Fluoridation of public water reduces a population’s rate of tooth decay.
Fluoridation is the addition of fluoride ions to drinking water to maintain oral health by preventing tooth decay. Fluoride in water and dental products strengthens the tooth enamel and makes teeth less prone to decay. The following paragraph explains the benefits of water fluoridation.
Fluoridation of drinking water is a public health measure that has been used for decades to reduce the prevalence of dental caries. Water fluoridation has been credited with the reduction in the incidence and prevalence of dental caries in the United States and other parts of the world. Fluoridation is particularly useful in communities where dental care is unavailable or unaffordable for most people.
Fluoridation of public water reduces a population’s rate of tooth decay by up to 30%. Tooth decay is a serious health issue that affects people of all ages, particularly children. Untreated tooth decay can cause pain, tooth loss, and infection. Fluoridation is an inexpensive way to prevent tooth decay and improve oral health in the community. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has identified water fluoridation as one of the ten greatest public health achievements of the 20th century.
In conclusion, the fluoridation of public water has significant benefits for oral health by reducing the incidence and prevalence of dental caries. The addition of fluoride ions to drinking water strengthens the tooth enamel and makes teeth less prone to decay. It is an inexpensive and effective public health measure that can benefit communities where dental care is not readily available or affordable.
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how many olympic medals did jackie joyner-kersee earn
Jackie Joyner-Kersee is considered one of the greatest female athletes of all time and has won a total of six Olympic medals.
Joyner-Kersee first competed in the Olympics in 1984 in Los Angeles, where she won a silver medal in the heptathlon and a bronze medal in the long jump. She then went on to win two gold medals in the heptathlon in the 1988 Olympics in Seoul and the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona.
Additionally, she won a silver medal in the long jump in the 1988 Olympics and a bronze medal in the event in the 1992 Olympics. In total, Jackie Joyner-Kersee won three gold medals, one silver medal, and two bronze medals throughout her Olympic career.
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Why someone with a taster genotype is unable to taste PTC?
The shape of the receptor protein determines how strongly it can bind to PTC. Because, of course, everyone has two copies of every gene, combinations of bitter taste gene variants determine whether, someone finds PTC intensely bitter, somewhat bitter, or without taste at all.
Which of the following is a healthy way to maintain or raise HDL cholesterol and/or lower LDL cholesterol? Check all that apply. Check All That Apply Choosing more saturated fats, such as butter Choosing more transats, such as shortening Performing moderate intensity physical exercite most days Choosing more monounsaturated futs, such as olive
The unhealthy ways to maintain or raise HDL cholesterol and/or lower LDL cholesterol are:
B: Choosing more trans fats, such as shortening C: Choosing more saturated fats, such as butterHDL and LDL are lipoproteins. LDL, or low-density lipoprotein, is often referred to as "bad" cholesterol since it carries cholesterol to the tissues and causes atherosclerosis.
HDL, or high-density lipoprotein, is often referred to as "good" cholesterol since it transports cholesterol from the tissues to the liver for processing, reducing the risk of atherosclerosis.
Choosing more saturated fats, such as butter and trans fats, such as shortening is an unhealthy way to maintain or raise HDL cholesterol and/or lower LDL cholesterol.
Thus, choosing more monounsaturated fats, such as olive, and performing moderate intensity physical exercise most days are healthy ways to maintain or raise HDL cholesterol and/or lower LDL cholesterol.
The following are some healthy ways to maintain or raise HDL cholesterol and/or lower LDL cholesterol:
Choosing more monounsaturated fats, such as olive.Performing moderate intensity physical exercise most days.Learn more about saturated fats here: https://brainly.com/question/21727368
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Four-month-old Courtney has habituated to the mobile over her crib. You would expect Courtney to:A) show a preference for that mobile over other mobiles.
B) show the same behavior toward the mobile now as she did when she first saw it.
C) spend more time looking at it now than when it was first placed over her crib.
D) spend less time looking at it now than when it was first placed over her crib.
Four-month-old Courtney has habituated to the mobile over her crib. you would expect Courtney to D) spend less time looking at it now than when it was first placed over her crib.
Habituation is a process of decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated exposure to it. In the case of Courtney and the mobile, habituation means that she has become accustomed to the mobile and is no longer as interested in it as she was when she first saw it.
As a result, she is likely to spend less time looking at the mobile now than she did when it was first placed over her crib. This is a normal developmental process and indicates that Courtney's brain is learning to filter out stimuli that are not important or novel.
Therefore the correct option is D) spend less time looking at it now than when it was first placed over her crib.
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CBT and medications have been found to be similarly effective in the treatment of severe depression
Answer:
Yes, both cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and medications have been found to be effective treatments for severe depression, and they are often used in combination to achieve better outcomes.
Numerous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of CBT in treating depression. CBT is a type of talk therapy that focuses on helping individuals identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors that contribute to depression. The therapy aims to help individuals develop more positive and adaptive ways of thinking and coping with stress.
Antidepressant medications are also commonly used to treat depression. These medications work by altering the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain, such as serotonin and norepinephrine, which are involved in regulating mood. There are several different classes of antidepressants, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs).
Research has found that both CBT and antidepressant medications can be effective in treating severe depression, with similar rates of symptom improvement. However, the choice of treatment may depend on individual factors such as the severity of the depression, the person's preferences and values, and any other medical or psychological conditions that may be present.
It's worth noting that there can be potential side effects associated with medication use, and therapy may take longer to show benefits but may have longer lasting effects. Therefore, the decision to use medication or therapy or a combination of both should be made by a qualified healthcare professional and tailored to the individual needs of each person.
What is meant by elaborative activities?
Answer: Elaborate activities provide time for students to apply their understanding of concepts and skills. They might apply their understanding to similar phenomena or problems.
Explanation:
Which area of health you plan to promote and what community you will target for your promotion. Think back over the health topics you have studied and think of three that seem the most relevant to you. Then decide which community you want to target in your promotional materials. For example, do you want to motivate your five-block neighborhood to improve its recycling program, or do you want to improve the nutritional quality of your school lunches? If so, then the neighborhood or the school would be your community
There is widespread agreement that a variety of non-health factors, such as socioeconomic conditions, patterns of communication and food consumption, and demographic trends, influence people's health and sense of wellbeing. Therefore, health can be promoted in community of work places, schools as well as residential areas to reach masses.
The absence of all diseases or injuries is the official definition of health. Recent academics and medical professionals, however, have broadened this definition and replaced it with the capacity to adapt to social, mental, and physical challenges.
Changes in lifestyle can lower the risk of diseases and improve a person's overall health as part of health promotion activities. For instance, increasing exercise or following a healthy diet can enhance one's general level of energy and lower risk of cardiovascular diseases, among other health benefits. The main goal of health promotion activities is to improve people's long-term health, which can then improve the health of the entire community.
The settings-based designs, which take into account the complex health determinants like behaviors, cultural beliefs, practices, etc. that operate in the places where people live and work, can be implemented in schools, workplaces, markets, residential areas, etc. to address priority health problems. Additionally, settings-based design facilitates the incorporation of health promotion initiatives into social activities while taking into account local conditions.
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When diagnosed with diabetes, Derek placed his fate in the hands of the universe. Derek's method of coping suggests that he has an _____ locus of control.
extrinsically motivated
intrinsically motivated
internal
external
When diagnosed with diabetes, Derek placed his fate in the hands of the universe. Derek's method of coping suggests that he has an external locus of control.
The Locus of Control is a concept that identifies the individual's belief regarding the degree of control they have over the events that affect their lives. It is a concept developed by Julian Rotter in 1954, which distinguishes between two types of loci: internal and external. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are not connected to the locus of control. Intrinsic motivation is when you are motivated by internal factors such as satisfaction, while extrinsic motivation is when you are motivated by external rewards such as money, grades, and fame. External Locus of Control: People who have an external locus of control believe that the circumstances surrounding their lives are beyond their control. Derek's belief that his fate is in the hands of the universe suggests that he believes he has little or no control over the situation. They believe that the outcomes of their lives are determined by luck or destiny. Internal Locus of Control: People who have an internal locus of control believe that they are in control of their lives. They believe that their behaviour and decisions can influence the outcomes of their life. They are confident in their ability to influence the course of events and take personal responsibility for their life's outcomes. In conclusion, Derek's method of coping suggests that he has an external locus of control.
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how many days after intercourse does implantation occur
Implantation typically occurs 6-10 days after fertilization, which is the union of a sperm and egg during intercourse.
Once fertilization occurs, the fertilized egg travels down the fallopian tube and eventually reaches the uterus. The process of implantation begins when the fertilized egg attaches to the lining of the uterus, where it can continue to grow and develop into a fetus.
It's important to note that not all fertilized eggs will successfully implant, and some may be naturally expelled from the body. Additionally, implantation can sometimes cause light spotting or bleeding, which may be mistaken for a period.
If you have concerns about pregnancy or fertility, it's important to speak with a healthcare professional who can provide personalized advice and guidance.
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Andrew has suffered a seizure, but the hospital he is taken to does not possess the medical equipment required to monitor brain activity. Prior to transferring him to a better-equipped facility, which must occur?
availability of supplies, like clothes and food
an escort by the medical examiner
stabilization of the patient
documentation of attending family
Answer:
Im going to assume the bottom answers are supposed to be multiple choice so with that being said its the third one. Before you can transfer a patient anywhere they need to be stabilized. I worked in the ER.
Explanation:
Thank you for your patience. Currently, the system is unable to complete this action. Please return to the "fafsa roles" page and reenter your information to proceed
If you are encountering this error message while attempting to submit your FAFSA, there are several steps you can take to address it:
The several steps to stop this error or address it properlyDouble-check that you have entered all of your information correctly, including your personal details and financial information.
Make sure that you are using a supported browser and have enabled cookies and JavaScript.
Try clearing your browser cache and restarting your computer before attempting to submit again.
If the error persists, contact the Federal Student Aid Information Center at their hotline for further assistance.
Your error should be cleared
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Thank you for your patience. Currently, the system is unable to complete this action. Please return to the "fafsa roles" page and reenter your information to proceed
How can I deal with this error?
Which is an assistive device that people wear to keep steady as they walk?
an IADL
a gait belt
a walker
an AROM
Answer:
a gait belt
Explanation:
assistive device which can be used to help safely transfer a person from a bed to a wheelchair, assist with sitting and standing, and help with walking around.
What is Marburg virus disease (MVD) ?
Marburg virus disease (MVD) is a severe and often fatal viral illness caused by the Marburg virus, a member of the Filoviridae family, which also includes the Ebola virus.
MVD is rare, but outbreaks can occur in Africa, and the virus is considered a potential bioterrorism threat. The disease is transmitted to humans through contact with infected animals, such as fruit bats or monkeys, or through contact with bodily fluids of infected individuals. The disease was first identified in 1967 during an outbreak in Marburg, Germany, that was linked to contaminated monkey tissues imported from Uganda.
Symptoms of MVD include fever, headache, muscle pain, and severe bleeding from multiple organs. There is no specific treatment or cure for MVD, and supportive care is the primary approach to managing the illness. Prevention efforts focus on avoiding contact with infected animals and taking precautions when caring for infected individuals or handling their bodily fluids.
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Explain why muscles do not use oxygen to produce energy during anaerobic exercise
Your cardiovascular system cannot deliver enough oxygen to muscles quickly enough during anaerobic exercise for them to produce energy.
Muscle cells do not require oxygen to meet this rapid energy demand, in contrast to other body cells. The science of anaerobic digestion. The body needs oxygen to be able to use fat as fuel. Since aerobic exercise generates energy using oxygen, it can run on both glucose and fat as fuel.
Conversely, anaerobic exercise can only use glucose as fuel. This energy system powers the muscles for anywhere between ten and thirty seconds during intense efforts, primarily using glucose as fuel. Bypassing oxygen, the anaerobic system uses glycolysis to produce ATP quickly.
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Learned food aversions should occur more often with _____ due to the evolutionary adaptive conditioning of rejecting foods that may be toxic.
A. acidic foods
B. familiar foods
C. novel foods
D. foods with strong odors
developmentalists define the preschool period as ages __________.
developmentalists define the preschool period as ages 3 to 6 years.
If the recommended percentage of energy from protein is 10-35%, which of the following protein amounts meets the recommendation when following an 1800 calorie diet?10-35 gm protein45-158 gm protein180-630 gm protein
The recommended percentage of energy from protein is 10-35%. One has to determine the amount of protein needed on an 1800 calorie diet, which meets the recommendation. The protein amount that meets the recommendation is 63-158 gm protein.
The recommended amount of protein varies by age, sex, and physical activity level. But most adults need between 46 and 56 grams per day or 0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight per day. A 1800 calorie diet with a recommended percentage of energy from protein of 10-35%, the daily amount of protein that one requires is between 63-158 gm protein.
Hence, option B, 45-158 gm protein, meets the recommendation when following an 1800 calorie diet.The quantity of protein an individual needs relies on their body weight, age, sex, and activity level. Most adults require between 46 and 56 grams of protein per day, or 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight per day.
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psychologists question how individuals develop values that guide them in ethical decision making. which of the following reflects current thought on value development?
When people are born, they have no values in place. The process of developing one's values is intricate and never-ending, and it can vary over the course of a person's life.
What is the most recent consensus on the psychology of value development?Psychologists presently hold that socialization, life events, and cultural factors all play a role in the development of values. This indicates that people acquire their values through a combination of personal experiences, exposure to various cultures, and role models such as parents, friends, and other adults.
What elements influence an individual's development of values?Upbringing, family values, religious or spiritual beliefs, education, life experiences, exposure to different viewpoints, and cultural standards are a few of the elements that affect how people form their values. These elements can influence a person's moral compass and serve as a guide for them when they make moral choices.
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the nurse is reassessing a client after pain medication has been administered to manage the pain from a bilateral knee replacement procedure. which statement most accurately depicts proper documentation of pain assessment? A. The client is receiving sufficient relief from pain medication, stating no pain in either knee.
B. The client appears to have a low tolerance for pain and frequently reports intense pain.
C. The client reports that on a scale of 0 to 10, the current pain is a 3.
D. The client appears comfortable and is resting adequately and appears to not be in acute distress.
The statement that most accurately depicts proper documentation of pain assessment when the nurse is reassessing a client after pain medication has been administered to manage the pain from a bilateral knee replacement procedure is option C. The client reports that on a scale of 0 to 10, the current pain is a 3.
Pain is an unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage. Pain is personal, subjective, and different from individual to individual. Pain is an essential aspect of the human experience and serves a protective function. It alerts the person to danger and to protect the injured area from further damage.
Importance of Pain Assessment
Assessment of pain is critical in the overall management of patients with acute or chronic pain. The quality of the pain, its intensity, location, radiation, aggravating or relieving factors, and other related features are all included in the assessment of pain. Pain assessments are necessary for patients with chronic or acute pain, as well as those undergoing surgery or other medical procedures.Medication administration to manage pain can have various effects on a patient's pain intensity.Hence, proper documentation of the client's pain assessment after the administration of medication is essential. In the context of the question, the best statement that accurately depicts proper documentation of pain assessment is option C. The client reports that on a scale of 0 to 10, the current pain is a 3.
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what is one set of health benefits you think is important for you or your teenage peers to know are available through marketplace plans?
One set of health benefits that is important for teenagers to know are available through marketplace plans is preventive services.
Preventive services are crucial in maintaining good health and preventing future illnesses or health problems. They include routine checkups, immunizations, screenings, and counseling services. The following are some preventive services that teenagers should take advantage of:
1. Annual wellness exams
Annual wellness exams are important for teenagers to identify potential health problems, monitor growth and development, and receive any necessary vaccinations. During these exams, healthcare providers can offer advice on healthy behaviors, such as exercise and healthy eating habits.
2. Immunizations
Immunizations protect teenagers from a variety of infectious diseases that can lead to serious health problems. These vaccinations include the flu shot, HPV vaccine, and meningococcal vaccine.
3. Mental health services
Mental health services, such as counseling, can help teenagers cope with emotional and mental health problems that can negatively impact their daily lives. Through marketplace plans, teenagers can access these services for free or at a reduced cost.
4. Substance abuse treatment
Substance abuse treatment is important for teenagers who struggle with drug or alcohol addiction. Through marketplace plans, teenagers can receive access to counseling services, support groups, and other resources to help them overcome their addiction.
In conclusion, preventive services are essential for teenagers to maintain good health and prevent future health problems. By taking advantage of these services, teenagers can stay healthy and avoid costly medical expenses in the future.
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(T/F) a confounding variable can also be considered an extraneous variable.
Answer: true
Explanation:
extraneous variable is any variable that you're not investigating that can potentially affect the dependent variable of your research study. A confounding variable is a type of extraneous variable that not only affects the dependent variable, but is also related to the independent variable.Apr 2, 2021
Considering the fact that many of the health problems of older adults are chronic rather than acute, which of the following is a concern regarding the medical system?Medicare does not have special provisions for chronic illnesses.Costs of prescription drugs are still not subsidized for the elderly.The medical system is still based on a "cure" rather than a "care" model.Home-visits are not emphasized over hospital stays.
Many of the health problems of older adults are chronic rather than acute. A concern regarding the medical system is that: the medical system is still based on a "cure" rather than a "care" model. The correct option is C.
It means that the healthcare system tends to focus on treating acute illnesses and injuries rather than managing chronic illnesses. The emphasis is on treating the patient with drugs or surgery to cure their illnesses, rather than providing ongoing care to manage the disease.
Medicare does not have special provisions for chronic illnesses, which can leave elderly patients with significant out-of-pocket expenses for long-term care. As a result, many elderly individuals with chronic illnesses have difficulty accessing the care they require. The costs of prescription drugs are still not subsidized for the elderly.
Many elderly individuals require a variety of medications to manage their chronic conditions. However, these drugs can be quite costly, and many individuals struggle to afford them. Home visits are not emphasized over hospital stays. Hospital stays can be disruptive to the lives of elderly individuals and can also be expensive.
In contrast, home visits can provide an opportunity for healthcare providers to monitor the health of their patients and provide ongoing care. Therefore, the medical system is still based on a "cure" rather than a "care" model is the best option.
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true or false bone completely encased in connective tissue such as tendon or ligament, for example, the patella (kneecap).
The statement "Bone is completely encased in connective tissue such as tendon or ligament, for example, the patella (kneecap)" is False.
Bones are hard, mineralized structures that form the body's skeleton. It is a type of connective tissue that supports the body, aids in movement, and provides protection to internal organs. Bones also have a blood supply, which allows them to regenerate and repair when they are injured.
Connective tissues, on the other hand, are a diverse group of tissues that provide support to the body's organs and tissues. They include tendons, ligaments, and cartilage. Connective tissues encase and attach to bones, but they do not completely encase them. Instead, they cover and attach to bones, such as the patella, to help anchor and support the joints. As a result, the statement "Bone is completely encased in connective tissue such as tendon or ligament, for example, the patella (kneecap)" is false.
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as an individual follows a weight-loss program, after several months it becomes increasingly difficult to lose weight. which of the following is not a reason for this difficulty
As an individual follows a weight-loss program, after several months it becomes increasingly difficult to lose weight. The reason for this difficulty is not: Metabolic adaptation
Metabolic adaptation is the phenomenon where the body adapts to a lower calorie intake over time, resulting in a lower metabolic rate. This can make weight loss more difficult as the body burns fewer calories each day. However, it is not the only reason for the difficulty in losing weight after several months of following a weight-loss program.
Another reason could be a plateau effect, where the body reaches a point where it no longer responds to the same diet and exercise regimen as before. This can be overcome by changing up the routine, either by increasing the intensity or frequency of exercise or altering the diet plan.
Other reasons could include an increase in stress levels or a lack of sleep, both of which can impact the body's ability to lose weight. Additionally, hormonal imbalances or underlying medical conditions could also be a factor.
In summary, while metabolic adaptation can be a reason for the difficulty in losing weight, it is not the only one. Other factors such as a plateau effect, stress levels, sleep patterns, and medical conditions should also be considered when struggling to lose weight on a weight-loss program.
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Sean wants to talk to his teenage daughter about the dangers of smoking. Which of the following suggestions is least likely to persuade Sean's daughter to resist the pressure to smoke?
A. Ask her to think about the negative effects of smoking (e.g., cancer).
B. Ask her to make a public commitment to not smoke.
C. Increase her fear of smoking by showing her pictures of lung cancer.
D. Tell her she is forbidden from smoking and threaten to take her car away if she ever tries smoking.
The suggestion that is least likely to pressure them to smoke is telling her she is forbidden from smoking and threatening to take her car away if she ever tries smoking.
Smoking is harmful and leads to numerous health risks. It is always better to persuade people not to smoke than to stop them from doing it by imposing threats. This option is least likely to persuade Sean's daughter to resist the pressure to smoke.
If we want teenagers to resist smoking, then we need to provide them with more robust reasons like asking them to think about the negative effects of smoking (e.g., cancer), make a public commitment to not smoke, increase their fear of smoking by showing her pictures of lung cancer, tell her about the social problems that come with smoking such as isolation, addiction, etc.
Therefore, option D. Telling her she is forbidden from smoking and threatening to take her car away if she ever tries smoking is the least effective option.
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Levels of calcium in the blood are tightly regulated. Click to select the physiological responses that occur in response to low blood levels of calcium.
bones release calcium into the blood, the kidneys retain more calcium, intestines absorb more calcium
Calcium blood levels are controlled by parathyroid hormone, which mostly works by raising them if they become excessively low.
What does a parathyroid mostly do?The hormone parathyroid, which is produced by the parathyroid glands, is essential for controlling blood calcium levels. As slight variations might affect muscles and nerves, it's crucial that the human body maintain precise calcium levels.
What occurs when the level of parathyroid hormone was high?Bone weakening and kidney stones are two health issues that can result from having too much PTH in your body. Regular blood testing enable doctors to identify primary hyperparathyroidism early, often before major issues arise.
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there are several types of managed care organizations (mcos). regardless of type, all mc0s have the incentive to reduce utilization.True or false
All MC0s have the incentive to reduce utilization regardless of type is true. Because the aim of managed care organizations (MCOs) is to create a more affordable and effective health care system by lowering costs and increasing the quality of care.
MCOs accomplish this by promoting preventive health care, controlling access to care, and using contracts to provide value to their consumers.
They use several strategies to reduce the utilization of health care services. They encourage prevention, early detection, and early intervention to prevent expensive medical treatments in the future. MCOs control access to care by encouraging their consumers to seek care from physicians and other health care professionals within their network, where they can negotiate favorable prices. This ensures that they provide their consumers with high-quality care that is cost-effective.They also use contracts to provide value to their consumers.
MCOs enter into contracts with their consumers, including employers and individuals, to provide health care benefits. These contracts are usually designed to promote preventive care and to reduce the utilization of high-cost services that are not necessary for the health of the consumer.
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How is food preservation a reflection of a country’s or region’s culture?
Answer:
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According to research on intergenerational relationships, in which of the following ways is an adult child most likely to be similar to his or her parents?Select one:A. In gender rolesB. In politicsC. In lifestyleD. In work orientation
Answer:
B in politics
Explanation:
I took the quiz :)
_______ is a phenomenon in which exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive events produces passive behavior.
Learned helplessness is a phenomenon in which exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive events produces passive behavior.
It occurs when an animal or person is exposed to an aversive stimulus they cannot escape, such as a shock, that they are unable to control. The subject learns that he has no control over the situation, and thus gives up trying. This condition of learned helplessness can manifest itself in depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and other psychological conditions.
It can also occur when an animal or person is unable to escape from a situation in which the outcome is predetermined, or when the outcome of an action has no consequences. The concept of learned helplessness was first introduced by Martin E.P. Seligman in his experiments with dogs. In his experiments, Seligman subjected dogs to a painful electric shock that they could not escape or control.
After a few trials, the dogs stopped trying to escape and simply lay down and whimpered. This behavior, which Seligman termed learned helplessness, demonstrated that animals (and humans) can learn to be helpless in the face of uncontrollable aversive events. It also showed that learned helplessness can become a conditioned response to similar, but milder, stimuli.
Learned helplessness has implications in clinical settings, where the effects of uncontrollable traumatic events can lead to depression, anxiety, and PTSD. It also has implications for education, as it can lead to a decrease in motivation to learn and an increase in fear of failure. Therefore, it is important to recognize the potential effects of uncontrollable aversive events and be aware of how they may affect our behavior.
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