chapter 2 the basic idea of perceived organizational support is that people are willing to work hard and commit to their organizations when they believe that the organization truly cares about their best interests.a. true b. false

The foundation of most ethical decisions in psychology is the principle of informed consent.

Informed consent refers to the practice of obtaining permission from a patient or research participant after providing information about the benefits and risks of a given treatment or study. Patients or participants must be aware of the possible outcomes of a procedure or study, as well as any negative side effects, and must consent to participate voluntarily.

This principle is critical in ensuring that patients or participants are aware of their rights and options before consenting to medical or research procedures and that they are given the opportunity to make an informed decision based on the available data.

The principle of informed consent is the foundation of most ethical decisions in psychology because it ensures that patients or participants are aware of the risks and benefits of any proposed treatment or study and that they have given their consent to participate voluntarily, with full knowledge of the possible outcomes. It also ensures that psychologists and researchers act in the best interests of their patients or participants and that they are not taking advantage of them for their own purposes.

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Revenue, which is determined by multiplying the average sales price by the quantity of units sold, is the money made from regular business operations.

The top line (or gross income) is what is used to calculate net income by deducting costs. Sales are another name for revenue in the income statement. Direct taxes have the following benefits and drawbacks: Definition, Benefits and Drawbacks of Direct Taxes. They are flexible and effective.

Tax avoidance is a possibility. They have educational value because they instill a sense of civic responsibility in the taxpayers. The taxpayers find them to be inconvenient. A direct tax's main drawback is that it hurts the taxpayer. When a large sum of money is taken out of his pocket, he "squeaks".

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Sam's behavior can be described as prejudiced and/or discriminatory, as he has a preset notion that all members of a certain ethnic group are lazy and unskilled workers. Despite this belief, he does not treat Drogo differently from his other coworkers due to fear of being fired.

What is Discrimination?
A person's preconceived notions, biases, or stereotypes based on ethnicity, gender, religion, race, or nationality are referred to as discrimination. Discrimination can lead to a hostile work environment and impede workplace productivity. It is important to identify and eradicate it from the workplace. It affects the affected individuals' self-esteem, self-confidence, and motivation to work. In an organization where everyone is treated fairly and equally, employees are more likely to be motivated to work, resulting in higher productivity.

Individuals must comprehend the various types of discrimination and how they manifest themselves in the workplace to stop them. It is important for a company to have an anti-discrimination policy that clearly outlines the firm's stance on discriminatory behavior and what actions will be taken to enforce the policy.

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Ratio schedules of reinforcement always relate to the number of responses given. Option b is correct.

Reinforcement, in psychology, is the delivery of any form of stimulus that strengthens or increases the frequency of a desired behavior.

It is an integral aspect of the learning process that can be utilized to reinforce both positive and negative behaviors.

Ratio schedules are a type of reinforcement that is delivered based on the number of responses the person gives.

The frequency of the reinforcement is determined by the number of correct responses produced by the individual.

The ratio schedule of reinforcement has a specific number of responses that the subject must give before reinforcement is delivered.

In simple words, the reinforcement is dependent on the number of responses given by the person or animal.

Hence, the ratio schedules of reinforcement always relate to the "number of responses given."Therefore, option b is the correct answer.

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Answer: Egyptian 26th Dynasty

Explanation:

The city of naukratis was a colony founded in Egypt by a group of people named the Saite Dynasty of Egypt.

The sole Greek colony in Egypt is Naukratis, which was established under the 26th Dynasty of Egypt around the seventh or sixth century BC. The city served as a commerce hub for the Greeks in Egypt since Sais, the capital of the 26th Dynasty, was located nearby.

Ancient Egyptian city and trading post known as Naucratis or Naukratis branch of the Nile river, southeast of the Mediterranean Sea and the city of Alexandria. The first and only permanent Greek colony in Egypt for a significant portion of its early history was Naucratis, which served as a symbiotic hub for the exchange of Greek and Egyptian art and culture.

Therefore, The city of naukratis was founded in the Saite Dynasty of Egypt.

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Roughly 80% of population growth over the next two decades in the United States is projected to come from a combination of African Americans, Asians, and Hispanics.

Population growth refers to an increase in the population of a particular area over a certain period of time. It is the difference between the number of births and the number of deaths. Population growth can occur naturally, due to migration, or due to other factors, such as war or natural disasters.

Asians are a group of people who are native to Asia, which is the world's largest and most populous continent. There are many different ethnic groups in Asia, including Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Indian, and many others. Some people from Asia live in the United States as immigrants. Hispanics, also known as Latino Americans, are a group of people who are of Spanish or Latin American descent.

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This concept is known as Organ inferiority. Physical limitations lead to a persistent need for ersatz organs, that can only be supplied by culture and technology.

The perception of being lacking or inferior to others as an outcome of unfavorable thoughts about any kind of actual or imagined abnormality of organ form or function. Organ inferiority is a general term for the state of humanity.

Organic inferiority refers to physical or mental deficiencies that may cause a person to feel inferior.

According to psychoanalysis, people are flawed human beings. Physical limitations lead to a persistent need for ersatz organs, that can only be supplied by culture and technology.

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Albert Einstein college of medicine of yeshiva university is called Program de buriers YU / Albert Einstein School of Medicine.

The Albert Einstein College of Medicine is a private, not-for-profit, research-intensive medical school located in the Morris Park neighborhood of Bronx, New York, United States. Founded in 1953, Einstein operates as an independent degree-granting institution, part of the integrated Montefiore Health System (Montefiore Medicine)[1], and is also affiliated with Jacobi Medical Center.

Einstein offers an MD, Ph.D. D. Biomedical Sciences and Clinical Research programs, and two Master of Science (M.S.) degrees. For 2021, the MD program admitted 183 students out of 9,773 applicants. Einstein's medical program uses a holistic admissions process; pre-med students have a median undergraduate GPA of 3.83 and a median MCAT score in the 93rd percentile.

In February 2015, Yeshiva University announced the transfer of ownership of Einstein to Montefiore Health System to eliminate a large deficit in the university's financial statements. The medical school accounts for about two-thirds of the university's annual operating deficit, which was about $100 million before the announcement.  On September 9, 2015, Yeshiva entered into an agreement with Montefiore to transfer financial and operational control of Albert Einstein College of Medicine to Montefiore. Yeshiva University continued to award Einstein degrees until 2018, and the School of Medicine was awarded the right to award independent degrees in the spring of 2019.

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Answer: The right to participate in the electoral process by voting is called suffrage.

Eleanor and James Gibson describe their theory as Differentiation because over time a baby detects finer and finer invariant features among stimuli.

Differentiation refers to a process in which cells transform into specialized cells with distinct functions. A fertilized egg differentiates into the various cell types that make up the human body during embryonic development.

Gibson's theory of perceptual development argues that infants learn to perceive the world through direct interaction with the environment. Infants learn to distinguish the patterns of visual and auditory stimulation that accompany various kinds of events by detecting invariant features among stimuli over time. Gibson's theory is different from those that believe perception is formed from a series of learned associations between isolated sensations.

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Being aware of how to serve a ball in tennis involves declarative memory; the act of serving the ball involves procedural memory; and the memory of the first time you served a tennis ball involves episodic memory.

Declarative memory refers to the memory of facts and events, such as knowing the steps involved in serving a tennis ball. Procedural memory refers to the memory of how to perform a skill or task, such as the motor movements involved in serving a tennis ball. Episodic memory refers to the memory of specific events or personal experiences, such as the first time you served a tennis ball.Although it's common to refer to things like never forgetting how to ride a bike, throw a baseball, or serve a tennis ball as having "muscle memory," these resiliency skills are truly the result of motor learning.

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True as Satisficing is a decision-making strategy where managers look for alternatives that satisfy their needs instead of trying to identify the perfect solution.

The goal of this approach is to save time and resources by settling for a satisfactory solution that meets the necessary criteria, instead of aiming for an optimal solution. To satisfice, managers compare their options until they find one that meets their requirements.

They then choose the best among these satisfactory alternatives without exploring other options. Satisficing can help managers save time, but it can also lead to suboptimal solutions if the criteria for satisfactory solutions are not set correctly.

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Answer:

Japanese-American Internment during WWII refers to the forced relocation and incarceration of approximately 120,000 Japanese-Americans living on the West Coast of the United States. This was done under the order of President Franklin D. Roosevelt shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. The President believed that the Japanese-Americans posed a threat to national security and could potentially serve as spies for Japan.

The effects of Japanese-American Internment were devastating. Families were uprooted from their homes and businesses, forced to sell their belongings and sent to internment camps. Many lost their jobs and faced discrimination upon their release. The internment also had long-lasting effects on the mental health of those who were interned, with many suffering from depression and post-traumatic stress disorder.

Today, Japanese-American Internment is remembered as one of our bigger national mistakes because it was a clear violation of civil liberties and basic human rights. Innocent people were treated as suspects simply because of their ancestry, and their constitutional rights were suspended without due process. The internment was later recognized as a grave injustice, and in 1988, the U.S. government formally apologized and provided reparations to surviving Japanese-American internees.

You can take parts of this essay into the requirements of your own, Make sure to put into your own words!

John Locke was known for his belief that all human beings were born as a "tabula rasa," which means that they were born without any innate knowledge, experiences, or preconceptions.

He is regarded as one of the most famous and influential philosophers in history. He was a philosopher and political theorist who lived during the 17th century.

Locke believed that a child's mind was completely blank and that it was only through experience that knowledge and understanding could be gained. According to Locke, a child's mind was like a blank slate, which could be filled with knowledge and ideas over time. He believed that everything that people knew or learned was a result of their experiences and that people's minds were formed by the things that they had seen, heard, and experienced. In his view, the mind was not just a passive recipient of knowledge, but an active participant in the process of learning.

According to Locke, children learned by observing the world around them and by engaging with their environment. He believed that children were curious by nature and that they were always eager to explore and learn new things.Locke's ideas about the nature of the human mind and the importance of experience in shaping our understanding of the world have had a profound impact on the way that we think about learning and education today. His work has influenced generations of educators, philosophers, and scientists, and it continues to be a source of inspiration and debate in academic circles.

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Assertiveness training is described as teaching and promoting assertive behavior; women become aware of their interpersonal rights, transcend stereotypical gender roles, change negative beliefs, and implement changes in their daily life. ​ Option C is the correct answer.

Assertiveness training is a form of behavioral therapy that aims to teach individuals how to communicate effectively, express their needs and opinions, and stand up for themselves in a respectful and confident manner. In the context of the question, assertiveness training is particularly geared towards women who may face societal pressures and expectations that hinder their ability to be assertive. The training helps women become more aware of their rights, change negative beliefs, and implement changes in their daily lives.

Thus, option C is the correct answer.

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The most effective way to resist and refuse substance abuse is to create a plan ahead of time and practice it in a safe environment.

This may include knowing your triggers, finding a way to say “no” in the moment, and having a plan for how to leave the situation if needed. It is also important to remember that you are in control of the situation and to focus on your long-term goals such as staying healthy and safe.

Practicing self-care such as exercise, outdoor activities, and spending time with supportive friends and family can help provide positive activities to replace drug use. Additionally, having a support system of people who are also committed to sobriety can help you stay accountable and provide emotional support when difficult situations arise.

Finally, attending therapy and support groups can provide helpful tools and additional resources that can help you make the best decisions for yourself.

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Cultural and governmental institutions are attempting to protect citizens by providing them with the information and guidelines they need to make informed decisions regarding their lives.

Cultural and government institutions attempt to regulate and control societal norms by defining the age of consent, how marriage and divorce can be obtained, and reproductive rights such as abortion. For instance, cultural institutions like religion, families, and tradition shape societal norms regarding marriages and divorces. They determine what is moral and immoral, what is acceptable, and what is not acceptable.

Government institutions, on the other hand, use laws and policies to regulate these societal norms. They set legal ages for marriage and sexual activity and define the requirements for obtaining a divorce or an abortion. The government regulates marriage, divorce, and reproductive rights to ensure that they conform to societal norms and expectations.

By providing guidance and regulations on the age of consent, marriage, divorce, and reproductive rights, institutions are attempting to protect citizens and ensure their safety.

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Answer:

yes

Explanation:

because of following reasons;

#The government can utilize means and resources

#the government conducts higher level of afforestation programs to conserve environment

#The government can convert environment into NPs or Conservation areas

#They can allocate high budgets for sanitation and cleanliness in the environment

#They formulate, implement various rules regarding conservation of environment flora and fauna from being extinct by making ban on poaching and illegal trades

The given statement "The reason that solar eclipses are not observed each month is that the moon's shadow only covers a small portion of Earth, so very few people can actually see the monthly eclipses" is True.

A solar eclipse occurs when the moon passes between the sun and the Earth. The reason that we do not observe solar eclipses each month is that the moon's orbit is tilted in relation to the Earth's orbit, and its shadow falls either above or below the Earth on most months.

Even when the moon's shadow does reach the Earth, it often falls on an uninhabited portion of the planet, making it rare for most people to see a solar eclipse. Thus, solar eclipses do not occur every month.

They occur only when the moon is in its orbital phase, which is aligned with the Earth's orbit. Additionally, the moon is in elliptical orbit around the Earth, and the distance between the Earth and the Moon varies at different times of the year, resulting in different apparent sizes of the moon in the sky.

This means that the moon can be too far away from the Earth to cover the Sun's disk completely.

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In a hierarchical organization, lower-level personnel are not given a chance to develop their decision-making and leadership skills.

Hierarchical organization is a type of organizational structure that follows the principles of the bureaucratic theory. There is a chain of command in hierarchical organizations. In hierarchical organizations, communication follows the chain of command, and authority and decision-making are centralized.

Hierarchical organizations are well-suited to organizations with a well-defined structure and unambiguous operational procedures. When members of the organization don't know what to do next, there is a lot of trust in the chain of command. On the other hand, for startups and more experimental companies, hierarchical organizations may not be as effective.

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A person recently diagnosed with social anxiety disorder is more likely to be in high school and more likely than average to have a close relative with social anxiety disorder.

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a mental illness characterized by anxiety and self-consciousness in everyday social circumstances. People with social anxiety disorder are afraid of being scrutinized, judged, and rejected in social situations.

SAD affects up to 13% of the general population, with a higher prevalence among individuals with a family history of the disease.Individuals with social anxiety disorder are often concerned about their inability to be evaluated positively by others.

When individuals have SAD, they frequently experience a sense of personal inadequacy, humiliation, and/or embarrassment. As a result, they avoid social situations or experience significant anxiety or distress during them.

High school is where most students develop anxiety disorders due to academic pressure and peer pressure, which can lead to low self-esteem and feelings of inadequacy. Students in high school may suffer from social anxiety disorder and are more likely than average to have a close relative with the disease. They are more prone to self-evaluation and a strong fear of negative social judgment than individuals in elementary school.

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The two problems that prevent the drawing of a causal inference are:

Confounding variables: Confounding variables are variables that are related to both the independent variable (the presumed cause) and the dependent variable (the outcome) in a study. These variables can distort the true relationship between the independent and dependent variables, making it difficult to determine whether a causal relationship exists. For example, if a study found that people who drink coffee have a lower risk of heart disease, it could be due to a confounding variable such as physical activity or diet that is associated with both coffee consumption and heart health.

Reverse causation: Reverse causation occurs when the presumed cause and effect are actually reversed. In other words, the dependent variable is actually causing the independent variable, rather than the other way around. For example, if a study found that people who are depressed have a higher risk of heart disease, it is possible that the stress and physiological changes associated with heart disease are actually causing the depression, rather than the depression causing the heart disease.

Both confounding variables and reverse causation can make it difficult to draw a causal inference from observational or correlational studies. To establish causality, researchers often rely on experimental designs that allow for the manipulation of the independent variable and control of potential confounding variables.

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When using the task combination technique for process redesign and improvement, one of the benefits of using this technique is the improved efficiency.

The task combination technique is the process of combining tasks to increase productivity and improve efficiency. It is a method that involves identifying, analyzing, and combining activities to create a new workflow that is more efficient, reduces waste, and increases productivity.

It has several benefits, including:

Improved Efficiency: By combining tasks, you can reduce the time and effort required to complete them.

Cost Savings: Combining tasks can also lead to cost savings, as fewer resources are required to complete them.

Reduced Waste: By identifying and eliminating unnecessary tasks, you can reduce the amount of waste generated by a process.

Increased Productivity: By combining tasks and reducing waste, you can increase productivity and output. This can help to improve customer satisfaction and reduce costs by improving the speed and quality of the product or service being provided.

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Answer:

How many members of Congress are there?

- There are a total of 535 Members of Congress. 100 serve in the U.S. Senate and 435 serve in the U.S. House of Representatives.

Environmental literacy partly consists of being able to understand how human actions affect the environment, as well as how the environment affects humans.

Environmental literacy is an understanding of the relationships between humans and the natural world. Environmental literacy involves a comprehensive understanding of both ecological and social systems, as well as the capacity to solve problems in real-world settings that require knowledge and skills from multiple fields.

Environmental literacy includes a range of abilities, such as the capacity to analyze information, comprehend complex ecological systems, and develop strategies for solving environmental problems at multiple scales.

Environmental literacy also entails an awareness of how economic, social, and cultural factors influence environmental problems, as well as a commitment to environmental sustainability and social justice.

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if Descartes were ranking the idea of a flower, the idea of a dog, and the idea of a human being with respect to their comparative degree of formal reality, then he would say the idea of the human being has the highest degree of formal reality.

The degree of reality that an idea possesses on its own is referred to as formal reality. Descartes had the idea that there were three different levels of reality: the idea or concept, the existence of the object, and the existence of the object through itself.

He ranked them in the order listed, with ideas being the lowest level of reality and existence through itself being the highest level of reality. Descartes believed that some things had more formal reality than others because some things had more existence than others.

Animals and plants, according to Descartes, had less formal reality than people because they had fewer innate properties than people.

Therefore, if Descartes were ranking the idea of a flower, the idea of a dog, and the idea of a human being with respect to their comparative degree of formal reality, then he would say the idea of the human being has the highest degree of formal reality.

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Social media is a powerful tool for disseminating thoughts, ideas, and opinions, and because of this, it routinely tries to change or sway people's political beliefs.

How has social media altered the way you discover and understand American politics?

The mechanics of political corruption, morality, and conflict can all be changed by social media, not simply the content. The internet has created communication channels that are essential for spreading news.

Social media sites have the ability to alter civic involvement and, in essence, take over democracy by influencing people's ideas. Domestic politics change as a result of the change in the domestic balance of power between capital and labor that globalization fosters by rewarding mobile elements.

Social media enables readers to absorb media at astounding rates, but journalism will never be replaced by it. Social media, which has improved accessibility and provided more people with access to the news, has recently transformed the way journalism is consumed.

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To grease the pans means to coat the interior surface of each baking pan with a thin layer of oil, butter, or shortening, to prevent the cake batter from sticking to the pan during baking.

Greasing a pan means coating the inside surface of the pan with a thin layer of fat or oil to prevent the baked goods from sticking to the pan. In this case, Jane's mom has asked her to grease all the pans before they begin baking spice cakes for the local bake sale.

Therefore, This is done to ensure that the cakes can be easily removed from the pans and maintain their shape. In this case, Jane should apply a thin layer of greasing substance, such as butter or vegetable oil, to each of the baking pans, ensuring that the entire interior surface is evenly coated.

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The "pairs" in this matched pairs design were the twins. The group of psychologists was interested in seeing how the living environment could affect a student's grade point average (GPA).

A matched pairs design is a type of research design in which subjects are paired or matched with someone else based on specific variables, and then randomly assigned to a treatment or control group.

The purpose of matching is to decrease variability and increase the accuracy of the experiment's results. The "pairs" in this matched pairs design were the twins. The aim of the psychologists was to investigate whether living in a particular environment influenced a student's GPA.

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