Before mitosis begins, which happens before the nucleus starts dividing?
The DNA replicates.
The cytoplasm separates.
The sister chromatids separate.
The homologous chromosomes cross over.

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

The DNA replicates.

Answer 2

Before mitosis begins, the DNA replicates. During the S phase of interphase, which precedes mitosis, the DNA in the nucleus undergoes replication, resulting in the formation of identical sister chromatids.

This ensures that each daughter cell produced during mitosis receives a complete set of genetic information.

After DNA replication, the cell enters the mitotic phase, during which the nucleus divides and the replicated DNA is distributed to the daughter cells.

The cytoplasm separates during cytokinesis, which occurs after mitosis and is not directly related to events before nucleus division. The separation of sister chromatids occurs during anaphase of mitosis, not before the nucleus starts dividing.

Thus, the process of homologous chromosomes crossing over occurs during meiosis, not mitosis.

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Related Questions

Name 5 Dinosaurs Related to Tyrannosaurus rex and Speed also Hight​

Answers

Answer: Spinosaurus Gigantosaurus Allosaurus Tyrannosaurs and Titanosaur.  PLEASE GIVE ME BRAINLIEST

Explanation:  Saurischian Height Length Weight

Acrocanthosaurus (top-spined lizard) 19 ft. 5.8 m 40 ft. 12.2 m 6,000lbs 2,722kg.

Albertosaurus (Alberta lizard) 15 ft. 4.6 m 30 ft. 9.1 m 6,000lbs 2,722kg.

Allosaurus (other lizard) 17 ft. 5.2 m 40 ft. 12.2 m 4,000lbs 1,814kg.

Apatosaurus (deceptive lizard) 15 ft. 4.5 m 75 ft. 22.9 m 66,000lbs 29,937kg.

Archaeopteryx (ancient wing) 1 ft. 0.3 m 3 ft. 0.9 m 2lbs 0.9 kg.

Argentinosaurus (Argentina lizard) 70 ft. 21.4 m 120 ft. 36.6 m 220,000lbs 99,792kg.

Baryonyx (heavy claws) 6 ft. 1.8 m 30 ft. 9.1 m 4,000lbs 1,814kg.

Brachiosaurus (arm lizard) 50 ft. 15.2 m 100 ft. 30.5 m 100,000lbs 45,360kg.

Ceratosaurus (horned lizard) 13 ft. 4.0 m 20 ft. 6.1 m 3,000lbs 1,361kg.

Coelophysis (hollow form) 3 ft. 0.9 m 9 ft. 2.7 m 100lbs 45.5kg.

Compsognathus (elegant jaw) 2 ft. 0.6 m 3 ft. 0.9 m 8lbs 3.6kg.

Deinonychus (terrible claw) 5 ft. 1.5 m 9 ft. 2.7 m 175lbs 80kg.

Diplodocus (double beam) 24 ft. 7.3 m 89 ft. 27.1 m 50,000lbs 22,680kg.

Dromiceiomimus (emu mimic) 5 ft. 1.5 m 11 ft. 3.4 m 220lbs 100kg.

Gallimimus (fowlmimic) 8 ft. 2.4 m 18 ft. 5.5 m 260lbs 118kg.

Mamenchisaurus (Mamenchi lizard) 35 ft. 10.7 m 69 ft. 21.0 m 60,000lbs 27,216kg.

Megalosaurus (big lizard) 12 ft. 3.7 m 26 ft. 7.9 m 2,000lbs 907kg.

Microvenator (small hunter) 2.5 ft0.8 m 4 ft. 1.2 m 14lbs 6.4kg.

Ornithomimus (bird mimic) 8 ft. 2.4 m 15 ft. 4.6 m 300lbs 136kg.

Oviraptor (egg robber) 3 ft. 0.9 m 5 ft. 1.5 m 80lbs 36kg.

Plateosaurus (flat lizard) 7 ft. 2.1 m 26 ft. 7.9 m 4,000lbs 1,814kg.

Saurornithoides (narrow-clawed lizard) 3 ft. 0.9 m 6.5 ft. 2.0 m 60lbs 27kg.

Seismosaurus (tremor lizard) 84 ft. 25.6 m 150 ft. 45.7 m 200,000lbs 90,720kg.

Spinosaurus (spiny lizard) 8 ft. 2.4 m 40 ft. 12.2 m 14,000lbs 6,350kg.

Supersaurus (super lizard) 66 ft. 20.1 m 100 ft. 30.5 m 120,000lbs .54,432kg.

Tyrannosaurus (tyrant lizard) 23 ft. 7.0 m 50 ft. 15.2 m 14,000lbs .6,350kg.

Ultrasauros (ultra lizard) 53 ft. 16.2 m 100 ft. 30.5 m 140,000lbs .63,504kg.

Velociraptor (swift robber) 2 ft. 0.6 m 6 ft. 1.8 m 250lbs .113kg.

   View printable version of table.

Ornithischian Height Length Weight

Ankylosaurus (armored lizard) 7 ft. 2.1 m 35 ft. 10.6 m 10,000lbs 4,536kg.

Camptosaurus (bent lizard) 10 ft. 3.0 m 23 ft. 7.0 m 4,000lbs 1,814kg.

Chasmosaurus (cleft lizard) 6 ft. 1.8 m 17 ft. 5.2 m 3,000lbs 1,361kg.

Claosaurus (broken lizard) 6 ft. 1.8 m 12 ft. 3.7 m 2,000lbs 907kg.

Corythosaurus (helmet lizard) 16 ft. 4.9 m 30 ft. 9.1 m 8,860lbs 4,019kg.

Dravidosaurus (Dravidanadu lizard) 4 ft. 1.2 m 10 ft. 3.0 m 2,000lbs 907kg.

Dryosaurus (oak lizard) 6 ft. 1.8 m 13 ft. 4.0 m 2,000lbs 907kg.

Euoplocephalus (well-armored head) 4 ft. 1.2 m 17 ft. 5.2 m 7,000lbs3,175kg.

Hadrosaurus (bulky lizard) 15 ft. 4.6 m 30 ft. 9.1 m 6,000lbs 2,722kg.

Hypsilophodon (high-crested tooth) 3 ft. 0.9 m 7.5 ft. 2.3 m 140lbs 64kg.

Iguanodon (iguana tooth) 18 ft. 5.5 m 30 ft. 9.1 m 10,000lbs 4,536kg.

Kentrosaurus (spiky lizard) 5 ft. 1.5 m 17 ft. 5.2 m 4,000lbs 1,814kg.

Lambeosaurus (Lamb's lizard) 18 ft. 5.5 m 30 ft. 9.1 m 14,000lbs 6,350kg.

Nodosaurus (node lizard) 6 ft. 1.8 m 18 ft. 5.5 m 6,000lbs 2,722kg.

Ouranosaurus (brave monitor lizard) 10 ft. 3.1 m 23 ft. 7.0 m 8,000lbs 3,629kg.

Pachycephalosaurus (thick-headedlizard) 10 ft. 3.1 m 18 ft. 5.5 m 4,000lbs 1,814kg.

Protoceratops (first horned face) 2 ft. 0.6 m 6 ft. 1.8 m 900lbs 408kg.

Shantungosaurus (Shanshan lizard) 25 ft. 7.6 m 51 ft. 15.5 m 14,000lbs 6,350kg.

Styracosaurus (spiked lizard) 7 ft. 2.1 m 17 ft. 5.2 m 6,000lbs 2,722kg.

Stegosaurus (plated lizard) 11 ft. 3.4 m 30 ft. 9.1 m 6,000lbs 2,722kg.

Tenontosaurus (tendon lizard) 10 ft. 3.0 m 23 ft. 7.0 m 4,000lbs 1,814kg.

Torosaurus (bull lizard) 7 ft. 2.1m 21 ft. 6.4 m 12,000lbs 5,443kg.

Triceratops (three-horned face) 9.5 ft. 2.9 m 26 ft. 7.9 m 14,000lbs 6,350kg.

The above answer is actually very incorrect as it names various species from various different groups and species.

When looking for related species to tyrannosaurus you should look under Tyrannosauridae to get an accurate answer.

Tyrannosaurs Rex - 40-42 ft long, 8.4-14 tons

1. Tarbosaurus - 33-39ft long, 4-5 metric tons

2. Albertosaurus - 30-32ft long, 4 tons

3. Gorgosaurus - 26-30ft, 2.8-2.9 tons

4. Daspletosaurus - 26-30ft, 2.5 tons

5.Zhuchengtyrannus - 33-39ft, 6 tons

Hope this helps. :)

Carbon is an organic element found in all life forms. Which of the following
occurs through the process of breaking down carbon-based molecules?
Water molecules are transferred through the body.
Elimination of waste products occurs.
Energy needed for life functions is released
Absorbing of oxygen through pore occurs.

Answers

Answer:

The third option Energy for life functions is released

Explanation:

Explain how conservation efforts have positively impacted ecosystems.​

Answers

Many ecosystems have been improved. When you practice conservation, it can have various positive effects, including bringing back endangered species. The ecosystems are being protected, and they have the opportunity to flourish.

Conservation efforts have played a crucial role in mitigating the loss of biodiversity, protecting ecosystems, and promoting sustainable development.

Conservation efforts have had several positive impacts on ecosystems. Firstly, the establishment of protected areas and conservation reserves has helped preserve and restore natural habitats, providing a safe haven for wildlife and plant species. This has led to the recovery of many endangered and threatened species, contributing to the overall biodiversity and ecological balance.

Conservation efforts also promote sustainable resource management practices. By implementing regulations and guidelines for fishing, hunting, logging, and other human activities, ecosystems are protected from overexploitation. This helps maintain healthy populations of species, prevents habitat degradation, and ensures the long-term availability of resources.

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Which statements correctly describe Arizona’s legislative branch? Check all that apply.

The House is made up of 30 members.
The Senate is made up of 30 members.
The House has 16 standing committees.
Bills passed by the House go directly to the Governor.
Members are elected by Arizona’s citizens.

Answers

The very last one would be correct

Answer:

b. The Senate is made up of 30 members

c. The House has 16 standing committees

e. Members are elected by Arizona's citizens

Explanation:

got it 100% right on EDGE 2021


Replicating the texture of shark skin to inhibit the ability of bacteria to attach to medical surface is an example of what application of biotechnology

A.Biochemical engineering
B. Biomimicry
C. Bioprospecting
D. Environmental biotechnology

Answers

Answer:

Biomimicry

Explanation:

So i forgot what the genetic code is and how its read can somebody please be kind and help me..

Answers

Answer:

i d

Explanation:

DescriptionThe genetic code is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material into proteins. adenine(A), cytosine (C),guanine(G), thymine(T) are the “letters” of the DNA code.

What sequence of events causes a dead zone?

Answers

Dead zones begin to form when excess nutrients, primarily nitrogen and phosphorus, enter coastal waters and help fertilize blooms of algae.
Hope this helps

Why is this statement not a hypothesis?
Sunflowers require soil and plenty of sunlight and water to grow and thrive.

Answers

a hypothesis tends to go like “if [action] then it should [desired result]” if that makes any sense.

So if that statement were reworded to a hypothesis it would be like “If sunflowers are planted in soil and given plenty of sunlight and water (action) it will grow and thrive (desired result).”

i have no idea if that made any sense but like thats the best way i can explain it

Answer:

It’s stating exactly what is going to happen with no guess and it’s not in an if,then format

The table below shows the average yearly temp at Ute in four locations near an ocean.

Location A —> 31
Location B —> 23
Location C —> 18
Location D —> 48
Average yearly temperature in four locations near an ocean.

At which location is the density most likely to be the greatest

Location A
Location B
Location C
Location D

Answers

/D/ if not might be B

Answer:

C

Explanation:

(01.01 MC)

An idea is being proposed. The steps that led to the idea are listed below:

Only the favorable evidence were considered.
There was a review by the scientific community.
The outcomes were same each time.

Can this idea be scientific?

Yes, because the idea produced reliable results.
No, because it was not reviewed by family and friends.
Yes, because all steps of the scientific method were followed.
No, because conflicting evidence and arguments were not considered.

Answers

No, because conflicting evidence and arguments were not considered.

Give the person brainliest. i mean ik this was over a year ago but if u see dis, u can now give the person brainliest.

S-waves arrive at a seismic station?

First
Second
Third
Fourth

Answers

Answer:

First

Explanation:

S-waves arrive first at a seismic station

PLEASE HELP Compounds that always contain the element carbon are called

Answers

I believe the answer is organic compound

After removing a cutting from a parent plant, farmers usually:

Answers

Answer:

Plant the cutting in a different location

Explanation:

A cutting is a piece of a plant that is usually cut by farmers during agricultural practices. It is a means of vegetative (asexual) propagation.

The part of the plant which is cut is usually the stem or root of the parent plant. The cutting is then placed in a favorable environment which is mostly moist soil for proper growth .

What is the difference between weather and climate?

Answers

Weather relates to the short term natural occurrences (like rain, storms, sunshine, etc) while climate refers to the long term, general state of a biosphere (like the average temperatures in certain season, how much and how periodically in rains over a long period of time, etc)

Hope this helped.

Assume that producers in an ecosystem have 1,000,000 kilocalories of energy. How much energy is available to primary
consumers?
5. Which trophic level has the greatest biomass?

Answers

Assuming that producers in an ecosystem have 1,000,000 kilocalories of energy, 100,000 Kilocalories of energy would be available to primary consumers.Producers is the trophic level with the greatest biomass

HOW IS ENERGY TRANSFERRED:In a food chain, energy is being transferred when one organism in a particular trophic level feeds on another organism in a lower trophic level.

The lowest trophic level contains the producers, which are organisms that start the food chain. However, only about 10% of energy is available to the organism in the next trophic level as 90% is lost as heat.

Therefore, according to this question, if it is assumed that that producers in an ecosystem have 1,000,000 kilocalories of energy; 10/100 × 1,000,000 = 100,000 kilocalories of energy will be available to primary consumers.

WHAT IS BIOMASS:The total biomass of an organism in each trophic level decreases going up. This is due to the lesser energy transferred from one trophic level to the next.

As the trophic level increases, lower energy is available to convert into biomass. Hence, the higher the trophic level, the lower the biomass.

Therefore, if this is the case, the producers at the first trophic level will contain the greatest biomass which will decrease as the food chain progresses upwards.

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Which of the following is always true of two organisms in
the same taxonomic class?

A.They can breed with one another

B.They have certain physical features in common

C.they evolved at the same time

D.they live in the same ecosystem​

Answers

Answer:

they can breed with one another, they have certain physical features in common, they evolved at the same rate, they live in the same ecosystem. Lions and house cats share common features, but cannot breed with one another.

Explanation:

They share a common ecology, they may breed with one another, share some physical characteristics, evolve at the same rate, and inhabit the same ecosystem, hence option D is correct.

What are the taxonomic classes?

If two species are members of the same class, they are also members of the same higher-level taxon. They share the same phylum and kingdom in this instance.

Kingdom, phylum or division, class, order, family, genus, and species are the seven main taxonomic ranks.

The taxon with the greatest number of species is the kingdom. In taxonomy, it is the broadest category into which the creatures can be divided.

The classification of five kingdoms was made by R.H. Whittaker. The kingdoms of Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia are included in this classification.

Therefore, option D is correct.

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What percent of the offspring will be red, if we cross two pink tulips?




75 %


50 %


25 %

Answers

Answer: 50

Explanation:you are combining two pink to the possibility of the tulips being red will be 50 50

It is a case of incomplete dominance. 25% of the offspring will be red. Therefore, option C is correct.

What is incomplete dominance?

When two heterozygous alleles in a gene interact with each other, their traits are expressed partially, because they both are not dominant on each other. This type of dominance is called incomplete dominance.

It is not necessary to do a test to identify the heterozygous in incomplete dominance. The phenotype and genotype ratio is the same in this dominance. Incomplete dominance is different from co-dominance.

When two heterozygous pink tulips (Rr) cross, then 25% red (RR), 50% pink (Rr), and 25% white (rr) tulip flowers are produced. The phenotype and genotype ratio will be 1:2:1. Therefore, option C is correct.

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Help with this question

Answers

Answer:

Formula

a^2 + b^2 = c^2

a = side of right triangle

b = side of right triangle

c = hypotenuse

Explanation:

A mother has one allele for dimples and one allele for no dimples. How many
of her gametes will carry the allele for dimples?

A. 0%
B. 25%
C. 100%
D. 50%

Answers

I am pretty sure that the answer is D.) 50%

Answer:

50%, i believe

Explanation:

So the mother in the problem must have gotten her alleles from her mother and father. Who donated what we are not sure. All we know is that she got one allele for dimples and one allele for no dimples. These are part of the mother's somatic cell DNA. This DNA is duplicated during interphase, right before meiosis occurs as the mother begins to form her gametes, however.

Alternate forms of a gene having the same position on a pair of chromosomes and affecting the same trait
are called ______. A) phenotypes B) alleles
C) DNA
D) mutations E) genotypes

Answers

Answer:

The answer is B) alleles

Explanation:

Alternate forms of a gene having the same position on a pair of chromosomes and affecting the same trait are called alleles.

What do you mean by traits?

Traits may be defined as the appearance or manifestation of the desired characters. Traits are also known as phenotypes.

Every factor or gene has two alternative copies, one comes from the father and one comes from the mother. These two copies are present in the same location on the homologous chromosome. They are known as alleles of each other.

Therefore, Alternate forms of a gene having the same position on a pair of chromosomes and affecting the same trait are called alleles.

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What is a drug?
What is the difference between medicines and recreational drugs ?
Give two examples of legal recreational drugs?
Give two example of illegal (against the law) drugs?
What is a depressant?
Give two effects that a depressant drug has on the body.
Give two long term effect of taking a depressant drug.
What is a stimulant?
Give one example of a legal stimulant and one example of an illegal stimulant.
What are the effects of taking a stimulant?

Answers

Answer:

recreational - enjoyment i.e. weed, alcohol (legal)

shrooms, lsd (illegal)

liver or lung failure

stimulant- helps asthma and other things example. dexedrine

the effects of taking stimulants is loss of appetite, increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure and body temperature, interrupted sleep patterns, panic, hallucinations, and irritability.

also a drug is a medicine or other substance which has a physiological effect when ingested or otherwise introduced into the body.

Drug- type of medication used to help pain or to get over something

#2- one is just for fun and one is to actually help you

#3- Alcohol Beverages or Cigarettes/ Tobacco

#4- Molly or Cannabis

#5- sleeping pills

#6- will make you depressed, sad

#7- I don’t know

#8- speed up the brain

#9- legal- nicotine, illegal- cocaine I think

#10- can make you feel more awake, alive

When iron in rocks reacts with oxygen, it
forms iron oxide (rust), which weakens
rocks and causes them to break apart.
This is an example of...

Answers

Answer:

Oxidation

Explanation:

True or False: Too much carbon in seawater prevents clams, snails, and other
sea animals from growing their shells.

Answers

Answer: False................

Answer:

False

Explanation:

Carbon is one of the most abundant resources for sea animals, and they actually need a lot of carbon to grow their shells.

Kendra was removed from the voting committee for Homecoming King because one
of the nominees was her boyfriend. Why was she removed?
bias
stereotype
OOO
manipulation of information
vested interest

Answers

Answer:

Bias

Explanation:

definitely because she could have been biased

Examine the picture of an onion root tip with cells in various stages of the cell cycle. A student claims that interphase is the longest stage of the cell cycle. Another student claims that mitosis is the longest stage. Using evidence from the photo, determine which student is correct and why. A) Mitosis is the longest stage because anaphase requires more time to separate chromatids. B) Interphase is the longest stage because chromosomes are visible in the majority of the cells. C) Mitosis is the longest stage because the majority of the cells in the photo are replicating their DNA. D) Interphase is the longest stage because the majority of the cells in the photo have uncondensed chromatin and are not dividing.

Answers

Answer:

B

Explanation:

the longest phase in the cell division is interphase because the DNA replication occurs in this phase

As per the image interphase is the longest stage because the majority of the cells in the photo have uncondensed chromatin and are not dividing. The correct option is D.

What is cell cycle?

The cell cycle, also known as the cell-division cycle, is the sequence of events that occurs in a cell that causes it to divide into two daughter cells.

A cell cycle is the series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows as well as divides.

A cell spends the majority of its time in what is known as interphase, where it grows, replicates its chromosomes, and prepares for cell division. The cell then exits interphase, goes through mitosis, and divides completely.

Interphase is the longest stage, according to the image, since the maximum of the cells in the photo have uncondensed chromatin as well as are not dividing.

Thus, the correct option is D.

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Your question seems incomplete, the missing image is attached below:

What percent will have spots ?
25 %
0 %
50

Answers

About 50% will have spots

A long fetch will produce low, slow waves. True False

Answers

Answer:

False?

Explanation:

A long fetch will produce Large waves.

It is false ! Have a great day today ! Have a nice summer ! <3


1. Discuss how natural selection affects animal behavior and how behaviors can affect the survival of an animal species

Answers

Answer:

Animal behavior includes all the ways animals interact with other organisms and the physical environment. ... Behavior is shaped by natural selection. Many behaviors directly increase an organism's fitness, that is, they help it survive and reproduce.

1pt Which of the following life processes is not necessary for an individual organism to survive, but is necessary for the survival of the species?
A. digestion
B. respiration
C. regulation
D. reproduction

Answers

Answer:

D. reproduction

Explanation:

If the species doesn't reproduce they die out or become extinct.

Why is it difficult for scientist to find fossils from the pre-Cambrian period

Answers

Because Precambrian rocks are in short supply, hence fossil evidence is harder to find.they only discovers sections of some Precambrian rocks there were no bones or shells to be permineralized.
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Provisions of the Texas Constitution, such as those on property and debt, were influenced by ___________.a.the Arizona constitutionb.Mexican and Spanish rulec.the Articles of Confederationd.the French and Indian WarPlease select the best answer from the choices providedABCD if light is removed from this environment the fish will eventually die explain why What is volume of a cylinder with base area 64pi cm and a height equal to twice the radius? Give your answer in terms of pi.512 pi256 pi1024 pi4096 pi If a circle has a diameter of 30 meters, which expression gives its area inscuare meters What does the underlined word mean in the following sentence? Escuch de una peluquera muy buena cerca de aqu. candy store butcher shop barber shop jewelry store if u dont know the question its ok Arctic ice retreat is threatening many species in this ecosystem. Their resources are being cut and they are needing to find new ways to survive. Do you think in your lifetime you will see drastic effects to the species in this ecosystem and why? Will that affect other ecosystems? You have two samples. Sample 1 has 200 African American people and Sample 2 has 300 Hispanic people. Sample A has 104 individuals with type O and Sample B has 180 individuals with type O. Calculate the following values. What steps did Reagan take in the early 1980s to change the Cold War with the Soviet Union Read the passage.(1) Many American men were drafted during World War II. (2) Many other men volunteered to serve. (3) In fact, so many men entered the armed services that professional baseball experienced a shortage of good players. (4) Philip K. Wrigley had an interesting solution to the problem. (5) He started a new league. (6) It was called the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (AAGPBL). (7) To find good players, he scouted womens softball clubs. (8) They were very popular at that time. (9) The AAGPBL was a hit. (10) In 1948, the year in which the league reached its high point of popularity, more than a million fans came to watch AAGPBL games. (11) The league produced many fine players, including Mary Bonnie Baker. (12) Dorothy Kamenshek was also a fine player. (13) After World War II ended, the AAGPBL declined in popularity. (14) In 1954, the league was disbanded.Which is the most effective way to combine sentences (11) and (12)?The league produced many fine players, and they include Mary Bonnie Baker and Dorothy Kamenshek.The league produced many fine players, Mary Bonnie Baker and Dorothy Kamenshek also was fine.The league produced many fine players, Mary Bonnie Baker and Dorothy Kamenshek.The league produced many fine players, including Mary Bonnie Baker and Dorothy Kamenshek. How did people protest the Vietnam war What was the conflict in the scene dramatic pause Find the mean, median, mode, and range of the data set.23, 31, 26, 27, 25, 28, 23, 23, 25, 29, 29, 29, 25, 22, 30, 23 1. In order for a treaty to go into effect, it must be approved by.A the House of RepresentativesB the Secretary of StateC the PresidentD the Senate after the end of the civil war the northern economy was Who were the candidates in the 2000 presidential election? Bill Clinton George W. Bush Barack Obama Al Gore Dan Quayle how many electrons are in an atom of zirconium? To talk about your brothers and sisters you say _____, so you use the _____ form What did Jim Crow laws, poll taxes, and literacy tests have in common?Question 4 options:They all helped give full citizenship rights to blacks.They created an economic base for freed slaves.They promoted segregation and fewer rights for blacks.They helped raise revenue for the southern states following the Civil War. what is the central claim of the expert