A 1.00 liter solution contains 0.32 M ammonia and 0.42 M ammonium iodide.
If 0.110 moles of calcium hydroxide are added to this system, indicate whether the following statements are true or false.
(Assume that the volume does not change upon the addition of calcium hydroxide.)
_______TrueFalse A. The number of moles of NH3 will increase.
_______TrueFalse B. The number of moles of NH4+ will increase.
_______TrueFalse C. The equilibrium concentration of H3O+ will decrease.
_______TrueFalse D. The pH will remain the same.
_______TrueFalse E. The ratio of [NH3] / [NH4+] will remain the same.

The Lewis structure for ClO3- is as follows:

O

|

Cl--O

|

O-

To determine the formal charge of the central atom Cl, we need to calculate the valence electrons and nonbonding electrons present in ClO3-. Chlorine has 7 valence electrons, and each oxygen atom contributes 6 electrons for a total of 24 valence electrons. In this structure, there are 3 lone pairs on each oxygen atom and one Cl-O double bond.

The formal charge of Cl can be calculated as follows:

The formal charge on the central atom, Cl, is -3. This indicates that Cl has an extra electron compared to its neutral state. The other oxygen atoms have a formal charge of -1 each, indicating that they have an extra electron as well. This arrangement of formal charges indicates that the ClO3- ion is a negatively charged species. The Lewis structure shows that ClO3- obeys the octet rule as each atom has a full outer shell of electrons.

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The synthetic intermediate required is [tex]HNNH_{2}[/tex]. The set of reactions required to convert the given alkyl halide to the primary amine is as follows; [tex]H_{2}[/tex], Raney Ni, then [tex]H_{2} 0[/tex], H+, heat, and finally Sn, HCl, and heat.

The synthesis needed to convert the given alkyl halide to the primary amine are as follows;Hydrogenation of the double bond, Hydrolysis of nitrile to primary amine  and Reduction of nitro group to aniline. The synthetic intermediate needed is HNNH2.

The set of reactions for the synthesis is as follows;

1. Hydrogenation of the double bond is done using [tex]H_{2}[/tex], Raney Ni.

2. Hydrolysis of nitrile to primary amine is done using [tex]H_{2} 0[/tex], H+, heat.

3. Reduction of nitro group to aniline is done using Sn, HCl, and heat.

So, the set of reactions required to convert the given alkyl halide to the primary amine is as follows;[tex]H_{2}[/tex], Raney Ni, then [tex]H_{2} O[/tex], H+, heat, and finally Sn, HCl, and heat. The synthetic intermediate required is [tex]HNNH_{2}[/tex].

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The Correct option is A, The IUPAC name of the compound CH3–CHCH3–CO–CH3 is 3-methyl-2-butanone.

In chemistry, a compound is a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more different elements in fixed proportions. The atoms in a compound are held together by chemical bonds, which can be covalent, ionic, or metallic depending on the nature of the elements involved.

Compounds have unique physical and chemical properties that are different from their constituent elements. For example, water is a compound formed by the chemical combination of hydrogen and oxygen in a fixed ratio of 2:1 by mass. While hydrogen is a highly flammable gas and oxygen is necessary for combustion, water is a non-flammable liquid that is essential for life.

There are many different types of compounds, including organic and inorganic compounds. Organic compounds are those that contain carbon atoms, while inorganic compounds do not. Examples of organic compounds include sugars, proteins, and fats, while examples of inorganic compounds include salt, water, and carbon dioxide.

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Complete Question:

The IUPAC name of the compound CH3–CHCH3–CO–CH3 is

A 3-methyl-2-butanone

B 2-methyl-3-butanone

C Isopropyl methyl ketone

D 2ethyl-2methyl pentane

The pKa will be higher in the unknown acid solution. The pH of the unknown acids would not be affected by several drops of NaOH solution.

The pKa of the unknown acid would be higher if the pH meter was incorrectly calibrated to read lower than the actual pH. This is because if the pH meter reads lower than the actual pH, the measured pH would be lower than the actual pH.

As pKa is the negative logarithm of the acid dissociation constant, Ka, which is directly proportional to the hydrogen ion concentration, [H⁺], a decrease in the measured pH would lead to a decrease in the measured [H⁺]. Since:

pKa = -log Ka = -log [H⁺] + log [HA], a decrease in [H⁺] would lead to an increase in pKa.

The pKa of the unknown acid would not be affected if several drops of NaOH missed the reaction beaker and fell onto the bench top. This is because the number of moles of NaOH that react with the unknown acid is not affected by the drops that miss the beaker.

The number of moles of NaOH that react with the unknown acid is determined by the volume and the concentration of NaOH added to the beaker and the volume and the concentration of the unknown acid in the beaker. Therefore, the pKa would remain the same.

The pKa of the unknown acid would not be affected if acid was dissolved in 75 mL of distilled water rather than 50 mL of distilled water. This is because the pKa of an acid is an intrinsic property that is independent of the amount of the acid. The pKa is determined by the acid itself, not by the amount of acid. Therefore, the pKa would remain the same.

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The statement "enzymes reduce entropy of their substrates in reactions with multiple reactants" is possible because enzymes lower the activation energy of chemical reactions.

Enzymes are biocatalysts that are produced by living organisms. They can increase the rate of chemical reactions without being consumed during the process. Enzymes are proteins made up of chains of amino acids, and their function is determined by their three-dimensional shape.

Enzymes reduce the entropy of their substrates in reactions with multiple reactants. This is possible because they lower the activation energy of chemical reactions. By lowering the activation energy, enzymes make it easier for the reactants to react with one another. Enzymes make chemical reactions more efficient and faster than they would be without the enzyme.

The Arrhenius equation shows the dependence of the rate constant of a chemical reaction on the temperature, activation energy, and frequency factor. The frequency factor represents the frequency at which reactant molecules collide and produce products. When enzymes are present, the activation energy required for the chemical reaction is lowered, making the frequency factor and the rate constant of the reaction higher. This leads to an increase in the rate of the chemical reaction.

The equation is given as; k = Ae-Ea/RT,

Where

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Explanation:

An element is a pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical or physical means.

To prepare lead solid, you would need to submerse a reducing agent such as aluminum or zinc into a solution of lead (II) nitrate. The half reaction involved is as follows:
Lead (II) Nitrate + Aluminum → Lead + Aluminum Nitrate

Explanation: 2Pb(NO3)2 + 2Al → 2Pb + 2Al(NO3)3
To prepare lead solid from a lead (II) nitrate solution, you can immerse a piece of solid zinc in the solution.What is Lead (II) nitrate?Lead (II) nitrate is a salt that is inorganic in nature. The salt is made up of one lead ion (Pb2+) and two nitrate ions (NO3-).The half reaction that is involved in this case is: Pb2+ + 2e- ⟶ PbThe above-mentioned reaction shows that the lead ions have been reduced to form lead solid.What is the process for immersing zinc into a lead (II) nitrate solution?When a piece of solid zinc is immersed in a solution of lead (II) nitrate, the following reaction takes place:Zn (s) + Pb(NO3)2 (aq) → Zn(NO3)2 (aq) + Pb (s)Solid lead gets produced as a result of the above reaction. The lead ions (Pb2+) in the lead nitrate solution get reduced to form solid lead when zinc is added to the solution.As a result, if you want to prepare lead solid from a lead (II) nitrate solution, you can immerse a piece of solid zinc in the solution. The half reaction involved is: Pb2+ + 2e- ⟶ Pb.

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The given statement that "the rate of a second order reaction can depend on the concentrations of more than one reactant" is true because the rate of the reaction is proportional to the concentration of both reactants.

The second-order reaction is a chemical reaction in which two reactants interact and the rate of the reaction is proportional to the concentration of both reactants or to the square of the concentration of a single reactant. The equation is as follows:

k = k[reactant1] [reactant2] or k = k[reactant1]²

The reaction rate constant (k) for a second-order reaction is proportional to the concentration of one or two reactants. The concentration of the reactants has an impact on the reaction rate, as indicated by the order of the reaction.

Therefore, the statement that "the rate of a second order reaction can depend on the concentrations of more than one reactant" is true.

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The symbol "en" in this context is not related to the chemical reaction given in the question. "en" is actually an abbreviation for ethylenediamine, which is a type of ligand commonly used in coordination chemistry.

When water is added to anhydrous copper(II) sulfate, two observations are made:

The blue color of anhydrous copper(II) sulfate turns into a deep blue color as the water is added. This is because the anhydrous copper(II) sulfate is undergoing an exothermic reaction with the water to form hydrated copper(II) sulfate, which is blue in color.

As more water is added, the color becomes lighter and eventually the solution becomes clear. This indicates that all of the anhydrous copper(II) sulfate has reacted with water to form hydrated copper(II) sulfate.

Cobalt chloride can be used as a test for the presence of water because it is a hydrate that changes color when it loses its water of hydration. Anhydrous cobalt chloride is blue in color, while hydrated cobalt chloride is pink. When water is added to anhydrous cobalt chloride, it reacts with the water to form hydrated cobalt chloride, which is pink in color. This color change can be used to test for the presence of water in a sample.

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Testing more samples from each location would improve the reliability of the engineers' measurements.

The correct option is D

By increasing the number of samples tested, the engineers can obtain a more accurate representation of the porosity of the material in question. This can help to account for any variation or outliers in the data, which can improve the reliability of the results. Using a different liquid or different containers may affect the results but may not necessarily improve reliability. Testing single samples from more than three locations may provide more information but may not necessarily improve reliability if the samples are not representative of the overall population.

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Answer :  A. Propagation step requires more energy : Chlorination reaction, B. Enthalpy of the reaction is endothermic :  Bromination reaction, C. Halogenation yields more than one major product : Chlorination reaction, D) Carbon-halogen bond dissociation energy is higher : Bromination reaction, E. The enthalpy of the reaction is exothermic : Bromination reaction, F. The halogenation is selective : Chlorination reaction

Propagation step requires more energy - This statement is describing a chlorination reaction because in a chlorination reaction, the propagation step (adding a chlorine atom to the reactant) requires more energy than the initiation step. B. Enthalpy of the reaction is endothermic - This statement is describing a bromination reaction because in a bromination reaction, the reaction enthalpy is endothermic.

This statement is describing a chlorination reaction. This statement is describing a bromination reaction because in a bromination reaction, the carbon-halogen bond dissociation energy is higher than in a chlorination reaction. This statement is describing a bromination reaction because in a bromination reaction, the reaction enthalpy is exothermic.

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The correct order of species based on their ability to act as an oxidizing agent is Au3+ > Fe2+ > Ni2+ > Na+.

The ability to act as an oxidizing agent varies among different species. In the given set of species, the order of their ability to act as an oxidizing agent from the best to the poorest is as follows:

Au3+ > Fe2+ > Ni2+ > Na+

Au3+ is the best oxidizing agent as it has the maximum tendency to accept electrons and undergo reduction.

Fe2+ is a better oxidizing agent than Ni2+ and Na+ because it can accept two electrons easily and undergoes reduction. Ni2+ is a weaker oxidizing agent than Fe2+ and Na+ as it can only accept electrons and undergoes reduction. Na+ is the poorest oxidizing agent as it has the least tendency to accept electrons and undergo reduction. It is the best reducing agent as it readily donates an electron to become Na.

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Conjugate acid forms by adding H+ to a base, making a species with a positive charge. Strength depends on the base's strength. Important in acid-base reactions.

The conjugate acid of a base is the species that is formed when a proton (H+) is added to the base molecule. It has one more proton than the base and will have a positive charge. The strength of the conjugate acid depends on the strength of the original base, with the conjugate acid of a weak base being a weak acid, and the conjugate acid of a strong base being a weak acid. The formulas for the conjugate acids of the given bases are C2H5NH3+ for C2H5NH2, HClO4 for ClO4-, H2PO4- for HPO42-, and H2CO3 for HCO3-. Understanding conjugate acids is important in acid-base chemistry because it helps to explain the behavior of acids and bases in chemical reactions.

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The tests to distinguish aldehydes and ketones involve the addition of an oxidant. This is because aldehydes can be easily oxidized because there is a hydrogen next to the carbonyl, and oxidation does not require a catalyst.

In general, aldehydes and ketones can be differentiated by the use of a wide range of chemical reagents. Tests for detecting these functional groups are usually based on their distinctive properties, such as the capacity to react with oxidizing agents or nucleophiles, which give different functional group products when they interact with aldehydes or ketones. Since these functional groups have differing properties, it is critical to employ distinct methods for their identification.

However, the use of oxidizing reagents to differentiate between aldehydes and ketones is one of the most frequent approaches. This is due to the presence of a hydrogen atom attached to the carbonyl group in aldehydes, which is readily oxidized by reagents such as Tollens' reagent (Ag2O/NH3) or Benedict's reagent (CuSO4 + NaOH). Hence, many tests to distinguish aldehydes and ketones involve the addition of an oxidant, this is because aldehydes can be easily oxidized because there is a hydrogen next to the carbonyl, and oxidation does not require a catalyst. Therefore, the third option is the only correct one.

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Answer:

Explanation:

Magnesium chloride is a compound composed of magnesium and chlorine ions. When it is dissolved in water, it dissociates into its constituent ions, which are surrounded by water molecules.

The color of the solution depends on the presence of any other ions that may be present. In the case of magnesium chloride, it is colorless in its pure form, and the color of the solution is determined by the presence of the chloride ions.

When the solution is dilute, it appears colorless. As the concentration of chloride ions increases, the color of the solution changes from light green to deep green, and finally to brownish-red. The intensity of the color is proportional to the concentration of chloride ions present.

The color change is due to the interaction between the chloride ions and the water molecules surrounding them, which absorb specific wavelengths of light. This absorption causes the solution to appear colored to the human eye. Therefore, the different colors observed in the solution of magnesium chloride and water are due to the presence of chloride ions and the concentration of these ions.

Answer:

Magnesium chloride dissolves in water to give a faintly acidic solution (pH = approximately 6).

The appearance of this reaction or solution is a bright white powder (in the picture)

The ion which makes this white powdery figure for magnesium chloride are salts that are highly soluble in water, for example: sodium ion (Na+).

The coefficient that goes in front of the ECA in the chemical reaction given above is 2.

It has been indicated that coefficient in a chemical reaction is a number that goes in front of an element or compound in a balanced equation. The unbalanced chemical equation for the given reaction is:

[tex]E_{3} BC_{4} D(CA)_{2}[/tex]  → [tex]D_{3} (BC_{4} ) ECA[/tex]

The balanced equation of the chemical reaction above is:

[tex]2E_{3} BC_{4} D(CA)_{2}[/tex]  → [tex]D_{3} (BC_{4} )_{2} ECA[/tex]

We can see that 2 comes before ECA in the balanced chemical equation above. Therefore, the coefficient that goes in front of the ECA in the chemical reaction given above is 2.

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Answer:

Explanation:

A lever is a simple machine that can be used to increase the force or distance of an applied effort. The three main parts of a lever are the fulcrum, resistance arm, and effort arm.

The mechanical advantage of a lever depends on the ratio of the length of the effort arm to the length of the resistance arm. A longer effort arm will require less force to lift a load, but will require more distance to be moved. Conversely, a shorter effort arm will require more force to lift a load, but will require less distance to be moved.

High electron affinity implies more easily accepts electrons because the increase in atomic size decrease the effective nuclear charge.

   O < I < Ar <  Na < Ne

The term Electron affinity is also designated as EA. It is defined as the change in energy of a neutral atom that is in the gaseous phase when an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion. We can say the the neutral atom's likelihood of gaining an electron. It is the amount of energy released when an electron attaches to a neutral atom or molecule in the gaseous state to form an anion. We can simply say when an electron is added to the isolated gaseous atom energy is released that is more precisely known as the electron affinity. It is the energy required for the isolation of an electron from the singly charged gaseous negative ion.

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Answer:

The only difference is that ozone is made up of three oxygen atoms, while the stuff we breathe (molecular oxygen) is made up of only two atoms. Solar rays high in the atmosphere convert O2 to O3. In the upper atmosphere, rays from the Sun break a normal oxygen molecule into two separate oxygen atoms.

The relationship between pH, pOH, and the concentration of hydroxide ions in a solution is given by:

pH + pOH = 14

If a solution has a pOH of 7.39, we can find its pH by subtracting the pOH from 14:

pH = 14 - pOH

pH = 14 - 7.39

pH = 6.61

Therefore, the solution has a pH of 6.61.

The pH scale, which describes the connection between pH, pOH, and the quantity of hydroxide ions, is an essential concept in chemistry. A pH of 7 is regarded as neutral, whereas values below 7 are acidic and those over 7 are basic (also called alkaline).

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The maximum temperature change for a solution of the salicylic acid compound in ethanol is about 0.002292°C.

To calculate the maximum temperature change for a solution of salicylic acid in ethanol, you need to use the boiling point elevation equation:

ΔT = Kb × m

where, Kb is the molal boiling point elevation constant, and m is the molality of the solution. The molality of the solution can be calculated using the following equation:

m = (mass of solute (g))/(1000 × molal mass (g/mol)*density of the solvent (g/mL))

Therefore, for the given equation:

m = (0.370 g)/(1000 × 137.1 g/mol × 0.789 g/mL) = 0.002181 mol/kg

ΔT = Kb × m = 1.07 c/m × 0.002181 mol/kg = 0.002292°C

Therefore, the maximum temperature change for a solution of salicylic acid in ethanol is 0.002292°C.

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The value of Kp for the reaction with equilibrium pressure of A is given as PA = 0.20 atm and the initial pressure of A is 0.0190.

To find the value of Kp for the reaction, we will use the expression for the equilibrium constant in terms of the partial pressures of the reactants and the products.

Kp = (PB)²/PA

where, PB is the equilibrium pressure of B.

Initially, there is no B in the reaction vessel, so the change in pressure of B is equal to its equilibrium pressure. Using the law of conservation of mass, we can write:

PV = nRT

where, P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is the temperature.

Since there is no change in volume or temperature, we can write:

PV = constant or P₁V₁ = P₂V₂

where, P₁ and P₂ are the initial and equilibrium pressures of A, respectively. Since A is the only gas initially present in the reaction vessel, we can write:

P₁ = PA = 1.19 atm, P₂ = 0.20 atm V₁ = V₂

Therefore, P₁V₁ = P₂V₂ = PAV₁ = PBV₂

Since, the number of moles of A and B are related by the balanced chemical equation, we can write:

2(PB) = nB

Substituting, PB in terms of PA and V1, we get:

Kp = (PB)²/PA = (nB/2V₂)²/PA

Kp= (nB/2PAV₁)²/PA= (nB)²/(4P²AV₁)

where, nB is the number of moles of B.

To find the number of moles of B, we use the balanced chemical equation. 2 moles of B are produced for every mole of A that reacts. Since, the initial pressure of A was 1.19 atm and the equilibrium pressure of A was 0.20 atm, 0.99 atm of A has reacted.

Therefore, the number of moles of A that has reacted is:

nB = (0.99/1.19) = 0.8327 mol

The total number of moles of the system is the sum of the moles of A and B initially present in the reaction vessel.

nTotal = nA + nB

Initially, only A is present, so nTotal = nA = 1 mol. The number of moles of B is therefore:

nB = nTotal - nA = 1 - 0.8327 = 0.1673 mol

Substituting the values of PA, nB, and V1, we get:

Kp = (nB)²/(4P²AV1) = (0.1673)²/(4 × 1.19² × 1) = 0.0190

Therefore, the value of Kp for the reaction is 0.0190.

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the Rf value for your compound is 0.43.

The Rf value of a compound is the ratio of the distance that the compound traveled to the distance that the solvent traveled.

Therefore, in the given situation where you conducted a TLC experiment and found that your compound traveled 4.01 cm and the eluting solvent traveled 9.29 cm

The Rf value for your compound can be calculated as follows:

Rf value = Distance traveled by the compound / Distance traveled by the solvent

Rf value = 4.01 cm / 9.29 cm

Rf value = 0.43 (rounded off to two decimal places)

Therefore, the Rf value for your compound is 0.43.

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The chemical formula of 4- ethyl is C19H40.   This  patch is composed of an ethyl group( C2H5) attached to the fourth carbon  snippet( counting from one end) of a direct carbon chain.

It also has a propyl group( C3H7) attached to the fifth carbon  snippet of the same chain. The chain itself has 12 carbon  tittles and three methyl groups(- CH3) attached to the 3rd, 4th, and 7th carbon  tittles. thus, the complete name of the  emulsion is 4- ethyl, where" dodecane" refers to the 12- carbon chain.

This  patch belongs to the class of alkanes, which are hydrocarbons that only contain single bonds between carbon  tittles. The presence of the ethyl and propyl groups creates branching in the carbon chain, which can affect its physical and chemical  parcels compared to a direct alkane with the same number of carbon  tittles. The three methyl groups contribute to the  patch's overall shape and may also affect its reactivity.

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The question in english language is as follows:

What is the formula of 4-ethyl-5-propyl-3,4,7-trimethyldecane?

The appropriate unit for a third-order rate constant is  The L² mol-² s-¹. A third-order reaction is a type of chemical reaction where the concentration of each molecular responding determines how quickly the reaction proceeds.

A reaction rate constant, or reaction rate coefficient, k, quantifies the rate and direction of a chemical reaction in chemical kinetics. The rate constant, also known as the specific rate constant, is the proportionality constant in the equation expressing the relationship between the rate of a chemical reaction and the concentrations of the reactants.

A third-order reaction is a type of chemical reaction where the concentration of each molecular responding determines how quickly the reaction proceeds. Typically, the variation of three concentration factors in this reaction determines the rate.

There may be various cases involved when dealing with a third-order reaction. It might be;

(i) The concentrations of the three reactants are equal.

(ii) Two reactants are present in an equal amount, but one is present in a different amount.

(iii) The concentrations of the three reactants vary or are uneven.

Use formula,

(mol/L)¹⁻ⁿ s⁻¹

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The molecule with the highest boiling point is 1,4-butanediol. This is because of the presence of intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Thus, the correct option is C.

A hydrogen bond is an intermolecular force that exists between a hydrogen atom bonded to a highly electronegative atom (like N, O, or F) and another highly electronegative atom in another molecule. Hydrogen bonding is a type of dipole-dipole interaction that occurs between molecules that have a permanent dipole.

The four molecules, 3-methoxy-1-propanol, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,4-butanediol, and 2-methoxy-1-propanol, all have oxygen atoms that are capable of forming hydrogen bonds. In order to form a hydrogen bond, a hydrogen atom in one molecule must be bonded to an electronegative atom like oxygen or nitrogen, and another electronegative atom in a neighboring molecule must be present.

In this case, 1,4-butanediol has two -OH groups on the ends of the carbon chain that are capable of forming hydrogen bonds with neighboring molecules, resulting in a higher boiling point. Because of the presence of intermolecular hydrogen bonding, the molecules have stronger intermolecular forces that require more energy to break, resulting in a higher boiling point.

Therefore, the correct option is C.

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a) difluoroacetic acid: most acidic fluoroacetic acid: least acidic  trifluoroacetic acid : middle acidity. b) cyclohexanol: least acidic phenol: middle acidity benzoic acid: most acidic. c) oxalic acid: most acidic acetic acid: middle acidity formic acid: least acidic. Thus, the most acidic and least acidic compound in each set is identified as given above.

In the given question, we are given sets of compounds and we have to identify the most and the least acidic compound in each set. The acidic character of the compound depends upon its tendency to donate hydrogen ion. The compound that easily donates hydrogen ion is acidic in nature, while the compound that does not donate hydrogen ion easily is basic in nature.

The compound that donates hydrogen ion in a moderate way is neutral in nature.a) difluoroacetic acid: most acidic fluoroacetic acid: least acidic trifluoroacetic acid: middle acidity b) cyclohexanol: least acidic phenol: middle aciditybenzoic acid: most acidic.

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Answer: 16

Explanation: Hence, the mass number of an oxygen atom = 8 + 8 = 16.

Answer: mass is 57(g)

Explanation: