit
FV= {80[(1.12^12) - 1]} / 0.12
FV= $1,930.65
One way to obtain the economically efficient amount of college education is for governments to subsidize college education. What is the size of the per-student Pigouvian subsidy that the government must provide to internalize the external benefits
Answers
Answer:
The remaining part of the question is given below:
(Note that the subsidy can be granted to the education institutions or to the students directly or indirectly; for example, through low- interest student loans.)
a. P2-P0
b. P2-P1
c. P0-P1
d. P1
Correct Answer:
b. P2-P1
Explanation:
A pigouvian subsidy is a subsidy that is used to encourage behaviour that have positive effects on others who are not involved or society at large. Behaviors or actions that are a benefit to others who are not involved in the transaction are called positive externalities.
Cole is refinishing an antique china cabinet and has already spent $180 on the restoration. He expects to be able to sell the cabinet for $360. Cole discovers that he needs to do an additional $200 worth of work to make the cabinet worth $360 to potential buyers. He could also sell the cabinet now, without completing the additional work, for $100. What should Cole do
Answers
Answer:
Cole should complete the additional work and sell the cabinet for $360.
Explanation:
If Cole sells the cabinet now for $100 and taken into account that he has already spent $180, this means that:
$100-$180= -$80
He would be losing $80.
On the other side, if he completes the additional work, he would sell the cabinet $360. However, his expenses would be:
$180+$200= $380
Now, you have to subtract the costs from the selling price:
$360-$380= -$20
This means that he would lose $20.
According to that, Cole should complete the additional work because he would be lose less money.
Bonds with detachable stock warrants were issued by Flack Co. Immediately after issue the aggregate market value of the bonds and the warrants exceeds the proceeds. Is the portion of the proceeds allocated to the warrants less than their market value, and is that amount recorded as contributed capital
Answers
Answer: Yes
Explanation: Bonds with detachable stock warrants could be explained as bonds which gives the holder an added offer of being able to purchase a certain asset a a specified price at a certain time. According to the scenario above, the income generated from the Issuance of the bond falls below the aggregate market value of the bond, In this case, the portion of the proceed allocated to the warrant will be less than their market value which is largely due to the impact of the shortfall in the proceed generated from Issuance of the bond. Due to the shortfall in the allocated proceed, the share of proceed applied to the warrant will be noted as outstanding in the detachable stock warrant.
"A customer buys 300 shares of ABC at $40, depositing the Regulation T requirement on the 3rd business day after trade date. He holds the position for two months, during which $100 of interest is charged on the debit balance. What is the adjusted debit balance at the end of the two month period?"
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
Given the following :
Number of shares = 300
Cost per share = $40
Interest charge = $100
Total cost of shares = (number of shares * purchase price)
Total cost of shares = 300 * $40 = $12000
The regulation T says an investor cannot borrow more than 50% of the purchase price.
Therefore, 50% of shares cost :
(50/100) * $12,000
0.5 * $12,000
= $6000
Therefore, Adjusted debit balance :
$6000 + $100 = $6,100
For a manufacturing company to be effective, it must Select one: a. use fewer workers while maintaining productivity. b. take less time than before to produce a given output. c. set appropriate goals and achieves them. d. generate employment for a large number of people.
Answers
Answer:
The correct answer is:
set appropriate goals and achieves them (c.)
Explanation:
In business, effectiveness refers to the quality of results from completed tasks by both employees and the manager. For effectiveness is said to occur, the results delivered must be done consistently, and in this regard, the company must set appropriate achievable time-oriented goals and achieve them within the time frame. The main idea of effectiveness is productivity, and productivity is result-oriented.
A theater group made appearances in two cities. The hotel charge before tax in the second city was $500 lower than in the first. The tax in the first city was 8%, and the tax in the second city was 8.5%. The total hotel tax paid for the two cities was $823.75. How much was the hotel charge in each city before tax?
Answers
Answer:
Hotel charge in city 1= $5,250
Hotel charge in city 2= $4,750
Explanation:
A theater group made an appearance in two cities.
Let x represent the amount charged in the first city
Let y represent the amount charged in the second city
The hotel charge before tax in the first city is $500 lower than the second city
y= x-500......equation 1
The tax in the first city is 8%
= 8/100
= 0.08
The tax in the second city is 8.5%
= 8.5/100
= 0.085
0.08x + 0.085y= 823.75.........equation 2
Substitute (x-500) for y in equation 2
0.08x + 0.085(x-500)= 823.75
0.08x + 0.085x - 42.5= 823.75
Collect the like terms
0.08x + 0.085x= 823.75+42.5
0.165x= 866.25
x= 866.25/0.165
x = 5,250
Substitute 5250 for x in equation 1
y= x-500
y= 5,250-500
y= 4,750
Hence the hotel charge in city 1 is $5,250 and the hotel charge in city 2 is $4,750
On january 1, 2017, finch company issued $89,000 of five-year, 8% bonds when the market interest rate was 12%. the issue price of the bonds was $73,000. finch uses the effective-interest method of amortization for bond discount. semiannual interest payments are made on june 30 and december 31 of each year. how much interest expense will be recorded when the first interest payment is made? (round your answer to the nearest dollar number.)
Answers
Answer:
$4,380
Explanation:
The calculation of the interest expense recorded in the first year is given below:
= Issued price of the bond × market interest rate ÷ semi annual period
= $73,000 × 12% ÷ 2
= $73,000 × 6%
= $4,380
Therefore, the interest expense would be recorded when the interest payment is made is $4,380
We simply used the above formula
Munster Company reports the following net cash in its statement of cash flows: net inflow from operating activities: $200; net outflow from investing activities: $300; net outflow from financing activities: $50. The ending balance in cash is $20; the beginning balance must have been
Answers
Answer:
$170
Explanation:
Given the following information about Munster company:
Net inflow from operating ACTIVITIES = $200
Net outflow from investing ACTIVITIES = $300
Net outflow from financing ACTIVITIES = $50
Ending balance in cash = $20
BEGINNING BALANCE :
Outflows + ending balance - inflow
(Outflow from investing ACTIVITIES + outflow from financing ACTIVITIES + ending balance in cash) - inflow from operating activities
($300 + $50 + $20) - $200
$370 - $200
= $170
ADAP Advisers is offered a large block of ACME stock (a NYSE-listed issue) by an institutional investor at a 20% discount to the current market price, if ADAP Advisers is willing to buy the block that day. Which statement is TRUE if ADAP purchases the block for its own account rather than for its customers
Answers
Options :
A. This action is prohibited without exception, since ADAP Advisers is benefiting at the expense of its customers
B. This action is permitted if ADAP Advisers rebates any profit that it earns to its customers when it sells the block
C. This action is permitted if the purchased stock is not a suitable investment for ADAP's customers
D. This action is permitted if the block is purchased in the Third Market during the hours that the NYSE is closed
Answer: C.) This action is permitted if the purchased stock is not a suitable investment for ADAP's customers
Explanation: ADAP being a professional in the aspect of advisory investment, have a legal and ethical responsibility or obligation called fiduciary duties to their clients, both buyers and sellers. Therefore it is always very important to keep this at the forefront of their dealings in other to avoid soiling their reputation and integrity. Therefore, even though the stock offered to ADAP advisers is at substantial discount, ADAP advisers must ensure that the stock is a suitable investment for it's customers before offering it to them.
The fact that ADAP purchased the stick on it's own account may reasonably infer that the stick is not a suitable investment for it's customers.
Jeremy is a business student at ABC University. He is currently enrolled for 18 credits, mostly of quantitative courses with high workloads. He also works 25 hours a week as a bartender. Final exams are coming soon and he is worried about his grades. How would you characterize the cause(s) of Jeremy's stress?
Answers
Answer: work overload
Explanation:
From the question, we are informed that Jeremy is a business student at ABC University and that he is currently enrolled for 18 credits, mostly of quantitative courses with high workloads.
We are further told that he also works 25 hours a week as a bartender. This shows that Jeremy has many works he's doing and the likely cause of his stress is work overload. He's performing too much tasks.
The government decides to increase its expenditures by $350. The multiplier in this economy is 4 and the tax rate is 22 percent. The net effect of this expansionary fiscal policy is to: Group of answer choices
Answers
Answer:
Increase the budget shortage by $42
Explanation:
The government decides to increase expenditure by $350
The multiplier in the income is 4
The tax rate is 22%
= 22/100
= 0.22
The first step is to calculate the increase in income
= $350×4
= 1,400
The tax revenue which will be derived from the new income can be calculated as follows
= 0.22×1,400
= 308
Therefore, the net effect can be calculated as follows
Net effect= $350-$308
= $42
Hence the net effect of this expansionary fiscal policy is to make an increase in the budget shortage by $42
On May 27, Buzz Off Inc. reacquired 5,500 shares of its common stock at $23 per share. On August 3, Buzz Off sold 3,200 of the reacquired shares at $26 per share. November 14, Buzz Off sold the remaining shares at $22 per share.
Journalize the transactions of May 27, August 3, and November 14. For a compound transaction, if an amount box does not require an entry, leave it blank.
May 27_____
Aug. 3_____
Nov. 14_____
Answers
Answer:
May 27
Dr Treasury Stock $126,500
Cr Cash $126,500
Aug. 3
Dr Cash $83,200
Cr Treasury Stock $73,600
Cr Paid-in Capital from Sale of Treasury Stock $9,600
Nov. 14
Dr Cash $50,600
Dr Paid-in Capital from Sale of Treasury Stock $2,300
Cr Treasury Stock $52,900
Explanation:
Preparation for the Journal entries for Buzz Off Inc
May 27
Dr Treasury Stock $126,500
(5,500 × $23)
Cr Cash $126,500
Aug. 3
Dr Cash $83,200
(3,200 × $26)
Cr Treasury Stock $73,600
(3,200 × $23)
Cr Paid-in Capital from Sale of Treasury Stock $9,600[3,200 × ($26 – $23)]
Nov. 14
Dr Cash $50,600
($5,500-$3,200 × $22)
Dr Paid-in Capital from Sale of Treasury Stock $2,300
[$5,500-$3,200 × ($23 – $22)
Cr Treasury Stock $52,900
(2,300 × $23)
A working group convened by NASAA has developed a model fee disclosure schedule to help investors better understand the costs involved in doing business with their broker-dealer. The template has broker-dealers disclose all of the following fees except:________. A) charges for late payments B) account inactivity fee C) issuance of a stock certificate D) advisory fees
Answers
Answer:
Correct Answer:
C) issuance of a stock certificate
Explanation:
In the model developed by group working for NASAA which was to disclose model fee and cost involved in doing business with them, it would disclose all associated cost involved. The only thing it would not disclose would be regards to stock certificate issuance since it falls outside their perview.
Wohlers Co. considers a project that will require an initial investment of 5 million. It has a target capital structure of 30% debt, 5% preferred stock, and 65% common equity. Wholers Co. has outstanding 20-year noncallable bonds with a face value of $1,000. These bonds have a current market price of $1,181.96 and an annual coupon rate of 13%. The company faces a tax rate of 40%, and can sell shares of preferred stock that pay an annual dividend of $7.50 at a price of $89.25 per share. The company's common stock is currently selling for $22.35 per share and pays a dividend of $2.45 today. The common stock's growth rate is a constant rate of 9.2%. What will be the WACC for the project
Answers
Answer:
WACC = 16.18%
Explanation:
cost of equity (Re):
P₀ = Div₁ / (Re - g)
$22.35 = ($2.45 x 1.092) / (Re - 9.2%)
$22.35 = $2.6754 / (Re - 9.2%)
Re - 9.2% = $2.6754 / $22.35 = 11.97%
Re = 11.97% + 9.2% = 21.17%
after tax cost of debt:
YTM = {130 + [(1,000 - $1,181.96)/ 20]} / [(1,000 + $1,181.96)/ 2] = 120.902 / 1,090.98 = 11.08%
after tax cost of debt = 11.08% x (1 - tax rate) = 11.08% x 0.6 = 6.65%
cost of preferred stocks = $7.50 / $89.25 = 8.40%
WACC = (0.65 x 21.17%) + (0.05 x 8.4%) + (0.3 x 6.65%) = 13.76% + 0.42% + 2% = 16.18%
__________defines quality system standards, based on the premise that certain generic characteristics of management practices can be standardized and that a well-designed, well-implemented, and carefully managed quality system provides confidence that the outputs will meet customer expectations and requirements.
Answers
Answer:
International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
Explanation:
ISO defines quality system standards, based on the premise that certain generic characteristics of management practices can be standardized and that a well-designed, well-implemented, and carefully managed quality system provides confidence that the outputs will meet customer expectations and requirements. ISO is an acronym for International Organization for Standardization, it was founded in October 1946 and it is made up of 164 members from 91 different countries across the world. ISO is a Non-governmental organization that has its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland.
what is business operation scheme model?
Answers
it's your answer pls mark me brainleast
it may help you
On January 15, 2021, Bella Vista Company enters into a contract to build custom equipment for ABC Carpet Company. The contract specifies a delivery date of March 1. The equipment was delivered on March 31. The contract requires full payment of $75,000 30 days after delivery. The revenue for this contract should be recorded on
Answers
Answer:
31 March 2021
Explanation:
The contract should be recorded on 31 March 2021 because according to the US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, revenue should be recognize in the book only when service has been rendered to the customer, the selling price of product is fixed and confirmation of service arrangement and amount to be collected.
With regards to the above scenario, since the equipment was not delivered until 31 March, then 31 of March will be recognized.
Average common stockholders’ equity $3,015 $3,090 Dividends declared for common stockholders 365 655 Dividends declared for preferred stockholders 40 40 Net income 685 730 Calculate the payout ratio and return on common stockholders’ equity ratio for 2017 and 2016
Answers
Answer:
Year 2016
Payout ratio
= (Dividends Paid to Common Stockholders/ Net Income) * 100
= 655/730 * 100
= 89.7%
Return on Common Stockholder's Equity
= ((Net Income - Preferred Stock Dividend) / Average Common Stockholder's Equity) * 100
= ((730 - 40)/ 3,090) * 100
= 22.3%
Year 2017
Payout ratio
= (Dividends Paid to Common Stockholders/ Net Income) * 100
= 365/ 685 * 100
= 53.3%
Return on Common Stockholder's Equity
= ((Net Income - Preferred Stock Dividend) / Average Common Stockholder's Equity) * 100
= ((685 - 40)/ 3,015) * 100
= 21.4%
A house in the neighborhood has been well maintained. The seller has made sure that all the electrical systems are working to code and that it has been kept up-to-date on painting and other maintenance. The appraiser gives him an excellent value based on:
Answers
Answer:
utility power
Explanation:
In simple words, the location of the house has been said to be in a prominent region, it gives the house a competitive advantage over other units, also the house has been maintained and restructured bu the seller so that it looks more good and healthy.
The subject unit has been restructured in a way that it satisfied all the needs of the buyer, thus, it brings a lot of utility power to the market in respect of its value.
Answer: economic life
Explanation:
stock market is a market for.?
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
Stock market is a market for stocks ( shares ) for the buyers and sellers.
Hope this helps
plz mark as brainliest!!!!!!!
Answer:
Stocks
Explanation:
Buyers would buy a share from the stock market hoping to sell the share later at a higher price therefore making a profit. This is what you would call systematic gambling, you know the risks and possible rewards. However sometimes the stock market can go down resulting in the buyer making a loss since the selling price of the share is less than the one the buyer bought.
Which of the following is NOT a factor to consider when examining extrinsic job satisfaction?
a. pay
b. coworkers
c. job tasks
d. supervisors
Answers
Answer:
The answer is C) Job tasks
Answer:
c
Explanation:
Rashad consistently went above and beyond to meet his personal deadlines and to help other team members to ensure a recent product launch was completed on time. His manager was impressed and offered Rashad the opportunity for a coveted leadership position on the next generation product team. The manager's action is consistent with _______ justice. distributive restorative customary reparative frontier
Answers
Complete Question:
Rashad consistently went above and beyond to meet his personal deadlines and to help other team members to ensure a recent product launch was completed on time. His manager was impressed and offered Rashad the opportunity for a coveted leadership position on the next generation product team. The manager's action is consistent with _______ justice.
Group of answer choices.
A. restorative
B. customary
C. distributive
D. frontier
E. reparative
Answer:
Distributive.
Explanation:
In this scenario, Rashad consistently went above and beyond to meet his personal deadlines and to help other team members to ensure a recent product launch was completed on time. As a result of this, his manager was impressed and offered Rashad the opportunity for a coveted leadership position on the next generation product team. The manager's action is consistent with distributive justice.
Distributive justice can be defined as the just and fair allocation of resources among a large group of people. It is mainly focused on the use of discretion as opposed to administrative laws, policies or procedures.
Hence, Rashad was offered the much coveted position by his manager not because he was entitled to it by law but as a result of distributive justice being used by the manager.
The manager's action is consistent with distributive justice. Thus the option C is correct.
What is distributive justice ?Distributive justice is the social allocation of resources. It is related to administrative laws and has been used in social sciences and psychology.
Distributive justice is of the 5 types equality, equity, power, need, and responsibility. As Rashad's manager offers him the opportunity to co0nvert the leadership position for the team of next-generation, his action is consistent with distributive justice.
Find out more information about Rashad.
brainly.com/question/5527001.
This question is incomplete.
The Complete Question:
Rashad consistently went above and beyond to meet his personal deadlines and to help other team members to ensure a recent product launch was completed on time. His manager was impressed and offered Rashad the opportunity for a coveted leadership position on the next generation product team. The manager's action is consistent with _______ justice.
Group of answer choices.
A. restorative
B. customary
C. distributive
D. frontier
E. reparative
In a Cournot market with two firms, the inverse market demand curve is P = 20 – 0.5Q, where Q = q1 + q2. (Firm 1's output = q1; Firm 2's output = q2.) If Firm 2 produces 20 units of output, Firm 1's residual marginal revenue curve is depicted in:
Answers
Answer:
MR = 10 – 1q1.
Explanation:
Demand function, P = 20 – 0.5Q
Q = q1 + q2
Now insert Q in the P = 20 – 0.5Q.
P = 20 – 0.5 (q1 + q2)
We have the value of q2 = 20.
P = 20 – 0.5 (q1 + q2)
P = 20 – 0.5 (q1 + 20)
P = 20 – 0.5q1 – 10
P = 10 – 0.5q1
Total revenue of firm 1, TR = Pq1
TR = 10q1 – (0.5q1)^2
Now MR is the differentiation of TR. So the MR after differentiation if TR of firm 1 is:
MR = 10 – 1q1
an object travels 16 metre in 4 seconds and then another 16 metre in 2second what is the average speed of the object
Answers
Answer:
6m/s
Explanation:
Given the information :
an object travels 16 metre in 4 seconds and then another 16 metre in 2second.
what is the average speed of the object?
First portion of travel:
Distance = 16 meters
Time = 4 seconds
Second portion:
Distance = 16 meters
Time = 2 seconds
Speed is calculated as the proportion of distance traveled to the time taken.
Speed = distance / time
First portion :
Speed attained
Distance / time = speed
16 meters / 4 seconds = 4m/s
Second portion:
Speed attained
Distance / time = speed
16 meters / 2 seconds = 8m/s
Average speed :
(first portion + second portion) / 2
(4m/s + 8m/s) / 2
12m/s ÷ 2
= 6m/s
(I) Countries with more economic freedom during the past quarter of a century had a lower average per capita GDP.(II) Countries with more economic freedom during the past quarter of a century generally achieved higher rates of economic growth.Question 40 options:
Answers
Answer:
I. False
II. True
Explanation:
Economic freedom refers to the human right to own and control private property and decide how your labor should be used. When Economic freedom exists, people are able to contribute freely to the economy in a way that they prefer in a stable environment that supports their ventures.
Evidence has shown that in countries where people have the liberty to engage in business as they see fit, the Economies grew faster and had a higher average GDP per capita than countries that did not.
This is why developed countries (usually have higher economic freedom) are better off than a lot of developing countries where several factors such as corruption hinder economic freedom.
A company supervisor asks for volunteers from the first shift to help assemble a new binding machine that must be on-line within the next 24 hours. Grady lifts his chin and his shoulders, nods, and says, "I can do it." In the social cognitive perspective of Albert Bandura, Grady has appraised a desired outcome through self-evaluated
A. competencies.
B. emotions.
C. strategies.
D. expectancies.
Answers
Answer:
The correct answer is the option D: Expectancies.
Explanation:
To begin with, in this situation where the employee name as Grady has appraised a desired outcome through self-evaluation is because of the expectancies that the employee has over himself regarding the job that is being asked from his superiors and that because he knows that completing the volenteered task without help will show to his employer that he has great courage and force of will to do the tasks that are not even obligated. So that will help understand why Grady decides to do it because of the expectancies he has over the situation.
Answer:
A. competencies.
Explanation:
Competencies are self-evaluations that we bring to a situation. When we think we can do something, we’re more likely to try it than when we don’t think we’ll succeed. Competencies in math, tennis, socializing, or any other field come from experiences of prior success that act as reinforcers.
