How is energy transferred among antenna pigment molecules?.

The statement that is true about the chemical elements found in living things is: All cells contain the elements carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen are essential elements found in all living organisms. These elements play crucial roles in biological processes and are the building blocks of organic molecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Carbon serves as the backbone of organic compounds, while nitrogen and oxygen are essential for protein synthesis and energy metabolism. Hydrogen is a fundamental component of water and many organic molecules.
While plant cells and animal cells may have some differences in terms of specific elements and compounds, they are both composed of the same fundamental elements. The presence of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen is essential for the structure, function, and metabolism of all cells, regardless of the organism's complexity or whether it is a single-cell or multicellular organism.

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Without the specific data from the table, it is not possible to determine which machine has the greatest output force.

The table should include the values or measurements related to the output force of each machine (A, B, C, and D). Once the data is available, it can be analyzed to identify the machine with the highest output force. The machine with the largest numerical value or measurement of output force would be considered to have the greatest output force among the four machines listed in the table.

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So the correct option is B. Half of a person's chromosomes. Haploid cells, such as sperm & egg cells, contain only one set of chromosomes, which is half the number found in the diploid cells of body.

Chromosomes are thread-like structures found in the nucleus of cells that carry genetic information in the form of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). They are composed of DNA molecules tightly coiled around proteins. Chromosomes contain genes, which are specific segments of DNA that encode instructions for various traits and characteristics. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes in each cell, arranged in 23 pairs. These chromosomes play a crucial role in cell division, inheritance, and the transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next.

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Sample size, Control group, Experimental conditions, Measurement errors and Experimental procedure are five problems with this experimental design that could have caused the inconsistent results.

There are several potential problems with the experimental design that could have led to inconsistent results. Here are five possible issues:

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Mammals became the dominant species on Earth during the Cenozoic Era, which began around 66 million years ago and continues to the present day.

The Cenozoic Era marked a significant shift in the Earth's ecosystems, as it followed the mass extinction event that wiped out the non-avian dinosaurs. With the disappearance of these dominant reptilian species, mammals were able to fill the ecological niches left vacant. Mammals diversified and adapted to a wide range of habitats, leading to their widespread dominance on the planet. During the Cenozoic Era, mammals underwent remarkable evolutionary changes and radiated into numerous species across various continents. They developed characteristics that allowed them to thrive in different environments, from forests to grasslands, and from aquatic to aerial habitats. The emergence of primates, including humans, was a notable development during this era. Mammals' success as the dominant species on Earth during the Cenozoic Era can be attributed to their unique traits and abilities. These include their warm-blooded nature, which provided them with better regulation of body temperature, allowing for increased activity and adaptability.

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The generation that showed the greatest frequency of having one of each allele is generation 3.

In the given table, the frequency of the dominant allele (p) and the recessive allele (q) is provided for each generation. The frequency of having one of each allele can be calculated by multiplying the frequencies of the dominant and recessive alleles.

In generation 1, the frequency of having one of each allele is 0.60 * 0.40 = 0.24.

In generation 2, the frequency is 0.64 * 0.36 = 0.23.

In generation 3, the frequency is 0.75 * 0.25 = 0.1875.

In generation 4, the frequency is 0.80 * 0.20 = 0.16.

Therefore, generation 3 has the greatest frequency of having one of each allele, with a frequency of 0.1875.

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The given quadratic function is f(x) = -2x^2 + 5x - 4. The quadratic function is in the form of f(x) = ax^2 + bx + c, where a, b, and c are constants. In this case, a = -2, b = 5, and c = -4.

The coefficient of the x^2 term (a) is negative (-2), indicating that the graph of the quadratic function opens downwards. This means that the parabola formed by the graph will have a maximum point. The x-coordinate of the maximum point can be found using the formula x = -b/2a. Substituting the values, we get x = -5/(2*(-2)) = -5/(-4) = 5/4.

The maximum value of the quadratic function can be found by substituting the x-coordinate of the maximum point into the function. Therefore, substituting x = 5/4 into f(x), we get f(5/4) = -2*(5/4)^2 + 5*(5/4) - 4 = -25/8 + 25/4 - 4 = -9/8.

Hence, the quadratic function f(x) = -2x^2 + 5x - 4 has a maximum point at (5/4, -9/8). The graph of the function will be a downward-opening parabola with its vertex at the maximum point and the y-coordinate of the maximum point represents the maximum value of the function.

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Old classification systems based on physical characteristics would most likely disagree with the relationship between birds and bats in the phylogenetic tree.

In old classification systems, birds and bats were often categorized together based on their shared characteristic of being flying animals. However, the phylogenetic tree shows that birds and bats are not closely related in terms of their evolutionary history. Birds belong to the class Aves, while bats belong to the class Mammalia. The tree suggests that birds and bats evolved independently to develop the ability to fly, making them analogous rather than homologous. This distinction would challenge the previous classification systems that relied primarily on superficial physical characteristics rather than genetic relatedness.

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Answer: Biodiversity refers to the variety of living organisms in a particular ecosystem, biome, or planet.

Explanation: It includes the diversity of species, genes, and ecosystems, as well as the ecological processes and functions that support them. Biodiversity is important for maintaining the balance of nature and the health of our planet, and is often used as a measure of the overall health of an ecosystem.

Organisms and their environment are interdependent as organisms rely on the environment for resources and habitat, while their activities influence the environment through processes like photosynthesis, decomposition, and seed dispersal.

Organisms and their environment share a reciprocal relationship where organisms depend on the environment for essential resources such as food, water, and shelter. They also rely on suitable habitat conditions for survival and reproduction. At the same time, organisms have a significant impact on their environment. For example, plants perform photosynthesis, producing oxygen and influencing atmospheric composition. Animals act as pollinators and seed dispersers, affecting plant reproduction and distribution. The interplay between organisms and their environment forms a complex web of interactions and feedback loops that shape ecological dynamics and the functioning of ecosystems. Understanding this interdependence is vital for conservation and sustainable management of ecosystems.

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The equation y = a(0.5)(t/h) can be used to represent the decay of element X, where y is the amount of element x that is still present after time t, an is the initial amount of element x, and h is the element x's half-life.

In this instance, we have a starting weight of 230 grammes (a = 230 grammes), and we're trying to determine how long it will take the element to decompose to 3 grammes (y = 3 grammes). Element X's half-life is specified as 14 minutes (h = 14 minutes).When we enter the specified values into the equation, we obtain:3 = 230 * (0.5)^(t/14We can use the logarithm of both sides to find t:log(3) = (t/14) * log(0.5) + log(230)When we rearrange the equation to remove t, we get:(t/14)

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The mutation occurred at position 10 on Strand 1 and position 7 on Strand 2.

Strand 1 Position #

Strand 2 Position #

The mutation occurred at position 10 on Strand 1 and position 7 on Strand 2, resulting in the incorrect base pairs "U" and "C" respectively.

In conclusion, a mutation occurred at position 10 on Strand 1 and position 7 on Strand 2, leading to the incorrect base pairs "U" and "C" respectively.

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Calculating the volume and surface area of a yeast cell can be challenging due to its irregular shape. Here's an approach you can follow: Volume Calculation, Surface Area Calculation, etc.

However, you can use certain techniques to estimate these measurements. Here's an approach you can follow:

Volume Calculation:

Prepare a known concentration of yeast cells in a liquid medium.

Use a hemocytometer or a counting chamber to count the number of yeast cells in a known volume (e.g., 1 mL) under a microscope.

Calculate the average number of yeast cells per unit volume.

If you assume that yeast cells are roughly spherical, you can estimate their volume using the formula for the volume of a sphere:

Volume = (4/3) x π x (radius)^3

where the radius is determined based on the average cell size observed.

Surface Area Calculation:

Since yeast cells have an irregular shape, it is challenging to calculate their surface area accurately. However, you can estimate it using geometric approximations.

One approach is to consider the yeast cell as a collection of various geometric shapes (e.g., cylinders, spheres, cones) and approximate their individual surface areas.

Alternatively, you can use advanced imaging techniques, such as confocal microscopy, to obtain 3D images of yeast cells and use specialized software to calculate their surface area.

Keep in mind that these calculations provide estimates and may not reflect the exact volume and surface area of a yeast cell due to its complex and variable morphology.

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The shells of single-celled plankton that sank to the bottom of the ocean consist of two varieties of calcium and carbon atoms.

The shells of single-celled plankton, such as foraminifera and coccolithophores, are primarily composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). These microscopic organisms extract calcium and carbon from their surrounding environment, predominantly from the ocean water. The calcium ions (Ca2+) are obtained from dissolved calcium salts in the water, while the carbon dioxide (CO2) is absorbed from the surrounding water or converted from bicarbonate ions (HCO3-). Through a process called calcification, these plankton incorporate the calcium and carbon atoms into their shells. Over time, as these plankton die and their shells sink to the ocean floor, they contribute to the formation of sedimentary layers rich in calcium carbonate. This accumulation of shells plays a crucial role in various geological processes, including the formation of limestone and the regulation of carbon dioxide in the ocean.

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Photosynthesis creates energy by converting light energy into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH), while cellular respiration releases energy by breaking down organic molecules (glucose) and converting it into ATP.

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are two interconnected processes that contribute to the overall flow of energy in living organisms. Photosynthesis occurs in plants, algae, and some bacteria, while cellular respiration occurs in all living cells. During photosynthesis, plants capture light energy using pigments, primarily chlorophyll, and convert it into chemical energy. This process takes place in the chloroplasts, where light energy is used to split water molecules, release oxygen, and generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate). The ATP and NADPH are then used in the subsequent steps of photosynthesis to synthesize glucose and other organic molecules. Cellular respiration, on the other hand, occurs in the mitochondria of cells. It involves breaking down organic molecules, such as glucose, through a series of biochemical reactions.

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The circulatory system works with the endocrine system to deliver the chemical messages (hormones) produced by the glands to organs throughout the body.

The circulatory system, composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, acts as a transportation network. It carries hormones secreted by the endocrine glands through the bloodstream to reach their target organs and tissues. This allows the hormones to exert their effects and regulate various physiological processes, such as growth, metabolism, reproduction, and homeostasis. The circulatory system ensures that the chemical messages produced by the endocrine system can reach their intended destinations and coordinate the body's functions effectively.

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DNA sequences from different species that are very similar show evidence of common ancestry or evolutionary relationships.

The degree of similarity between DNA sequences reflects the degree of relatedness between species. If two species share a high degree of sequence similarity in their DNA, it suggests that they share a more recent common ancestor and have undergone fewer genetic changes over time. On the other hand, if DNA sequences between species are less similar, it indicates a greater divergence and longer evolutionary separation.

Comparing DNA sequences allows scientists to study the genetic relatedness between species and reconstruct their evolutionary history. By analyzing the similarities and differences in DNA sequences, researchers can infer evolutionary relationships, trace the patterns of speciation, and understand the genetic changes that have occurred during the course of evolution.

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The best explanation for the average length of a transcription unit being longer than the average-sized protein is due to long noncoding stretches of nucleotides in eukaryotic genes and RNA transcripts.

In eukaryotic genes, the coding regions are interspersed with long stretches of noncoding DNA.

These noncoding regions play important regulatory roles and are necessary for the proper expression of the gene. During transcription, both the coding and noncoding regions are transcribed into RNA, resulting in a longer transcript.

Additionally, alternative splicing of RNA can further increase the length of a transcription unit by enabling different combinations of exons to be included or excluded from the final mRNA transcript.

Therefore, while the average protein is only 400 amino acids long, the entire transcription unit can be much longer due to the presence of noncoding stretches of nucleotides and alternative splicing.

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In the pyramid above, less energy is available in the second level because it is being used or consumed by the organisms at the first level.

The pyramid of energy refers to a graphical representation of the amount of energy at each trophic level in an ecosystem. The pyramid gets narrower as it goes up, with the amount of energy decreasing at each level. The bottom level of the pyramid contains the most energy because it is the primary producer level, which converts sunlight into usable energy.Each level of the pyramid represents a different trophic level or feeding level. The first trophic level, also known as the primary producers, consists of autotrophic organisms that can produce their food. The second trophic level, or primary consumers, consists of herbivores that eat the primary producers, and the third trophic level, or secondary consumers, consists of carnivores that eat the primary consumers. As we move up the trophic levels, less energy is available because it is being used or consumed by the organisms at the lower levels of the pyramid.

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The pedigree shows the inheritance pattern of a recessive allele (z) that results in a genetic disease. Based on the inheritance pattern, all the possible genotypes for individual 6 is heterozygous (Zz).

A pedigree chart is a representation of a family tree that uses standardized symbols to represent individuals and their relationships. Pedigree analysis is helpful in the determination of the inheritance pattern of a particular trait. The inheritance pattern can be autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked recessive.In the given pedigree, the inheritance pattern is autosomal recessive because the affected individuals have normal parents. The individuals who are affected by the recessive allele have a lowercase letter z assigned to their genotype.

The individuals who are not affected by the recessive allele have an uppercase letter Z assigned to their genotype.

Individual 6 is not affected by the disease. Therefore, we know that individual 6 must have at least one dominant allele (Z). The other allele may either be a dominant allele (Z) or a recessive allele (z).Since the allele z is recessive, individual 6 must have a genotype of Zz.

So, the main answer is the possible genotype of individual 6 is heterozygous (Zz).Hence, from the given pedigree chart, all the possible genotypes for individual 6 is heterozygous (Zz). Therefore, all the possible genotypes for individual 6 is heterozygous (Zz) based on the given pedigree chart.

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Figurative language is used by authors to create vivid imagery, evoke emotions, and engage readers on a deeper level. The use of figurative language allows the author to paint a more immersive and engaging picture of the story.

In "A Chance in the World," the author employs figurative language to enhance the storytelling and provide a richer experience for the reader. Here are a few examples of figurative language from the book:

"Her words were like daggers piercing his heart." (Simile) - This comparison emphasizes the emotional impact of the woman's words on the protagonist.

"His dreams took flight, soaring high above the clouds." (Metaphor) - This metaphor suggests the protagonist's aspirations and hopes to transcend the limitations of his circumstances.

"The old house creaked and groaned as if it were alive." (Personification) - This personification gives human qualities to the house, making it more alive and atmospheric.

"His laughter echoed through the room like a chorus of angels." (Simile) - This simile highlights the joyous and uplifting nature of the protagonist's laughter.

By incorporating figurative language, the author adds depth, emotion, and vividness to the narrative. The literal recounting of events may convey information, but it can lack the evocative power and emotional resonance that figurative language brings. The use of figurative language allows the author to paint a more immersive and engaging picture of the story, allowing readers to connect with the characters and events on a deeper level. It helps create a more memorable and impactful reading experience.

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The dry bulb temperature and wet bulb temperature are used to measure the amount of moisture in the air. The difference between the two temperatures is used to determine the relative humidity of the air. In this case, the dry bulb temperature is 27.6°C and the wet bulb temperature is 23.4°C.To determine the relative humidity, we can use the following formula.

The first step is to determine the saturation vapor pressure at the dry bulb temperature of 27.6°C. This can be done using a table or a calculator. Using a table, we find that e s = 43.15 mmHg.The next step is to determine the vapor pressure of the air.
This can be done using the following formula:e a = e s (w)Where:w = (P - P w) / (P - P w')P = atmospheric pressure (in mmHg) at the locationP w = vapor pressure of water (in mmHg) at the wet bulb temperatureP w' = vapor pressure of water (in mmHg) at the dry bulb temperatureUsing a table, we find that P w = 21.07 mmHg and P w' = 26.25 mmHg. We assume that the atmospheric pressure is 760 mmHg.

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The two atmospheric gases that do not react with many other substances are nitrogen (N₂) and oxygen (O₂).

Nitrogen makes up the majority of Earth's atmosphere, accounting for about 78% of its composition. It is chemically stable and unreactive under normal conditions, which means it does not readily participate in chemical reactions with other substances.

Oxygen is the second most abundant gas in the atmosphere, making up approximately 21%. While oxygen is reactive and supports combustion and various chemical reactions, it generally requires specific conditions or reactants to undergo reactions. In the absence of such conditions or reactants, oxygen behaves as a relatively unreactive gas.

It's important to note that although nitrogen and oxygen are relatively unreactive, they can still participate in certain reactions under specific circumstances or with particular substances. However, compared to other atmospheric gases, nitrogen and oxygen exhibit a higher degree of stability and are less reactive with a wide range of substances.

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The correct answer is B. A single glucose molecule produces two times that of pyruvate. Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose (C6H12O6) into pyruvate (CH3COCOO−).

Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose (C6H12O6) into pyruvate (CH3COCOO−). The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy molecules adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). Glycolysis is a sequence of ten reactions catalyzed by enzymes.

The overall reaction of glycolysis is:

Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 2 NAD+ → 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 H2O

As you can see, one molecule of glucose produces two molecules of pyruvate. Therefore, the products of pyruvate are half that of glucose.

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NADH and FADH2 are essential in the electron transport chain (ETC) because they serve as high-energy electron carriers, providing the electrons needed for the production of ATP.

In the ETC, NADH and FADH2 transfer electrons to the electron carriers embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. These carriers, such as cytochromes and flavoproteins, facilitate the movement of electrons along a series of redox reactions.
As electrons pass through the ETC, they gradually lose energy. This energy is used by the electron carriers to pump protons (H+) from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space, creating an electrochemical gradient. This gradient is then used by ATP synthase to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
NADH and FADH2 donate their electrons to the ETC at different points. NADH transfers its electrons to complex I, while FADH2 donates its electrons to complex II. As a result, NADH contributes more to ATP production than FADH2.
The electrons carried by NADH and FADH2 are eventually passed to molecular oxygen, resulting in the formation of water. This final electron acceptor ensures the continuation of the electron flow through the ETC.
In summary, NADH and FADH2 are crucial in the electron transport chain because they supply the electrons necessary for ATP synthesis. Their participation in the redox reactions of the ETC enables the generation of an electrochemical gradient that drives ATP production.

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The plasma proteins most important for maintaining fluid balance in the cardiovascular system are the albumin and globulin.

Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein, comprising around 60% of total plasma protein content. It plays a major role in maintaining colloid osmotic pressure, which helps to regulate the movement of fluids between blood vessels and surrounding tissues. Albumin also binds and transports a wide range of molecules, including bilirubin, fatty acids, and drugs.

Globulins are a diverse group of plasma proteins that include immunoglobulins (antibodies), transport proteins, clotting factors, and enzymes. They make up approximately 35% of total plasma protein content. Alpha and beta globulins, synthesized in the liver, are involved in transporting lipids and metal ions, and act as carriers for hormones and other molecules. Gamma globulins, produced by lymphocytes, are immunoglobulins that play a crucial role in the immune response by recognizing and neutralizing foreign substances such as bacteria and viruses. Overall, the balance between albumin and globulins is essential for maintaining proper fluid distribution and immune function in the cardiovascular system.

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The apparatus Steven used to measure the rate of water loss from a leafy shoot is known as a potometer.

Steven wanted to measure the rate of water loss from a leafy shoot. Therefore, he set up this apparatus in normal laboratory conditions. The apparatus he used for this purpose is known as a potometer. The potometer measures the water uptake by the shoot in the form of transpiration. The potometer is utilized to measure the rate of water loss from a leafy shoot.

Therefore, the apparatus Steven used to measure the rate of water loss from a leafy shoot is known as a potometer.

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Some organisms are made up of a single cell, known as unicellular organisms, while others are made up of multiple cells, called multicellular organisms.

The key difference between them lies in their structural complexity and the division of labor among their cells.

Unicellular organisms, such as bacteria and protozoa, consist of a single cell that carries out all necessary life functions independently. These organisms are self-sufficient and perform functions such as obtaining nutrients, reproducing, and responding to their environment within a single cell. They have a simple structure and can exist as individual organisms.

On the other hand, multicellular organisms, including plants, animals, and fungi, are composed of multiple cells organized into different tissues, organs, and organ systems. Each cell type within a multicellular organism has a specific function and contributes to the overall survival and functioning of the organism as a whole. Cells in multicellular organisms specialize in tasks like respiration, digestion, movement, or reproduction, and they cooperate and communicate with each other to maintain the organism's overall well-being.

Despite their differences in structure and complexity, both unicellular and multicellular organisms share certain fundamental characteristics. They are both capable of growth, reproduction, response to stimuli, and adaptation to their environment. Additionally, they possess genetic material, such as DNA or RNA, that carries the instructions for their development and functioning.

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The tips of the branches of a phylogeny represent the species that are being compared to one another.

A phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a group of related organisms, often depicted as a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree. The branches of the phylogenetic tree represent the evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms, with the common ancestor located where the branches meet.

Therefore, the tips of the branches of a phylogeny represent the species that are being compared to one another. These species are most closely related to each other than to any other species on the tree. The closer the species are on the phylogenetic tree, the more closely related they are.

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Answer: Water

- Conductors: Is a material which have free electrons that helps to conduct electricity.

- Whereas "Insulators" are apposite to conductors which resist electricity. This is the reason why Wool fabric, Glass, Rubber are poor conductor of electricity as they have no free electrons to conduct good electricity.

- In this case "Mineral water" will be a good conductor of electricity as it contains several minerals in it like calcium, potassium, iron etc. (which are good conductors). If water is distilled it will be a poor conductor of electricity because it contains no minerals to conduct good electricity.

- Example of good conductors are:

Water, Iron scale/ruler, copper wire, etc.

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