When an electron is released from rest in a uniform electric field of magnitude 2.0×10^4N/C the acceleration of the electron is 3.15x10^15m/s2.
Given the magnitude of electric field (E) = 2.0x10^4N/C
The magnitude of the force acting on the electron is F = qE where E is the magnitude of the electric field at its location and q is the charge of electron. q= 1.602x10-19C
From Newton's second law the acceleration of the electron: F = ma
where m is the mass of electron = 9.11x10-31kg
By comparing above two equations we have ma = qE
a = qxE/m = 1.602x10-19 x 2.0x10^4/9.11x10-31 = 3.51x10^15m/s2
Hence the acceleration of the electron = 3.51x10^15ms-2.
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the first 32 amino acids from the N terminus of the protein bovine angiogenin were determined by edman degradation and have the sequence: AQDDYRYIHFLTQHYDAKPKGRNDEYCFNMMK (a) Identify the sites of cleavage during trypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis of this protein. (b) What are the cleavage sites using chymotrypsin?
The first 32 amino acids from the N terminus of the protein bovine angiogenin were determined by edman degradation. (a) The cleavage sites for the trypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis are, AQDDYRYIHFLTQHYDAKPKGRNDEYCFNMMK.
(b) The following cleavage sites take place during hydrolysis that is catalyzed by chymotrypsin: AQDDYRYIHFLTQHYCFNMMK. Site-selective breakdown of extremely non-reactive peptide bonds also functions as a therapeutically helpful modulator of protein structure and function, providing essential information on the protein sequence. Regulated and selective cleavage is a challenging task and requires chemical reagents to be able to recognize or bind to one or more specific amino acid residues in the peptide chain. On the basis of this concept, we developed a technique that selectively changes the serine residue in a peptide chain using a chemical reagent, causing the peptide backbone to break at the N-terminus of the serine residue. After cleavage, modified residues can be transformed back into their original form. This method may cleave a wide variety of substrates and does so specifically for certain bioactive peptides with post-translational modifications (like N-acetylation and -methylation) and mutations (like D- and -amino acids), which are known to contribute to age-related diseases.
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Correct the volume of 2.90 L of a gas at –12 °C to the volume occupied at 25 °C. Remember to convert between °C and K.
The volume occupied at 25 °C. Remember to convert between °C and K. V2 = 3.311 L is the correct answer.
What is volume?
Volume is the measure of the amount of space occupied by an object or a substance. It is measured in three dimensions: length, width, and height. In the International System of Units (SI), it is measured in cubic meters (m3). Volume is also commonly measured in liters (L), gallons (gal), or cubic feet (ft3). Volume can also refer to the amount of a substance or object, such as the volume of a gas or the volume of a liquid.
Temperature and Volume equation
Given,
The volume at -12°C = 2.90L
Temperature, T1 = -12°C
= (-12°C + 273)
= 261K
And, Volume at 25°C = ?
(25°C + 273)K
= 298K
Now, by using this equation:-
V1/T1 = V2/T2
V2 = V1 x T2/T1
V2 = 2.90L x 298K/261K
V2 = 3.311L
Hence, The volume at 25°C will be 3.311L
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Name the following compounds (Include stereochemical terms where appropriate. Only use cis trans terminology for cyclic structures. Omit customary italics from your name)OH The IUPAC name OH OH The IUPAC name is
When atoms or groups project on either the same or opposite sides of a reference plane that is common to stereoisomers, they are referred to as being cis or trans to one another.
Cis/trans isomers are the substances in which such relationships exist. The reference plane for doubly bonded atoms is perpendicular to the plane holding the doubly bonded atoms and the atoms that are directly connected to them. It also contains these atoms. The reference plane for cyclic compounds is the plane in which the ring skeleton is located or comes close to being located. The steric relations of the substituents are stated by adding when one substituent and one hydrogen atom are connected at each of a monocycle's more than two locations.
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What energy transportation can the student describe as occurring between point X and point Y?
The correct option for the above question is Potential energy changes to kinetic energy, then some kinetic energy changes to potential energy.
Potential energy is the energy of position that a thing has stored inside it. It is defined as energy stored in an item as a function of its height and is more commonly referred to in this context as gravitational potential energy. Because of the Earth's gravitational pull on the item, the energy is captured. The mass of the automobile and the height at which it is located are two factors that affect the gravitational potential energy of the car at point X.
Potential energy equals m×g×h
M= mass
G stands for gravitational acceleration
Height is H.
Kinetic energy is 0 at the top.
Motion is created by kinetic energy. Whether an item is moving vertically or horizontally, it contains kinetic energy.
Potential energy is transformed into kinetic energy when the automobile rolls down.
Kinetic energy= 0·5 mv²
m= mass
v= velocity
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Which statements about the organization of the periodic table are true?
a. Elements in the same period have similar chemical and physical properties.
b.The vertical columns on the periodic table are called groups or families.
c.A pattern of properties repeats from period to period.
d.The horizontal rows on the periodic table are called periods.
The statements that are true about the organization of the periodic table are as follows:
The horizontal rows on the periodic table are called periods (option D)The vertical columns on the periodic table are called groups or families (option B)What is periodic table?Periodic table is a tabular chart of the chemical elements according to their atomic numbers so that elements with similar properties are in the same group (column).
The periodic table of chemical elements, often called the periodic table, organizes all discovered chemical elements in rows (called periods) and columns (called groups) according to increasing atomic number.
This suggests that options B and D are correct regarding the arrangement of elements in the periodic table.
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A mixture of helium (726 torr) and neon (726 torr) were kept in a container. The pressure gauage on the container was higher than
expected (1,900 torr). A third gas must have been added. How much pressure did the 3rd gas contribute?
Report your answer in atm using two significant figures.
Answer:0.59ATM
Explanation:The total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases. In this case, the total pressure of the mixture of helium and neon is 726 torr + 726 torr = 1452 torr. Since the pressure gauge on the container measured a higher pressure than this, we can conclude that a third gas was added to the mixture.
The pressure of the third gas can be calculated by subtracting the total pressure of the helium and neon from the measured pressure of the mixture:
pressure of third gas = 1900 torr - 1452 torr = 448 torr
To convert this pressure to atmospheres, we need to know the conversion factor between torr and atm. One atmosphere is equivalent to 760 torr, so we can use this value to convert the pressure of the third gas to atmospms:
pressure of third gas in atm = 448 torr / 760 torr/atm = 0.59 atm
Thus, the third gas contributed a pressure of approximately 0.6 atm to the mixture. This answer is rounded to two significant figures, as required.
Consider the following reaction at 276 K.
1 A + 2 B → C + D
where rate = rate=k[A][B]2. An experiment was performed for a certain number of seconds where [A]o = 0.000847 M and [B]o = 1.11 M. A plot of ln[A] vs time had a slope of -9.43. What will the rate of this reaction be if a new experiment is preformed when [A] = [B] = 0.779 M?
1 A + two C and d → C + S t where rate=k[A][B][rate] 2. An experiment with [A]o = 0.000847 T s as well as [B]o = 1.11 M was run for a predefined number of seconds. The slope of a ln[A] vs. grown steadily was -9.43. rate of reaction is 3.62m/s
Slope and slant both refer to an incline up from a reference surface or line that is generally straight. The ground slopes (either upward or straight down) sharply here. To slope is to slope vertically in an ambiguous path A line's steepness could be determined by looking at its slope. Altitude is calculated mathematically as "rise over run."
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Based on your research, which source of energy do you think best meets the needs of society? Defend your answer in 50 to 100 words.
As per law of conservation of energy, energy can be converted from one form to another, renewable sources of energy best meets needs of society as they are everlasting and can be renewed from fossil fuels.
What is law of conservation of energy?According to law of conservation of energy, it is evident that energy is neither created nor destroyed rather it is restored at the end of a chemical reaction .
Renewable sources of energy are extensively being used as they long lasting and provide less carbon footprints.Every source of energy obeys law of conservation of energy by it getting transformed into another.
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What come first egg or hen?
Hen because who makes the egg?
Which of the following is an example of an endothermic process?
Select the correct answer below:
a. melting ice cubes
b. burning sugar
c. a candle burning
d. condensation of rain from water vapor
An endothermic process from the list would be the melting of ice cubes. Option A.
What are endothermic processes?Endothermic processes are processes that absorb energy from the surrounding. Chemically, endothermic reactions are reactions in which the products are at higher energy level than the reactants.
Endothermic processes are different from exothermic processes. Exothermic processes are processes that gives off energy to the surrounding instead of taking from it.
In order for ice cubes to melt, they need to absorb energy from external sources. In order words, the melting of ice cubes is analogous to an endothermic process.
Burning of sugar and candle give off heat energy to the surrounding. When water vapor condenses, they also give off energy in order to change state from gas (vapor) to liquid. In other words, the burning of sugar and candle, as well as the condensation of rain from water vapor are all exothermic processes.
The only process that is endothermic is the melting of ice cubes.
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For how many electrons is the value of ml +2
Only two electrons can be filled in an orbital with a magnetic quantum number (ml) +2.
What are the quantum numbers?The set of numbers that defines the position and energy of the electron filled in a specific orbital are called quantum numbers. Four quantum numbers are principal, azimuthal quantum number, magnetic, and spin quantum numbers.
The principal quantum number (n) denotes the principal electron shell of the atom and the most probable distance between the nucleus and the electrons. The azimuthal quantum number (l) denotes the shape of an orbital in which an electron is present.
The magnetic quantum number denotes the total number of orbitals in a subshell and the orientation of these orbitals. The value of the spin quantum number (s) denotes the direction in which the electron is spinning.
For the value of n = 2, we have five values of ml which are +2, +1, 0, -1, and -2. Every value of ml represents one d-orbital. Each orbital can have two electrons.
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Find the volume, in mL, of an object whose density is 400 g/mL and has a mass of 600
mg.
The volume of the object is 1.5ml.
What is the volume of an object?This refers to the space occupied within the boundaries of an object in three-dimensional space. It is also called the capacity of the object.
In the question:
ρ = 400 g/mL
m = 600 mg
v = ?
Formular for calculating density ρ:
ρ = m/v
Where,
ρ= Density of the object
m= Mass of the object
v = volume of the object
Were are given the values of density and mass in the question. We are to calculate the volume.
Makinig v subject of the formular we have:
v = m/ρ
v = 600 mg
400 g/mL
v = 1.5ml
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Calculate the amount of heat needed to boil 120.g of acetic acid (HCH3CO2), beginning from a temperature of 16.7°C. Round your answer to 3 significant digits. Also, be sure your answer contains a unit symbol.
The energy required to bring 120 g of acetic acid (HCH3CO2) to a boil at a starting temperature of 16.7 °C is 72.2116 kJ.
Given that ;
mass of acetic acid = 120.0 g
initial temperatureT₁ = 16.7 °C = (16.7 + 273.15 ) K = 298.85 K
standard molar mass of acetic acid = 60.052 g/mol
The number of moles of acetic acid can therefore be calculated as follows: number of moles of acetic acid = mass of acetic acid/molar mass of acetic acid
number of moles of acetic acid = 120.0 g/ 60.052 g/mol
number of moles of acetic acid = 1.998 moles
For acetic acid:
standard boiling point T₂ = 118.1 °C = ( 118.1 + 273.15 ) K = 391.25 K
enthalpy of vaporization of acetic acid ΔH[tex]_{vap}[/tex] = 23.7 kJ/mol
heat capacity of acetic acid c = 2.043 J/g.K
change in temperature Δ T = T₂ - T₁
Δ T = (391.25 - 289.85)K
Δ T = 101.4 K
The heat required to raise the liquid acetic acid's temperature from 16.7°C to its boiling point is;
q = mcΔT
From our values above;
q = 120 g × 2.043 J/g.K × 101.4 K
q = 24859.2 J
q = 24859 /1000 kJ
q = 24.859 kJ
We already determined that we have 1.998 moles of acetic acid;
Thus;
the needed amount of heat = Δ[tex]_{vap}[/tex]*number of moles
The needed amount of heat = 47.3526 kJ
Hence;
The total amount of heat needed = 24.859 kJ + 47.3526 kJ
The total amount of heat needed = 72.2116 kJ
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part a: identification of a hydrocarbon write out a balanced chemical reaction for 1-hexene with br2 using structural formulae for reactants and products g
The chemical reaction and its components are as follows -
Firstly writing the balanced chemical reaction for 1-hexene and bromine gas -
1-hexene -- [tex] Br_{2}[/tex]/[tex] CH_{3}[/tex]OH--> 1,2-dibromohexane + 1-bromo-2-methoxyhexane
The structural formula of each compound is -
1-hexene: [tex] C_{6}[/tex][tex] H_{12}[/tex]
1,2-dibromohexane: [tex] C_{6}[/tex][tex] H_{12}[/tex][tex] Br_{2}[/tex]
1-bromo-2-methoxyhexane: [tex] C_{7}[/tex][tex] H_{15}[/tex]BrO
Containing alkene group, 1-hexene finds application in Linear Low Density Polyethylene. The products are used in research processes. Reaction involves incorporation of bromine atoms and methyl alcohol group on the hexene.
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calculate the change in entropy if one mole of argon gas at 300. k and 1.00 bar is heated to 700 k and its pressure lowered to 0.0800 bar. assume ideal gas behavior.
if a mole of argon gas is warmed to 700 k as well as its pressure is reduced to 0.0800 bar, then measure the change in entropy. Suppose that the ideal gas behaviour is 38.61 J/K.
Entropy, broad sense, serves as a metric for energy quality, with lower entropy indicating better quality. Entropy is lower for energy that's been carefully arranged (the efficient library). The random-pile library is a chaotic energy storage device with high entropy. All parts of our daily life are impacted by entropy, which would be merely a measure of disorder. In actuality, it may be considered humanity's greatest tax. Dysfunction spreads over time if left unchecked. Systems collapse into chaos when energy diffuses. Something is much more chaotic the more
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For the reaction of X (represented by circles) and Y (represented by squares), the rate law has been determined to be: rate=k[X][Y]^2.Which of the following will produce the fastest rate for the reaction?ABCD
Ozone decomposes to oxygen according to the equation 2O₃(g)⟶3O₂(g). Create the equation that ties the rate expressions for this reaction to the creation of oxygen and the disappearance of O₃.
Given that there are more reactants in a given volume of space, increasing the concentration of reactants improves the likelihood that they will collide in the proper direction. As a result, the reactions rate would increase if the reactants were concentrated more. more often with each other. As a result, the reaction progresses more quickly as the temperature rises. Since the molecules will have less kinetic energy, travel more slowly, and collide less frequently as a result of a lower temperature, the rate of reaction will also be reduced.
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Compound A is an alkyne with molecular formula CsH8- When treated with aqueous sulfuric acid and mercuric sulfate, two different products with molecular formula C5H1oo are obtained in equal amounts. 0 Get help answering Molecular Drawing questions. Draw the structure of compound A. Edit 0 Get help answering Molecular Drawing questions. Draw the two products obtained in the box below Edit
Alkynes are hydrocarbons containing a carbon-carbon triple bond. Their general formula is CnH2n-2 for molecules with triple bonds.
Alkynes undergo many of the same reactions as alkenes but can react twice due to the presence of two p-bonds on the triple bond. Ethyne is commonly known by the trivial name acetylene. It is the simplest alkyne, consisting of two carbon atoms joined by a triple bond, where each carbon can bond to a hydrogen atom.
Molecules containing a triple bond between two carbon atoms are called alkynes. A triple bond consists of one σ bond and two π bonds. As for the hydrogen atoms, this compound is unsaturated, so the extra electrons are exchanged with two carbon atoms forming a double bond.
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When some of the sugar added to iced tea remains undissolved at the bottom of the glass, the solution is Most studied answer a) dilute b) unsaturated c) saturated d) polar e) nonpolar
When some of the sugar added to iced tea remains undissolved at the bottom of the glass, the solution is Saturated.
Solution is saturated which means no more solute can be dissolved in the solvent at the given/present temperature and pressure conditions. To dissolve more sugar in the tea we need to increase the temperature of the tea so that the tea becomes unsaturated, for the given conditions also the solubility of the solids increases with the increase in the temperature, so more of the sugar can be dissolved if the temperature of the solvent is increased.
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Based on your data and using deductive reasoning, what can you conclude about the trends in the solubilities of the compounds of the alkaline earth metals?
onclude about the trends in the solubilities of the compounds of the alkaline earth metals
The solubility or, as we can say, the activity of the chemical, increases as one moves down the group. Since barium is more active
Chemical element barium (Ba), an alkaline-earth metal belonging to Group 2 (IIa) of the periodic chart. The substance is utilized in metallurgy, and pyrotechnics, petroleum production, and radiology all make use of its constituents.What is the purpose of barium?
Barium is solely utilized for GI tract imaging tests. An upper GI series may include a barium swallow test in addition to or instead of it. In this series, the esophagus, stomach, and first segment of the small intestine are examined (duodenum). During a barium swallow test, fluoroscopy is frequently employed.
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neutrons are useful particles for nuclear bombardment processes because they have charge and are not repelled by a target nucleus. positively charged particles must have sufficient kinetic to overcome repulsion if they are to be used in this way. this is achieved by using a particle .
Neutron is not attracted to the positively charged nucleus since it has no charge. As a result, a neutron can bombard a nucleus even if it is very weak.
As a result, a nuclear reaction can be started by even a very weak neutron bombarding a nucleus. Thus, in a nuclear reaction, a neutron is employed to bombard the nucleus. Neutrons have no charge, therefore they are neither drawn to nor repelled by atoms' nuclei and electrons. Neutron is therefore the best projectile. The connections holding the nucleus together contain enormous energy. These connections can be broken, which will release the nuclear energy. A high-energy neutron is used to start nuclear fission by bombarding a nucleus, which causes the release of further neutrons. The nucleus does not reject a neutron since it has no charge.
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based on the concepts of atomic structure and periodicity, propose a modification to the student's previous hypothesis to account for the compounds that form between halogens and fluorine
Atomic structure: odd number of F atoms; periodicity: the number of F atoms rises as the atomic number of the central halogen atom rises; ClF, ClF3.
A complicated configuration of negatively charged electrons organized in predetermined shells surrounding a positively charged nucleus is an atom. The majority of the atom's mass is located in this nucleus, which is made up of protons and neutrons (except for common hydrogen which has only one proton). The size of each atom is similar. The angstrom (), which is equal to one tenth of a meter, is a practical measure of length for calculating atomic sizes. A typical atom measures 2-3 in diameter.
Atomic structure physics as we know it now began with J. J. Thomson's discovery of the electron in 1897. Within the outlined energy shells surrounding the nucleus, the negatively charged electrons move in a random way. The amount and arrangement of an atom's electrons determine most of its properties.
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A fresh sample 1311 was left out on the benchtop for 40 days. The scientist forgot it has a half-life of 8 days. The original sample mass
was 64 g. How much of the parent isotope is left?
g
Answer:
2 g of the parent isotope is left.
Explanation:
The half-life of a radioactive isotope is the amount of time it takes for half of the isotope to decay. In this case, the half-life of the isotope is 8 days, which means that after 8 days, half of the isotope will have decayed.
To determine how much of the parent isotope is left after 40 days, we need to calculate how many half-lives have passed in that time. Since the half-life is 8 days, and 40 days have passed, we can divide 40 by 8 to find the number of half-lives that have occurred: 40 / 8 = 5
Since 5 half-lives have passed, we can calculate the amount of the parent isotope that is left by multiplying the original amount of the isotope by 1/2 to the power of the number of half-lives that have passed: 64 * (1/2)^5 = 64 * (1/32) = 2 g
Therefore, after 40 days, only 2 g of the parent isotope is left.
cold water can hold more dissolved oxygen than warm water because the solubility of oxygen decreases as temperature increases. T/F
The solubility of oxygen reduces with increasing temperature, hence cold water can store more dissolved oxygen than warm water. The chemical element with the letters O.
And the atomic number 8 is called oxygen. It belongs to the chalcogen group of the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetal that rapidly forms oxides with most elements as well as with other compounds. Understanding the makeup of matter developed together with the creation of the concepts of the elements. The substance has been viewed as either continuous or discontinuous at various points throughout history. It is possible to hypothesise that continuous substance is homogenous, infinitely divisible, and has parts that are all the same size.
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26. Which element has the lowest ionization energy?
bromine (Br)
beryllium (Be)
nitrogen (N)
calcium (Ca)
The density of an unknown element in the gaseous state is 1.60 g at 300 K and 1 atm. Which of the following could be the element?
a. He
b. Ne
c. Ar
d.O2
e. Cl2
a formyl group is a meta-directing group. chlorination of benzaldehyde will provide 3-chlorobenzaldehyde in one step. part 5 out of 11 choose the best option for the precursor to benzaldehyde.
Benzaldehyde substrates using the transient directing group strategy. Without installing any auxiliary directing group, Pd(II)-catalyzed C–H arylation, chlorination, bromination, and Ir(III)-catalyzed amidation, could be achieved on benzaldehyde substrates.
The only Pd-catalyzed C-H functionalizations favored by ephemeral directing groups continue to be C-H arylation. Here, we present a broad range of ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalizations of benzaldehyde substrates that were achieved by employing a transient directing group technique. Pd(II)-catalyzed C-H arylation, chlorination, bromination, and Ir(III)-catalyzed amidation could all be accomplished on benzaldehyde substrates without the use of an auxiliary directing group. The potential for metal-catalyzed C-H functionalization of benzaldehydes is greatly increased by the temporary directing groups produced in situ by imine linkage that can override other coordinating functional groups that can direct C-H activation or catalyst poisoning. Numerous uses of this strategy, such as the late-stage diversification of a pharmacological counterpart, show its usefulness. A benzene ring with a formyl substituent makes up the chemical molecule known as benzoaldehyde (C6H5CHO). The simplest aromatic aldehyde is this one.
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using the bohr model of the atom, determine the photon energy involved in the transition of a hydrogen atom's electron from the n
According to Bohr's model of the atom, the energy of the photon involved in the transition of a hydrogen atom's electron from "n" is given by the equation:
E (n) = - [tex]\frac{1}{n^{2} }[/tex] . 13.6 eV
Here, "n" represents the shell number.
Bohr's model of hydrogen puts forward the assumption that the electrons revolve around the nucleus in specific orbits or shells.
Bohr explained the concept of energy of a photon in the hydrogen spectrum in terms of absorption and emission of photons by electrons, which leads to change in energy levels. The energy of a photon is given by the equation:
ΔE =hν
where, h is planck's constant whose value is 6.626 × 10⁻³⁴ Js
and ν is the frequency of the photon.
A drawback of Bohr's model is that it doesn't work for systems consisting of more than one electron.
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Answer the following questions for histidine, an Important amino acid that has the structure at right Note that all lone palr electrons have been omitted from histidine= you will determine where they g0 part HN CH- How many nitrogen atoms are present in 20.0 grams of histidine? CH2 Do vou expect an aqueous solution of histidine to conduct electricity? In a few words, briefly explain your answer, What is the concentration of a histidine solution in which 20.0 grams of histidine are mixed with enough water to prepare of solution? If 3.40 L of water were added to the solution you prepared in part what would _ be the resulting concentration of this diluted solution? For the structure of histidine shown, fill in all missing lone pairs of electrons. What are the electron geometries and molecular shapes for the bolded atoms? What is the hybridization of the nitrogen atom that is marked by an asterisk? How many sigma bonds does histidine contain? How many pi bonds? OH
The nitrogen atoms are present in 20.0 grams of histidine is 2-34 x10²³ atoms of Nitrogen.
1-molecule histidine contains 3 atoms of (N).
given mass of histidine is = histidine =20g
The molar mass of histidine
Number of moles 155g/mol = given mass /Molar mass
20g/155g/mol
= 0.13 mol.
Now, 1-mole histidine has 6.022x10²³ molecules.
0.13 mole histidine have 6.022X10²³ x 0.13 = 0.78 X10²³ molecules of histidine.
Now, 1 molecule of Histidine contains 3. Nitrogen Histidine atom.
0.78 x 1023 molecules of histidine contains
3x 0.78X10²³ molecules.
2.34 X10²³ Nitrogen atoms.
20g Histidine contains 2-34 x10²³ atoms of Nitrogen.
The molar mass of a substance can be obtained by adding the molar masses of the atomic components. The calculated molar mass can then be used to convert the mass and number of moles of the substance. Use the chemical formula to find the number of atoms for each element in the compound.
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What is the 14C activity in decay events per minute of 1.0 g of a 3700-year-old wooden object? All living organisms contain an equilibrium concentration of radioactive 14C that gives rise to an average of 15.3 nuclear decay events per minute per gram of carbon. (For 14C, t1/2=5715 yr.) Express your answer using three significant figures
The initial amount of 14C in the 3700-year-old wooden object is 9.81 decay events per minute per gram of carbon.
Half-life is a term used in radioactive decay to describe the time it takes for half of the radioactive atoms in a substance to undergo decay or transform into another element or isotope. It is a characteristic property of a radioactive material, and during each half-life period, the amount of the radioactive substance decreases by half.
The initial amount of 14C (N₀) can be calculated using the decay formula:
N₀ = N × exp(-λ × t)
where:
N₀ is the initial amount of 14C (in disintegrations per minute per gram of carbon).
N is the equilibrium concentration of 14C (15.3 decay events per minute per gram of carbon).
λ is the decay constant (ln(2) / half-life of 14C).
Given that the half-life of 14C is t1/2 = 5715 years
λ = ln(2) / t1/2
λ = ln(2) / 5715 yr
= 0.0001210155 yr⁻¹
N₀ = 15.3 events/min/g × exp(-0.0001210155 yr⁻¹ × 3700 yr)
N₀ = 15.3 events/min/g × exp(-0.4480609)
N₀ = 15.3 events/min/g × 0.6402964
N₀ = 9.81 events/min/g
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draw the structure or structures produced by the catalytic reduction of the given compound, in which h2 is in excess.
Structures produced by catalytic reduction of certain compounds where H2 is H2. 1-Ethylcyclohexa-1,4-diene and excess hydrogen-ethyl-2-methylcyclohexane are formed.
Specific compound 1-Ethylcyclohexa-1,4-diene and excess hydrogen-ethyl-2-methylcyclohexane are formed. One compound has the R, S configuration and the other has the S, R configuration. Using the CIP rule, preference is given to groups attached to chiral carbons.
CIP rules are based on the atomic mass of the combined groups, so the group with the highest atomic mass has the lowest number. Since it is a mixture of two enantiomers, it can be called a Rekamic mixture. Selective catalytic reduction refers to the reduction of nitrogen oxides with oxygen and selective inorganic or organic reducing agents.
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