Answer:
0.4207149;0.7271136; 0.3063987; 0.04979 ; 0.01832
Step-by-step explanation:
For an exponential distribution:
IF Mean time until failure = 23100
λ = 1/ 23100 = 0.0000432900
What is the probability that a randomly selected fan will last at least 20,000 hours
x ≥ 20000
P(X ≥ 20000) = 1 - P(X ≤ 20000)
1 - P(X ≤ 20000) = [1 - (1 - e^(-λx))]
1 - P(X ≤ 20000) = [1 - (1 - e^(-0.0000432900*20000)
1 - P(X ≤ 20000) = [1 - (1 - 0.4207148)]
1 - P(X ≤ 20000) = 1 - 0.5792851
1 - P(X ≤ 20000) = 0.4207149
11) What is the probability that a randomly selected fan will last at most 30,000 hours?
x ≤ 30000
P(X ≤ 30000) = 1 - e^(-λx)
P(X ≤ 20000) = 1 - e^(-0.0000432900*30000)
= 1 - e^(−1.2987)
= 1 - 0.2728863
= 0.7271136
111) What is the probability that a randomly selected fan will last between 20,000 hours and 30,000 hours?
0.7271136 - 0.4207149 = 0.3063987
B) What is the probability that the lifetime of a fan exceeds the mean value by more than 2 standard deviations?
More than two standard deviation
X = 23100 + 2(23100) = 23100 + 46200 = 69300
Using the online exponential probability calculator :
P(X > 69300) = 0.04979
C) What is the probability that the lifetime of a fan exceeds the mean value by more than 3 standard deviations?
X = 23100 + 3(23100) = 23100 + 69300 = 92400
P(X > 92400) = 0.01832
Enter an expression that is equivalent to (6x2−1)+(x2+3)−2(x2−5)−15x2, combining all like terms. Use the on-screen keyboard to type the correct polynomial in the box below.
Answer:
Its 10x^2+12
Step-by-step explanation:
Answer:
-10X^2+12
Step-by-step explanation:
3
BO
Evaluate the function f(x) = x2 + 4x + 1 at the given values of the independent variable and simplify.
a. f(6)
b. f(x +9)
c. f(-x)
Answer:
a) f(6)=(6)^2+4(6)+1=65
b)f (x+9)=(x+9)^2+4 (x+9)+1=(x^2+18x+81)+(4x+36)+1=x^2+22x+117
f (-x)=(-x)^2-4x+1
What is the domain of h?
Answer:
{-2, -1, 1, 5, 6}
Step-by-step explanation:
The domain includes the five x-values (inputs): {-2, -1, 1, 5, 6}
Answer:
The x-values -2, -1,1,5 and 6
Step-by-step explanation:
Century Roofing is thinking of opening a new warehouse, and the key data are shown below. The company owns the building that would be used, and it could sell it for $100,000 after taxes if it decides not to open the new warehouse. The equipment for the project would be depreciated by the straight-line method over the project's 3-year life, after which it would be worth nothing and thus it would have a zero salvage value. No new working capital would be required, and revenues and other operating costs would be constant over the project's 3-year life. What is the project's NPV? (Hint: Cash flows are constant in Years 1-3.)
Question Completion:
WACC = 10.0%
Opportunity cost = $100,000
Net equipment cost (depreciable basis) = $65,000
Straight-line deprec. rate for equipment = 33.333%
Sales revenues, each year = $123,000
Operating costs (excl. deprec.), each year = $25,000
Tax rate = 35%
Answer:
Century Roofing
Project's NPV is: ($6,578)
Step-by-step explanation:
a) Data and Calculations:
WACC = 10.0%
Opportunity cost = $100,000
Net equipment cost (depreciable basis) = $65,000
Straight-line deprec. rate for equipment = 33.333%
Sales revenues, each year = $123,000
Operating costs (excl. deprec.), each year = $25,000
Tax rate = 35%
Cash outflow in year 0 = $165,000 (Opportunity and new equipment costs)
Annual Cash inflow = $123,000 - $25,000 - $34,300 = $63,700
PV of annuity for 3 years at 10% = $158,422 ($63,700 x 2.487)
NPV = Cash inflow minus Cash outflow
= $158,422 - $165,000
= ($6,578)
Negative NPV
b) Since Century Roofing could have realized $100,000 from the sale of the building if it decides not to open the new warehouse, this opportunity cost is factored into the calculation of the Net Present Value. It becomes a present cash outflow. Century Roofing's opportunity cost is defined as the loss of $100,000 being the future return from the best alternative project when it chooses to build the new warehouse instead of selling off the building.
Choose the situation that represents a function.
A) The number of raisins in an oatmeal raisin cookie is a function of the diameter of the cookie.
B) The inches of rainfall is a function of the day’s average temperature.
C) The time it takes to cook a turkey is a function of the turkey’s weight.
D) The number of sit-ups a student can do in a minute is a function of the student’s age.
Answer:c
Step-by-step explanation:
Answer: The answer is C.
Hope this helps you!
A patio 20 feet wide has a slanted roof, as shown in the figure. Find the length of the roof if there is an 8-inch overhang. Show all work and round the answer to the nearest foot. Be sure to label your answer appropriately. Then write a sentence explaining your answer in the context of the problem.
Answer:
[tex]Slanted\ Roof = 20.77\ ft[/tex]
Step-by-step explanation:
The question has missing attachment (See attachment 1 for complete figure)
Given
Width, W = 20ft
Let the taller height be represented with H and the shorter height with h
H = 10ft
h = 8ft
Overhang = 8 inch
Required
Determine the length of the slanted roof
FIrst, we have to determine the distance between the tip of the roof and the shorter height;
Represent this with
This is calculated by
[tex]D = H - h[/tex]
Substitute 10 for H and 8 for h
[tex]D = 10 - 8[/tex]
[tex]D = 2ft[/tex]
Next, is to calculate the length of the slant height before the overhang;
See Attachment 2
Distance L can be calculated using Pythagoras theorem
[tex]L^2 = 2^2 + 20^2[/tex]
[tex]L^2 = 4 + 400[/tex]
[tex]L^2 = 404[/tex]
Take Square root of both sides
[tex]\sqrt{L^2} = \sqrt{404}[/tex]
[tex]L = \sqrt{404}[/tex]
[tex]L = 20.0997512422[/tex]
[tex]L = 20.10\ ft[/tex] -------Approximated
The full length of the slanted roof is the sum of L (calculated above) and the overhang
[tex]Slanted\ Roof = L + 8\ inch[/tex]
Substitute 20.10 ft for L
[tex]Slanted\ Roof = 20.10\ ft + 8\ inch[/tex]
Convert inch to feet to get the slanted roof in feet
[tex]Slanted\ Roof = 20.1\ ft + 8/12\ ft[/tex]
[tex]Slanted\ Roof = 20.10\ ft + 0.67\ ft[/tex]
[tex]Slanted\ Roof = 20.77\ ft[/tex]
Hence, the total length of the slanted roof in feet is approximately 20.77 feet
in the diagram, find the values of a and b.
Answer:
m∠a = 67° , m∠b = 42°Step-by-step explanation:
∠a is alternate interior angle to ∠ECD
∠b is alternate interior angle to ∠BCD
so:
If AB || CD then:
m∠a = m∠ECD = 25° + 42° = 67°
m∠b = 42°
3a-27=0
How to solve
Answer:
a = 9
Step-by-step explanation:
3a - 27 = 0
3a = 27
a = 27/3
a = 9
3*9 - 27 = 0
27 - 27 = 0
Answer:
a = 9
Step-by-step explanation:
3a-27=0
Add 27 to each side
3a = 27
Divide by 3
3a/3 = 27/3
a = 9
Let A and B be events. The symmetric difference A?B is defined to be the set of all elements that are in A or B but not both.
In logic and engineering, this event is also called the XOR (exclusive or) of A and B.
Show that P(AUB) = P(A) + P(B)-2P(AnB), directly using the axioms of probability.
Correction:
P(AΔB) = P(A) + P(B) - 2P(AnB)
is what could be proven using the axioms of probability, and considering the case of symmetric difference given.
Answer:
P(AΔB) = P(A) + P(B) - 2P(AnB)
Has been shown.
Step-by-step explanation:
We are required to show that
P(AUB) = P(A) + P(B) - 2P(AnB)
directly using the axioms of probability.
Note the following:
AUB = (AΔB) U (AnB)
Because (AΔB) U (AnB) is disjoint, we have:
P(AUB) = P(AΔB) + P(AnB)..................(1)
But again,
P(AUB) = P(A) + P(B) - P(AnB)...............(2)
Comparing (1) with (2), we have
P(AΔB) + P(AnB) = P(A) + P(B) - P(AnB)
P(AΔB) = P(A) + P(B) - 2P(AnB)
Where AΔB is the symmetric difference of A and B.
as
8
3) The volume of
a wall, 5 times
high as it is board and 8
times as long as it is high, 12.8
(a.metors) Find The Breadth of the
Wall
Answer:
0.4 meters
Step-by-step explanation:
The volume is ...
V = LHB
12.8 m³ = (8(5B))(5B)(B) = 200B³ . . . fill in given values
0.064 m³ = B³ . . . . . simplify
∛0.064 m = B = 0.4 m
The breadth of the wall is 0.4 meters.
36x7 please EXPLAIN the process of the multiplication plse
36×7
=252
Explaination :
First Multiply 6 and 7 we get 42 !
Write 2 and 4 will be added to the product of 3×7
We get 21 and add 4 here
So we get 252
Answer:
[tex]36 \times 7 = 252[/tex]
Step-by-step explanation:
Firstly multiply 6 with 7 you have to write 2 and take 4 carry and then multiply 7 with 3 u get 21 now add the number u carry in 21 u get ur answer. 252.
Hope it helps u mate
Chloe wants to wrap a present in a box for Sarah. The top and bottom of the box is 8 in. by 3 in., the sides are both 3 in by 2 in. and the front and back are 8 in by 2 in. How much wrapping
paper will Chloe need to wrap the present?
Answer:
92 inches squared
Step-by-step explanation:
T/P = 8 * 3
L/R = 3 * 2
F/B = 8 * 2
Solving for surface area!
2(24) + 2(6) + 2(16) = 92
Suppose that 11% of all steel shafts produced by a certain process are nonconforming but can be reworked (rather than having to be scrapped). Consider a random sample of 200 shafts, and let X denote the number among these that are nonconforming and can be reworked.Required:a. What is the (approximate) probability that X is at most 30?b. What is the (approximate) probability that X is less than 30?c. What is the (approximate) probability that X is between 15 and 25 (inclusive)?
Answer:
(a) The probability that X is at most 30 is 0.9726.
(b) The probability that X is less than 30 is 0.9554.
(c) The probability that X is between 15 and 25 (inclusive) is 0.7406.
Step-by-step explanation:
We are given that 11% of all steel shafts produced by a certain process are nonconforming but can be reworked. A random sample of 200 shafts is taken.
Let X = the number among these that are nonconforming and can be reworked
The above situation can be represented through binomial distribution such that X ~ Binom(n = 200, p = 0.11).
Here the probability of success is 11% that this much % of all steel shafts produced by a certain process are nonconforming but can be reworked.
Now, here to calculate the probability we will use normal approximation because the sample size if very large(i.e. greater than 30).
So, the new mean of X, [tex]\mu[/tex] = [tex]n \times p[/tex] = [tex]200 \times 0.11[/tex] = 22
and the new standard deviation of X, [tex]\sigma[/tex] = [tex]\sqrt{n \times p \times (1-p)}[/tex]
= [tex]\sqrt{200 \times 0.11 \times (1-0.11)}[/tex]
= 4.42
So, X ~ Normal([tex]\mu =22, \sigma^{2} = 4.42^{2}[/tex])
(a) The probability that X is at most 30 is given by = P(X < 30.5) {using continuity correction}
P(X < 30.5) = P( [tex]\frac{X-\mu}{\sigma}[/tex] < [tex]\frac{30.5-22}{4.42}[/tex] ) = P(Z < 1.92) = 0.9726
The above probability is calculated by looking at the value of x = 1.92 in the z table which has an area of 0.9726.
(b) The probability that X is less than 30 is given by = P(X [tex]\leq[/tex] 29.5) {using continuity correction}
P(X [tex]\leq[/tex] 29.5) = P( [tex]\frac{X-\mu}{\sigma}[/tex] [tex]\leq[/tex] [tex]\frac{29.5-22}{4.42}[/tex] ) = P(Z [tex]\leq[/tex] 1.70) = 0.9554
The above probability is calculated by looking at the value of x = 1.70 in the z table which has an area of 0.9554.
(c) The probability that X is between 15 and 25 (inclusive) is given by = P(15 [tex]\leq[/tex] X [tex]\leq[/tex] 25) = P(X < 25.5) - P(X [tex]\leq[/tex] 14.5) {using continuity correction}
P(X < 25.5) = P( [tex]\frac{X-\mu}{\sigma}[/tex] < [tex]\frac{25.5-22}{4.42}[/tex] ) = P(Z < 0.79) = 0.7852
P(X [tex]\leq[/tex] 14.5) = P( [tex]\frac{X-\mu}{\sigma}[/tex] [tex]\leq[/tex] [tex]\frac{14.5-22}{4.42}[/tex] ) = P(Z [tex]\leq[/tex] -1.70) = 1 - P(Z < 1.70)
= 1 - 0.9554 = 0.0446
The above probability is calculated by looking at the value of x = 0.79 and x = 1.70 in the z table which has an area of 0.7852 and 0.9554.
Therefore, P(15 [tex]\leq[/tex] X [tex]\leq[/tex] 25) = 0.7852 - 0.0446 = 0.7406.
Find the work W done by a force of 7pounds acting in the direction 30 degreesto the horizontal in moving an object 7feet from (0 comma 0 )to (7 comma 0 ).
Answer:
The work done by the force is 42.4 Joules
Step-by-step explanation:
The force F = 7 pounds
angle to the horizontal that the force acts ∅ = 30°
The object is moved a distance d = 7 feet
The coordinate (0 comma 0 )to (7 comma 0 ), indicates that the movement started from the origin, and is along the x-axis.
The work done by this force = F cos ∅ x d
==> 7 cos 30° x 7
==> 7 x 0.866 x 7 = 42.4 Joules
A planet rotates on an axis through its poles and 1 revolution takes 1 day 1 day is 24 hours. The distance from the axis to a location the planet 30 degrees north latitude is about 3387.5 miles. Therefore, a location on the planet at 30 degrees north latitude is spinning on a circle of radius 3387.5 miles.
Compute the linear speed on the surface of the planet at 30 degrees north latitude.
Answer:
The velocity is [tex]v = 886.96 \ m/s[/tex]
Step-by-step explanation:
From the question we are told that
The period of each revolution is [tex]T = 1\ day = 24 \ hours[/tex]
The angle is [tex]\theta = 30^o[/tex]
The radius is [tex]r = 3387.5 \ miles[/tex]
Generally the linear speed is mathematically represented as
[tex]v = w * r[/tex]
Where [tex]w[/tex] is the angular speed which is mathematically represented as
[tex]w = \frac{2 \pi }{T}[/tex]
substituting values
[tex]w = \frac{2 *3.142 }{24}[/tex]
[tex]w = 0.2618 \ rad/s[/tex]
Thus
[tex]v = 0.261833 * 3387.5[/tex]
[tex]v = 886.96 \ m/s[/tex]
Scores on a college entrance examination are normally distributed with a mean of 500 and a standard deviation of 100. What percent of people who write this exam obtain scores between 350 and 650?
Answer:
The percentage is [tex]P(350 < X 650 ) = 86.6\%[/tex]
Step-by-step explanation:
From the question we are told that
The population mean is [tex]\mu = 500[/tex]
The standard deviation is [tex]\sigma = 100[/tex]
The percent of people who write this exam obtain scores between 350 and 650
[tex]P(350 < X 650 ) = P(\frac{ 350 - 500}{ 100} <\frac{ X - \mu }{ \sigma } < \frac{650 - 500}{ 100} )[/tex]
Generally
[tex]\frac{X - \mu }{\sigma } = Z (The \ standardized \ value \ of \ X )[/tex]
[tex]P(350 < X 650 ) = P(\frac{ 350 - 500}{ 100} <Z < \frac{650 - 500}{ 100} )[/tex]
[tex]P(350 < X 650 ) = P(-1.5<Z < 1.5 )[/tex]
[tex]P(350 < X 650 ) = P(Z < 1.5) - P(Z < -1.5)[/tex]
From the z-table [tex]P(Z < -1.5 ) = 0.066807[/tex]
and [tex]P(Z < 1.5 ) = 0.93319[/tex]
=> [tex]P(350 < X 650 ) = 0.93319 - 0.066807[/tex]
=> [tex]P(350 < X 650 ) = 0.866[/tex]
Therefore the percentage is [tex]P(350 < X 650 ) = 86.6\%[/tex]
Even though the population standard deviation is unknown, an investigator uses z rather than the more appropriate t to test a hypothesis at the .01 level of significance. In this situation the true level of significance of this test is
Answer:
The true true level of significance of this test is more than 0.01.
Step-by-step explanation:
No standard deviation and we are told that the investigator still used z rather than the more appropriate t - distribution.
This method of using the z-distribution when standard deviation is unknown will definitely result in a smaller critical value and this in turn simply means that the p-value will be smaller than what it should really be.
Thus, it means the critical value is getting closer to the mean value than the way it should be.
Therefore, means that for a given significance of 0.01 and using the z-distribution under this no standard deviation situation, the true true level of significance of this test is more than 0.01.
A type of related samples design in which participants are observed more than once is called a
A. repeated measures design
B. matched pairs design
C. matched samples design
D. both matched pairs design and matched samples design
Answer:
Option A (repeated measures design) is the correct option.
Step-by-step explanation:
Researchers as well as statisticians vary in terms of methods used mostly for repetitive measurements. Besides illustration, repeated models of measurements are however recognized as repeated analyzes of variance measurements, standardized considerations of measurements, or layouts of objects throughout them.The other three options are not related to the given instance. So that alternative A would be the correct choice.
Use the probability distribution table to answer the question.
What is P(1 < X < 5)?
Enter your answer, as a decimal, in the box.
Add up the P(x) values that correspond to x = 2 through x = 4
0.07+0.22+0.22
So we have a 51% chance of getting an x value such that 1 < x < 5
By using the probability distribution table, the value of P(1<x<5) is 0.51
What is Probability?Probability is the branch of mathematics concerning numerical descriptions of how likely an event is to occur, or how likely it is that a proposition is true
What is Probability distribution?A probability distribution is the mathematical function that gives the probabilities of occurrence of different possible outcomes for an experiment. It is a mathematical description of a random phenomenon in terms of its sample space and the probabilities of events
Given,
We have to find the value of P(1<x<5)
P(1<x<5) = P(2)+P(3)+P(4)
P(2)=0.07
P(3)=0.22
P(4)=0.22
P(1<x<5) = 0.07+0.22+0.22 =0.51
Hence, the value of P(1<x<4)= 0.51
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3x18 = 3 (10+8) is an example of the _________ property of multiplication.
Answer:
3x18 = 3 (10+8) is an example of the commutative property of multiplication
Step-by-step explanation:
Answer: commutative property of multiplication
Step-by-step explanation:
explain why the APR does not compare loans for different lengths of time
Answer:
APR does not tell you how long your rate is locked for. A 15-year loan may have a lower interest rate, but could have a higher APR, since the loan fees are amortized over a shorter period of time. It is not wise to compare a 30-year loan with a 15-year loan using their respective APRs.
Step-by-step explanation:
Mark is buying supplies for his students. He is buying a notebook (n) and a pack of pencils for each of his 25 students. Each pack of pencils costs $1.25. If Mark's total cost is $156.25, which of the following equations can be used to find how much each notebook cost? Select TWO that apply.
Answer:
$5
Step-by-step explanation:
Note. There are no options to select.Let the notebook cost x, then Mark spent:
25x + 25*1.25 = 156.2525x + 31.25 = 156.2525x = 156.25 - 31.2525x = 125x= 125/25x= 5Notebook costs $5
What would be the mass of a cube of tungsten (density of 19.3 g/cm), with sides of
3cm?
Answer:
M= 521.1 g
Step-by-step explanation:
1st. Find the volume of the cube: V=3³=27 cm³
As the weight of V= 1 cm³ cube is 19.3 g the weight of the cube=27 cm³ is
M=27*19.3= 521.1 g
Nala can spend no more than $150 per month on gasoline. She has already purchased $60 in gas this month. Which inequality can be used to find the maximum number of fill-ups she can purchase during the rest of the month, assuming each fill-up costs $30? 30n + 60 > 150 30n + 60 150
Answer:
150<60+30n
Step-by-step explanation:
150 is the maximum amount that she can spend on gas. (which is the total)
she already spend $60
each fill up (n) costs 30
Answer:
the answer is B)
Step-by-step explanation:
Write down the name of the shape for question D. Please help!
Step-by-step explanation:
thats shape is a delta
:)
Answer:
arrow head
Step-by-step explanation:
Which of the following is a solution for 5 - 2x ≤ -3?
Answer:
x≥4
Step-by-step explanation:
The required solution for the inequality 5 - 2x ≤ -3 is x ≥ 4 or x ∈ [4, ∞).
What is inequality?Inequality shows relation between two expression which are not equal to each others.
The given inequality is,
5 - 2x ≤ -3.
Solve the inequality,
Add 3 to both the sides,
5 - 2x + 3 ≤ -3 + 3
8 - 2x ≤ 0
-2x ≤ -8
Multiply -1 both the sides,
2x ≥ 8
x ≥ 4
The solution for the inequality is x ≥ 4 or x ∈ [4, ∞).
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name all the pairs of angles which are vertical angles , alternate interior angles , alternate exterior angles , co interior angles , co exterior angles , and corresponding angles from the given figure . (co interior - interior angles on the same side of transversal)
Answer:
Step-by-step explanation:
Since m and k are the parallel lines and a transverse 'l' is intersecting these lines at two different points.
- Opposite angles at the point of intersection of parallel lines and the transverse will be the vertical angles.
∠1 ≅ ∠3, ∠2 ≅ ∠4, ∠5 ≅ ∠8 and ∠6 ≅ ∠7 [Vertical angles]
- Pair of angles between parallel lines 'k' and 'm' but on the opposite side of the transversal are the alternate interior angles.
∠4 ≅ ∠6 and ∠3 ≅ ∠5 [Alternate interior angles]
- Angles having the same relative positions at the point of intersection are the corresponding angles.
∠2 ≅ ∠6, ∠3 ≅ ∠8, ∠4 ≅ ∠7 and ∠1 ≅ ∠5 [Corresponding angles]
- Co interior angles are the angles between the parallel lines located on the same side of the transversal.
∠4 and ∠5, ∠3 and ∠6 [Co interior angles]
- Co exterior angles are the angles on the same side of the transverse but outside the parallel lines.
∠2 and ∠8, ∠1 and ∠7 [Co exterior angles]
Marine ecologists estimate the reproduction curve for swordfish in a fishing ground to be f(p) = −0.01p2 + 9p, where p and f(p) are in hundreds. Find the population that gives the maximum sustainable yield, and the size of the yield.
Answer:
The population that gives the maximum sustainable yield is 45000 swordfishes.
The maximum sustainable yield is 202500 swordfishes.
Step-by-step explanation:
Let be [tex]f(p) = -0.01\cdot p^{2}+9\cdot p[/tex], the maximum sustainable yield can be found by using first and second derivatives of the given function: (First and Second Derivative Tests)
First Derivative Test
[tex]f'(p) = -0.02\cdot p +9[/tex]
Let equalize the resulting expression to zero and solve afterwards:
[tex]-0.02\cdot p + 9 = 0[/tex]
[tex]p = 450[/tex]
Second Derivative Test
[tex]f''(p) = -0.02[/tex]
This means that result on previous part leads to an absolute maximum.
The population that gives the maximum sustainable yield is 45000 swordfishes.
The maximum sustainable yield is:
[tex]f(450) = -0.01\cdot (450)^{2}+9\cdot (450)[/tex]
[tex]f(450) =2025[/tex]
The maximum sustainable yield is 202500 swordfishes.
Question 15 please and i will mark the brainliest!!! And thank you to whoever answers
Explanation:
We have 4 options for the first choice and 3 options for the next. So there are 4*3 = 12 different combos possible. The tree diagram below shows 12 different paths to pick from. For instance, the right-most path has us pick the number 4 and the color yellow.
The one-sample z test is: a. a hypothesis test b. used to test hypotheses c. concerning a single population with a known variance d. concerning at least one population e. concerning the variance in a population d. all of the above
Answer:
d. all of the above
Step-by-step explanation:
A one sample z test measures whether the mean of a population is greater, less or equal to a specific value. It is called one sampl z test since the standard normal distribution is used in calculation of critical values. It makes use of the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis in determining if the mean is greater than or equal or less than the reference value. Variance and standard deviation is assumed to be known and at least one population is used
