Discretionary fiscal policy describes deliberate adjustments to taxation and spending made by Congress to balance the budget. The governing bodies of an organisation create the policies because they enforce discipline inside the organisations.
Fiscal policies that are imposed at the government's discretion are referred to as discretionary fiscal policies. The government is not required by law to enact such policies. These are well known as the deliberate alterations that the government makes. Taxes and government spending are frequently adjusted by the government to maintain economic stability. The broad judgements or principles that are developed by policymakers are referred to as policies.
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Which celebrity attorney was sentenced last week to 14 years in prison for tax evasion and stealing from clients?
Celebrity lawyer Michael Avenatti received a 14-year jail term last week for tax fraud and client theft.
He received a four-year jail term on June 2, 2022, for deceiving Daniels. He received a 14-year jail term on December 5, 2022, for wire fraud and obstructing the Internal Revenue Service.
Michael Avenatti, a disgraced lawyer, was given a 14-year jail term and forced to pay over $11 million in restitution for misappropriating millions of dollars from four of his clients and obstructing justice Monday.
Avenatti entered a guilty plea to one count of attempting to impede the Internal Revenue Code's administration as well as four charges of wire fraud for each client he stole from earlier this year.
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A decision that forms a potential basis for deciding the outcomes of similar cases in the future; a by-product of decisions made by trial and appellate court judges, who produce case law whenever they render a decision in a particular case
That would be the state's supreme court or the court of equal standing; it is the highest court in that specific state. There are numerous levels of courts, including trial courts, appellate courts, and supreme courts.
These courts have different levels of authority. In a hierarchical organization, the decisions of the upper court have an impact on the lower level courts. The supreme court is often the highest court, followed by the courts of appellate , trial, and special jurisdiction. As a result, the supreme court would not be the only one affected by the appellate court's ruling. All High Courts must abide by a Supreme Court ruling. The law announced by the Supreme Court shall be binding on all courts located within the territory of India, according to Article 141 of the Indian Constitution. The judge hears the evidence, determines whether evidence is pertinent, and makes binding decisions about which facts have been proven. Since the legislation already in place contains all the information necessary for appellate , judges cannot create new laws. A court does not make a decision about a case in a legal vacuum, but rather on the basis of current regulations, which both express and guide underlying legal principles.
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When a real estate investment is sold, a capital gain is realized when the sale price is ___ the seller’s original purchase price ___ the cost of ___ .
Real estate investment is not a technique to get wealthy or rich quickly, but it is a strategy to gradually and steadily build wealth.
There are numerous possibilities available when looking for places to invest your money. Regardless of your level of experience, you should invest in stocks, bonds, exchange-traded funds, mutual funds, and real estate; but, for novice investors, forex or cryptocurrencies may be too volatile. Your decision will be influenced by your level of investment involvement, your starting capital, and the level of risk you are willing to accept. Real estate investment is a method that may be both rewarding and profitable. Prospective real estate owners can utilize leverage to purchase a property by paying a percentage of the whole cost ahead, then paying off the remainder, unlike stock and bond investors.
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A state establishes a school voucher program where students or parents can choose to give the voucher money to either secular or religious schools. The Supreme Court is likely to rule this state program
A. unconstitutional, because it can amount to a government establishment of religion.
B. unconstitutional, because the voucher program would amount to an excessive entanglement between government and religion.
C. constitutional, because it allows a religious student to pursue his or her free exercise to attend a religious school.
D. constitutional, because the establishment clause of the Constitution only applies to federal programs and not to state policies.
E. constitutional, because the program does not favor religious schools over nonreligious schools when it is the student or parent making the choice.Answer: E. constitutional, because the program does not favor religious schools over nonreligious schools when it is the student or parent making the choice.
The Supreme Court is likely to rule this state program constitutional, because the program does not favor religious schools over nonreligious schools when it is the student or parent making the choice.
Hence, Option E is correct.
A parochial school is a private elementary or secondary school that is associated with a particular religion and offers general religious instruction in addition to academic topics like science, arithmetic, and language arts.It supports their comprehension of the spiritual, moral, social, and cultural issues that recur throughout their lives and aids in their own personal growth. By discussing challenging issues, it gives students knowledge that may be used to combat extremism, foster cohesion, and challenge stereotypes.To know more about Religion here
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After the Civil War, the growth of large industrial trusts led to a public outcry for legislation designed to: _______.
A public outcry for legislation to protect competitive market systems and avoid the concentration of significant economic power in the hands of a few corporations arose after the Civil War as a result of the rise of big industrial trusts.
American Civil War, a civil war that raged within the United States. Fighting took place between the Union and the Confederacy, the latter of which was made up of seceding states. Confederate soldiers began firing on Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, around 4:30 in the morning on April 12, 1861. Less than 34 hours had passed when Union soldiers gave up. Historically, this event has been used to mark the outbreak of the Civil War.
The Civil War was brought on by disputes over federal vs. state rights, Abraham Lincoln's election, and economic factors. The Civil War officially began with the Battle of Fort Sumter after the South seceded following Lincoln's election in 1861.
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if a defendant refuses to testify, can the prosecutor tell the jury to view this as proof that the defendant is admitting guilt.
No, if the defendant refuses to testify, the prosecutor cannot tell the jury to view this as a proof that the defendant is admitting guilty mind.
A defendant can be referred to or considered as a person who acts as a defense in a court trial for a hearing wherein the plaintiff has accused him or her for the charges made thereunder. A defendant is to be questioned in the court of law, and is obliged to testify. However, if the defendant chooses not to testify, this does not account to the admission of a guilt in his or her mind.
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FILL IN THE BLANK. researchers discovered that many ministers who supported desegregation in little rock, arkansas did not use their pulpits to air their (unpopular) views for fear of losing contributions and church members. this is a real world example of the power of___to exacerbate prejudice and discrimination.
Researchers discovered that many ministers who supported desegregation in little rock, arkansas did not use their pulpits to air their (unpopular) views for fear of losing contributions and church members. this is a real world example of the power of normative conformity to exacerbate prejudice and discrimination.
In general, conformity refers to the act of acting in accordance with how other people are acting in order to blend in. It can be normative or informational (when you want to be accurate about what you're saying) (when you want to be liked or accepted by the society around you, which is the case here).
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The ADA does not require that employers accommodate the needs of job applicants with disabilities that are not otherwise qualified for the job. But if they are qualified except for the disability, the employer must accommodate.
*If the employer does not accommodate to the disability, they must prove undue hardship.
Title 1st of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) makes it unlawful for an employer to discriminate against a qualified employee with a disability.
The Americans with Disabilities Act ADA applies to private employers with 15 or more employees and state and local government employers. The United State Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) enforces the employment provisions of the ADA.
The ADA defines an individual with a disability as a person who has:
1. a physical or mentally impairment that substantially limits a major life activity
2. a record or history of a substantially limiting impairment
3. is regarded or perceived by a patron as having a substantially limiting impairment.
An applicant with a disability, like all other applicants, must be able to meet the employer's requirements for the job, such as education, training, employment experience, skills, or licenses.
In inclusion, an applicant with a disability must be able to perform the essential functions of the job the fundamental duties either on her own or with the help of reasonable accommodation.
Yet, an employer does not have to provide a reasonable accommodation that will cause undue hardship, which is significant difficulty or expense.
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which kind of judicial decision-making acknowledges the power of judges to promote new social policy by overturning precedent?
The correct answer is judicial activism that acknowledges the power of judges to promote new social policy by overturning precedent.
According to the legal theory of "judicial activism," courts can and must consider societal effects in addition to the law that applies when making decisions. It is occasionally used in defiance of court restraint.
It refers to a judge deviating from precedent and relying more heavily on their own convictions while rendering decisions. Politicians disagree on both the overall concept of judicial activism and specific activist judgements.
Additionally, they contend that the judiciary invalidates the actions of both elected and unelected officials, including sometimes legislative acts that reflect the viewpoint of the momentary majority at the time of passage rather than necessarily the viewpoint of the momentary majority at the time the legislation is invalidated.
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A contingent liability can be ignored (not recorded in the financial statements or notes to the financial
statements) if it is considered to be (probable/reasonably possible/remote)___ possibility.
remote
A contingent legal responsibility may be ignored if it's miles taken into consideration to be remote possibility.
The required details for Liabilities in given paragraph
A legal responsibility is some thing someone or business enterprise owes, typically a sum of money. Liabilities are settled through the years thru the switch of financial blessings which include money, goods, or services. Recorded at the proper aspect of the stability sheet, liabilities consist of loans, bills payable, mortgages, deferred revenues, bonds, warranties, and accumulated expenses.
Liabilities can be contrasted with assets. Liabilities discuss with topics that you owe or have borrowed; assets are topics that you non-public or are owed. a prison obligation is an obligation amongst one birthday birthday party and another now now not however completed or paid for.
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T/F. reform groups were very important for politicizing women since they encouraged militant activities that sought to achieve suffrage and other ambitious aims in the shortest possible time.
False. Since they supported aggressive efforts that aimed to attain suffrage and other ambitious goals in the shortest amount of time, reform organizations were crucial for politicizing women.
Politicization is a term used in political science and theory to describe the process by which concepts, objects, or collections of facts acquire a political tone or character and are subsequently associated with the ideologies and strategies of a specific group or party, whereupon they become the focus of debate. Politicization, which is associated with political polarization, has been described as weakening objectivity. On the other hand, it has been demonstrated to increase the responsiveness of supranational organizations like the European Union and can have a democratizing influence and improve political choice. When arguments for political violence are accepted by a society or when there are no norms that forbid violence, a group is more likely to become politicized.
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in a(n) ___ trial, the judge hears the evidence without a jury present before making a ruling.
in a(n) Bench trial, the judge hears the evidence without a jury present before making a ruling.
A bench trial is a trial by judge, as opposed to a trial by jury.The term applies most appropriately to any administrative hearing in relation to a summary offense to distinguish the type of trial. Many legal systems (Roman, Islamic) use bench trials for most or all cases or for certain types of cases.
Is bench trial legal in the US?
Defendants in the U S have the right to a bench trial or a trial by jury. In U.S. law, most civil trials are bench trials unless a party requests a jury. But a criminal bench trial will only occur if the right to a jury trial is waived.
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place the following statements in order to correctly describe how policy is formed after a problem has been identified. rank the options below. develop proposalsopen choices for ranking no answer enact lawopen choices for ranking no answer evaluate resultsopen choices for ranking no answer build supportopen choices for ranking no answer implement policy
The policy is formed after a problem has been identified are:
1-Develop proposals2-Build support3-Enact law4-Implement policy5-Evaluate resultsWhat is policy?The term policy refers to are the rules are the described in the details are the mention. The policy are the making follow to the country and the employees of the company. The policy are the making the company of the solving the issues.
According to the policy is formed was the based on the past data and the results.
1-Develop proposals2-Build support3-Enact law4-Implement policy5-Evaluate resultsAs a result, the process was the top to bottom was the develop to the evaluate.
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Politicians tend to favor expansionary fiscal policies over contractionary fiscal policies because _____
Politicians tend to favor expansionary fiscal policies over contractionary fiscal policies because tax cuts and spending increases are popular with voters.
A tax cut means that less money is being collected from taxpayers to fund government spending. Tax reductions enhance people' discretionary income while reducing the government's revenue. When we talk about tax cuts, we typically mean a decrease in the percentage of tax on income, products, and services.Tax reductions result in lower tax receipts for the government and either a budget deficit or a rise in the national debt. The tax decrease, according to critics, enriches the wealthy at the expense of people with less means because services favoured by those in lower income brackets are reduced.To know more about Tax here
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in dred scott v. sanford, the supreme court ruled that african americans could not be citizens of the united states. t or f
A literary work is not protected by federal Copyright Law unless the author of work places a “©” on the work.
Based on federal law regulation copyright, it is False that A literary work is not protected by federal Copyright Law unless the author of workplaces a “©” on the work.
What is Copyright law?Copyright law is the law that describes the form of intellectual property law, and protects original works of authorship.
Generally, copyright law covers artistic works including literary, dramatic, musical, and artistic works, such as poetry, novels, movies, songs, computer software, and architecture.
Usually, copyright law does not necessarily require the author to place the sign © before it can be protected under the law. The most important thing is the process of carrying out copyright is taken.
Things that cannot be protected under copyright are:Titles, names, short phrases, and slogans; familiar symbols or designs; mere variations of typographic ornamentation, lettering, or coloring; mere listings of ingredients or contents.Hence, in this case, it is concluded that the correct answer is False.
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true or false : the authority of the president and Congress in the United States is based on traditional authority, according to the classification system developed by Max Weber.
The authority of the president and Congress in the United States is based on traditional authority, according to the classification system developed by Max Weber. Given Statement are False.
According to the Max Weber Theory of Bureaucracy, all work must be distributed among the employees. Competencies and functional specializations should serve as the foundation for task division. The employees will be fully aware of their position within the company, their value, and what is expected of them as a result.
According to Max Weber's three-part theory of stratification, social difference is based on class, status, and power.
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preparedness. ______ research focuses on the trajectory of criminal offending, examining its onset, duration, and when it stops
Preparedness. criminal career. research focuses on the trajectory of criminal offending, examining its onset, duration, and when it stops.
Being prepared can lessen worry, tension, and losses that accompany failures. groups, households, and individuals need to realize what to do inside the event of a fireplace and in which to seek shelter at some point of a effective storm.
Pressure theories kingdom that positive lines or stressors increase the chance of crime. these strains result in bad emotions, inclusive of frustration and anger. those emotions create strain for corrective motion, and crime is one possible response.
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this article discusses the duties and powers of congress. it also details the process for impeachment.
According to the American Constitution, the House of Representatives "shall have the sole Power of Impeachment" (Article I, section 2)
This congressional power is an essential part of the constitutional system of "checks and balances," as it was adopted by the framers. Congress accuses a federal government official of "Treason, Bribery, or other High Crimes and Misdemeanors" and then brings them to trial.Articles of impeachment must be approved by the House of Representatives with a majority vote in order to bring charges against a federal official. Before the Senate, a group of representatives known as the "managers" serve as the prosecution.The Senate acts as a High Court of Impeachment, hearing testimony, deliberating on the evidence, and then voting to exonerate or convict the impeached official. The chief justice of the United States preside over presidential impeachment trials.Therefore, The duties and authority of congress are covered in article 1. Additionally, it describes the impeachment procedure.
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Under ________, the acquisition, use, and possession of drugs can be punished by a citation much like for traffic violations, for example, with fines or warnings.
Under the Controllable Substance Act, the acquisition, use, and possession of drugs can be punished by a citation much like for traffic violations, for example, with fines or warnings.
All chemicals that were in some way restricted under previous federal law are put into one of five schedules by the Controlled Substances Act (CSA). The placement of the substance is determined by its medical value, abuse potential, and liability for safety or dependence. Federal law forbids the possession, use, or distribution of illegal narcotics. Convictions for drug offenses are subject to harsh punishments, which may include obligatory jail sentences. When using illegal drugs causes death or severe bodily harm, the severity of the penalties increases dramatically.
The goal of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) is to uphold the nation's controlled substance laws and regulations and bring the responsible parties before the criminal and civil justice systems of the country, as well as any other competent jurisdiction.
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Name the type of collective action problem where multiple people seek to utilize a resource, and each one benefits from using more of this resource, until a tipping point is reached and the good is overused, ruining things for everyone. It is a metaphor common to environmental policy.
Chicken Game
Tragedy of the Commons
Coordination Game
Prisoners' Dilemma Game
Tragedy of the Commons is the type of collective action problem where multiple people seek to utilize a resource, and each one benefits from using more of this resource, until a tipping point is reached and the good is overused, ruining things for everyone. It is a metaphor common to environmental policy.
Collective action issues include environmental issues including garbage accumulation, biodiversity loss, and climate change. Problems with collective action arise when individuals who are logically pursuing their own interests are incentivized to make choices that are detrimental to both those interests and, ultimately, their own. Political activity can take the shape of lawful demonstrations, education campaigns, and grassroots initiatives. These actions are carried out by minorities and members of oppressed groups to spread their messages and draw attention to their struggles. These actions constitute collective action.
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A written code defining a criminal act and providing the standard punishment for the crime defines which of the following?
answer choices
Statute
Case law
Federal constitution
Administrative rules
Option first is correct. A written code defining a criminal act and providing the standard punishment for the crime defines a Statute.
About Statute
A law is a formal written enactment of such a legislative body that, with the cooperation of other parties, controls the legal entities of just a city, state, or nation. Statutes often establish policy, order or prohibit certain actions. In contrast to case law or precedent, which would be decided by courts, as well as regulations issued by government agencies, statutes are rules enacted by legislative bodies.
Newly adopted legislation are issued and publicised in almost every nation so that anybody may check them up. This can be done with in shape of a government gazette, which may also contain other official government announcements, or in the form of a collection of books, the content of which is restricted to legislative actions.
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Mini Problem 2
Wayne and Wanda are filing MFJ with a 4-year-old dependent child. Wayne worked full time and earned $25,000. Wanda became a full-time student for the fall term (Aug thru Dec) and they have no other income. Their principal place of abode was in the U.S. for the entire tax year. Their federal taxable income was $2,300 and their federal tax liability before any credits is $231. While Wanda was a student, they paid $3,000 for childcare.
What is the amount of line 6 from their Form 2441?
Select one:
a. $0
b. $231
c. $375
d. $625
e. None of these
The amount on line 6 of their form 2441 is $3000. The most that can be deducted for eligible child and dependent care costs is $3000.
What is full-time job?
A full-time job is one where employees work a set minimum amount of hours that have been established by their employer.
Benefits, such yearly leave, sick leave, and health insurance, that are frequently not provided to part-time, temporary, or flexible workers are regularly included with full-time employment. Some people make the mistake of believing that part-time jobs are not careers.
However, there is legislation in place to prevent employers from treating part-time employees unfairly, so this shouldn't come into play when deciding whether to further your career. They often pay more per hour than part-time positions, and if the pay decision is made primarily based on part-time status, this is also discriminatory. Full-time employment and part-time employment are not defined in the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA).
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a sexual assault victims restricted/unrestricted report will be maintained for reference for what minmum number of years
It is significant to note that, depending on the jurisdiction and the specific agency in charge of keeping the reports, different jurisdictions may have different retention rules for sexual assault reports. However, generally speaking, reports of sexual assault are kept on file for a long time—often for many years.
For instance, the Department of Defense (DOD) in the US has specific policies regarding the storage of reports of sexual assault, both restricted and unrestricted reports. DoD guidelines state that reports of sexual assault that are restricted must be kept for at least 50 years, while reports that are unrestricted must be kept for at least 75 years.It is also important to keep in mind that reports of sexual assault may occasionally be kept forever, particularly if they are related to an active criminal investigation or if the victim requests that they be kept for a longer time.In order to maximise their chances of obtaining support and justice, sexual assault victims should be aware of the retention procedures in place at the organisation in charge of keeping their report. Furthermore, it is crucial that agencies keep accurate and thorough records of all reported sexual assaults because doing so can help victims get the support they need and help hold offenders accountable.Because of this, reports of sexual assault are typically kept on file for a long time—often for many years.
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[True/False] Data and records produced by formal organizations may be the most common source of data in criminal justice research.
Data and records produced by formal organizations may be the most common source of data in criminal justice research. Given Staement are True.
The study of crime and crime control has traditionally been approached from a multidisciplinary perspective in criminological and criminal justice research, with contributions from the disciplines of law, sociology, psychology, and forensic science.
In the fields of criminology and criminal justice, survey research predominates. Survey methodology is the best method for learning about crime, criminals, and how society responds to crime.
For the improvement of criminal justice decision-making, research evidence is crucial. We can more thoroughly examine the effects of policies, programs, and everyday practices through well-designed and applied research; we can "see if they work," for example, if they reduce crime.
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the importance of the federal trade commission act of 1914 is that it: group of answer choices set up an independent antitrust agency with the power to bring court cases. strengthened the law against mergers. strengthened the law against price discrimination. all of these.
The importance of the federal trade commission act of 1914 is that it: D) strengthened the law against price discrimination.
In order to establish the Federal Trade Commission and provide the American government with a comprehensive set of legal defenses against anticompetitive, unfair, and deceptive business activities, the Federal Trade Commission Act was enacted in the United States in 1914. Fair business competition and consumer protection from dishonest business practices were the two connected objectives of the act. The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 and the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 were directly prohibited by the act, and it gave the FTC authority to enforce their terms. False advertising was also specifically prohibited. Over the span of more than a century, the legislation has been altered multiple times to increase the FTC's jurisdiction and adapt its mandate to new industries.
The FTC was established in 1914 with the intention of stopping unfair business practices as part of the campaign to "bust the trusts."
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During oral arguments, each side has approximately 30 minutes to present its case, however, attorneys are not required to use the entire time. a. 30 minutes b. 45 minutes c. 1 hour
During oral arguments, each side has approximately 30 minutes to present its case, however, the attorneys are not required to use the entire time of 30 minutes.
During the oral arguments, there are each sides which tend to have approximately 30 minutes in order to present its case, however, the attorneys are not required to use the entire time. The petitioner argues first, and then the respondent is given the chance.
However, each side typically has 30 minutes to make their individual case. Thus, after the oral arguments are heard the justices meet on Fridays in the Supreme Court to discuss and debate the merits of the case and come to a decision.
Hence, option A is correct.
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the single recovery principle requires a court to settle a matter once and for all by awarding a lump sum for past and future expenses.
A plaintiff may only be eligible for single recovery for a particular type of harm under the single recovery rule. Plaintiffs should choose one remedy if the jury has awarded only one.
In order to prevent a plaintiff's excess single recovery , it gave defendants credit for sums paid in settlement by other defendants. This rule is the cornerstone of a defendant's ability to have a jury verdict lowered by the total number of settlements the plaintiff has received from other parties for the same damage. According to the sole recovery principle, if the plaintiff, or the person bringing the case before the court, demonstrates that they are entitled to any single recovery for specific harm, then that single recovery should be made, and A victorious plaintiff typically obtains compensatory damages, which are funds that the court determines will put him in the same situation he was in prior to the defendant's injuries. Punitive damages are an additional type of award that is more contentious and maybe more potent. Punitive damages aren't meant to make up for the injury that the plaintiff suffered because compensatory damages already will have done so. Punitive damages are meant to make up for the defendant's severe and outrageous behavior. These damages are occasionally granted by courts.
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in prosecutions initiated by the postal service, the government is free to choose the venue in which to try the case.
It is completely inappropriate for the government to choose the venue in which a trial will be conducted for the prosecutions initiated by the postal service. Therefore, the statement given above is false.
A court trial can be referred to or considered as the one wherein the hearing of a case is held. Moreover, the venue or the city is a big determinant for prosecutions under postal services. The government has to keep in mind that the trials are undertaken in the cities that have a direct connection or involvement with the case related thereto.
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A supreme court justice agrees with the majority ruling of a recent decision by the court regarding campaign finance law and ______ , while another justice disagrees with the majority ruling and ______.
A supreme court justice agrees with the majority ruling of a recent decision by the court regarding campaign finance law and writes a concurring opinion, while another justice disagrees with the majority ruling writes a dissenting opinion.
What does majority ruling mean?Majority rule, refers to the principle that hold that decision-making power belongs to the group that has the most members. In politics, the majority rule requires the deciding vote to have majority, that is, more than half the votes.
The majority ruling is the binary decision rule used most often in influential decision-making bodies, including many of legislatures of democratic nations.
Simply put, as majority rule postulates that the decision selected is the one majority of people endorse, a very good example is when the president is chosen using the majority rule with the one garnering more votes from the Electoral College winning.
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